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2006 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems最新文献

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Reducing ATE Bandwidth and memory requirements: A diagnosis friendly scan test response compactor 降低ATE带宽和内存需求:诊断友好的扫描测试响应压缩器
Sverre Wichlund, F. Berntsen, E. Aas
As today's process technologies are combined with steadily increasing design sizes, the result is a dramatic increase in the number of scan test vectors that must be applied during manufacturing test. The increased chip complexities in combination with the smaller feature sizes requires that we now address defect mechanisms that safely could be more or less ignored in earlier technology nodes. Scan based delay fault testing (AC-scan) fills a large gap in defect coverage as it addresses the dynamic behavior of the circuit under test. Unfortunately, the growing number of scan test vectors may in turn result in costly tester reloads and unacceptable test application times. In this paper we devise a new scan test response compaction scheme based on finite memory compaction (a class of compactors originally proposed in (Rajski, et al.,2003). Our scheme is very diagnosis friendly, which is important when it comes to maintain throughput on the test floor (Stanojevic et al., 2005 and Leininger et al., 2005). Yet, the compactor has comparable performance to other schemes (Rajski et., 2003) when it comes to 'X' tolerance and aliasing
随着当今的工艺技术与不断增加的设计尺寸相结合,结果是在制造测试期间必须应用的扫描测试向量的数量急剧增加。增加的芯片复杂性与更小的特征尺寸相结合,要求我们现在解决缺陷机制,这些缺陷机制在早期的技术节点中或多或少可以被安全地忽略。基于扫描的延迟故障测试(交流扫描)解决了被测电路的动态行为,填补了缺陷覆盖的巨大空白。不幸的是,越来越多的扫描测试向量反过来可能导致昂贵的测试器重新加载和不可接受的测试应用程序时间。在本文中,我们设计了一种基于有限内存压缩(Rajski等人,2003年最初提出的一类压缩器)的新的扫描测试响应压缩方案。我们的方案对诊断非常友好,这对于保持测试层的吞吐量非常重要(Stanojevic等人,2005和Leininger等人,2005)。然而,当涉及到“X”公差和混叠时,压缩器具有与其他方案相当的性能(Rajski等,2003)
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Process Variation on the Performance of Phase Frequency Detector 工艺变化对相频检测器性能的影响
Nandakumar P. Venugopal, N. Shastry, S. Upadhyaya
In this paper, the effect of process variation in transistors on the phase noise in a conventional CMOS phase frequency detector (PFD) is investigated. When a phase locked loop (PLL) is locked the logical operations of the NAND gates in a PFD can be modeled on the basis of an inverter. Hence the authors consider a CMOS inverter in the TSMC18RF technology and analytically derive expressions for phase noise. Based on the analytical model, the effects of process parameter variations on the PFD are verified through Monte Carlo simulations. The resulting spread obtained for a cumulative variation of the parameters was 1dBc/Hz, indicating that the PFD is quite robust to process parameter variations. Finally, the gates contributing to the phase noise of the PFD are identified
本文研究了传统CMOS相频检测器(PFD)中晶体管工艺变化对相位噪声的影响。当锁相环(PLL)被锁定时,PFD中NAND门的逻辑运算可以在逆变器的基础上建模。因此,作者考虑了一种采用TSMC18RF技术的CMOS逆变器,并解析导出了相位噪声的表达式。在此分析模型的基础上,通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了工艺参数变化对PFD的影响。参数累积变化得到的结果扩展为1dBc/Hz,表明PFD对工艺参数变化具有相当强的鲁棒性。最后,确定了导致PFD相位噪声的栅极
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引用次数: 6
Recovery Mechanisms for Dual Core Architectures 双核体系结构的恢复机制
C. E. Salloum, A. Steininger, Peter Tummeltshammer, Werner Harter
Dual core architectures are commonly used to establish fault tolerance on the node level. Since comparison is usually performed for the outputs only, no precise diagnostic information is available, and error handling comes down to a reset of both cores. The strategy proposed in this paper allows a more fine-grained error handling. It is based on the following steps: (1) Identification of those registers that are actually relevant for recovering the last known correct core state. (2) Protection of these registers by additional comparators. (3) Use of the trap mechanism for recovering a consistent state of the complete core. (4) (Optional) provision of rollback capability for the relevant registers in order to relax the critical path constraints. In the paper these individual steps was discussed and motivated, and put them into context. In many cases the speed-up that was gained for the recovery was sufficient for using a dual core as a fail-operational instead of a fail-silent component with respect to transient faults. Rather than being restricted to a specific processor design our mechanisms can be employed in a wide variety of dual-core architectures
双核架构通常用于在节点级别建立容错。由于通常只对输出执行比较,因此没有精确的诊断信息可用,并且错误处理归结为两个核心的重置。本文提出的策略允许更细粒度的错误处理。它基于以下步骤:(1)识别那些与恢复最后已知的正确核心状态实际相关的寄存器。(2)由其他比较国保护这些登记册。(3)利用捕集器机制恢复整个岩心的一致状态。(4)(可选)为相关寄存器提供回滚功能,以放宽关键路径约束。本文对这些单独的步骤进行了讨论和激励,并将它们置于上下文中。在许多情况下,恢复所获得的加速足以将双核用作故障操作组件,而不是用于处理瞬态故障的故障沉默组件。我们的机制不局限于特定的处理器设计,可以应用于各种双核架构
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引用次数: 6
Fault Diagnosis of Analog Circuits Based on Adaptive Test and Output Characteristics 基于自适应测试和输出特性的模拟电路故障诊断
Y. Miura, J. Kato
A method for diagnosing analog circuits that is realized by combining the operation-region model and the X-Y zoning method have been proposed. In the method, the authors cloud implement a diagnosis procedure based on a diagnostic method for digital circuits. In this paper, the method by using an adaptive test to obtain a shorter diagnostic sequence length was improved and its characteristics were shown. Moreover, a new data processing method that utilizes the output response of a circuit to obtain better diagnostic performance was proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods by applying them to ITC'97 benchmark circuits was demonstrated with hard faults and soft faults. These improved methods can reduce a diagnostic sequence length without degrading the performance of diagnostic resolution and CPU time
提出了一种将工作区域模型与X-Y分区法相结合的模拟电路诊断方法。在该方法中,作者云实现了一个基于数字电路诊断方法的诊断程序。本文对利用自适应测试获得较短诊断序列长度的方法进行了改进,并展示了其特点。此外,提出了一种利用电路的输出响应来获得更好诊断性能的数据处理方法。通过对ITC'97基准电路的硬故障和软故障的分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。这些改进的方法可以在不降低诊断分辨率和CPU时间的情况下减少诊断序列长度
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引用次数: 5
Fault Tolerant Active Pixel Sensors in 0.18 and 0.35 Micron Technologies 0.18和0.35微米技术的容错有源像素传感器
M. L. Haye, C. Jung, David Chen, G. Chapman, J. Dudas
A fault tolerant active pixel sensor (FTAPS) has been designed and fabricated to correct for point defects that occur in CMOS image sensors both at manufacturing and over the lifetime of the sensor. For some time it has been known that fabrication of CMOS image sensors in processes less than 0.35mum would generate significant performance changes, yet imagers are being fabricated in 0.18mum technology or smaller. Therefore the characteristics of the FTAPS are presented for pixels fabricated in both a standard 0.18mum and 0.35mum CMOS process and compared for consistency
设计和制造了一种容错有源像素传感器(FTAPS),以纠正CMOS图像传感器在制造和使用寿命期间出现的点缺陷。一段时间以来,人们已经知道,在小于0.35 μ m的工艺中制造CMOS图像传感器将产生显着的性能变化,但成像仪正在以0.18 μ m或更小的工艺制造。因此,介绍了在标准0.18和0.35 μ m CMOS工艺中制造的像素的FTAPS特性,并比较了其一致性
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引用次数: 6
Enhancing Diagnosis Resolution For Delay Faults By Path Extension Method 用路径扩展方法提高延迟故障诊断分辨率
Ying-Yen Chen, J. Liou
In this paper, we apply a technique to improve diagnosis resolution for delay faults. The method analyze the structure of test paths to find the bottleneck of the diagnosis process. Then we use the information to search for additional paths (by extending from the current paths) in order to effectively cut down the number of faulty candidates. The experimental result shows that the proposed technique can reduce the efforts of diagnosis by a meaningful amount. In ISCAS'89 benchmarks, the method can improve the average ranks of injected defects in the suspect list from 9.14 to 5.97 as injected delay size is 1% of longest paths
在本文中,我们应用一种技术来提高延迟故障的诊断分辨率。该方法通过分析测试路径的结构,找到诊断过程中的瓶颈。然后利用这些信息搜索额外的路径(通过从当前路径扩展),以有效地减少错误候选路径的数量。实验结果表明,该方法可以大大减少诊断的工作量。在ISCAS'89基准测试中,当注入延迟大小为最长路径的1%时,该方法可以将注入缺陷在怀疑列表中的平均排名从9.14提高到5.97
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引用次数: 0
Gate Failures Effectively Shape Multiplexing 门失效有效地塑造多路复用
Valeriu Beiu, W. Ibrahim, Y. A. Alkhawwar, M. Sulieman
This paper investigates the behavior of multiplexing (MUX) schemes in combination with the elementary gates. The two schemes under investigation are majority (MAJ) and NAND MUX. The simulation results presented here are for single-electron technology, but could easily be extended to CMOS. The components of the gates have been subjected only to geometric variations. Firstly, the gates and the two MUX schemes are analyzed theoretically. Secondly, simulations using probability transfer matrices (PTM) allow evaluating both MUX schemes at a redundancy factor R = 6. Finally, the gates are compared in terms of their intrinsic probability of failure (with respect to geometric variations), and the two MUX schemes are weighted against the reliability enhancements they are bringing into the system. By comparing the simulation results from PTM with the ones based on (geometric) variations, this study gives deeper insights into the behavior of MUX schemes, and show that the gates play a major role, strongly affecting MUX systems
本文研究了多路复用(MUX)方案与基本门相结合时的性能。正在研究的两种方案是majority (MAJ)和NAND MUX。这里给出的模拟结果是针对单电子技术的,但可以很容易地扩展到CMOS。大门的组成部分只受到几何变化的影响。首先,从理论上分析了门和两种MUX方案。其次,使用概率传递矩阵(PTM)的模拟允许在冗余因子R = 6时评估两种MUX方案。最后,根据门的内在失效概率(相对于几何变化)对其进行比较,并根据它们为系统带来的可靠性增强对两种MUX方案进行加权。通过将PTM仿真结果与基于(几何)变化的仿真结果进行比较,本研究对MUX方案的行为有了更深入的了解,并表明门在MUX系统中起着重要作用,对MUX系统有很强的影响
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引用次数: 20
Data Dependent Jitter Characterization Based on Fourier Analysis 基于傅立叶分析的数据相关抖动表征
Di Mu, T. Xia, Hao Zheng
In this paper, the authors focus on modeling the data dependent jitter (DDJ) in high-speed interconnect. To investigate the data dependent jitter, the analysis is performed with Fourier series based on the interconnect RLC model. By calculating the pattern dependent delay deviation, the data dependent jitter is characterized. To validate the modeling accuracy, the analysis results have been compared against the Cadence simulations
本文主要研究高速互连中数据相关抖动(DDJ)的建模问题。为了研究数据相关的抖动,在互连RLC模型的基础上进行了傅立叶级数分析。通过计算模式相关延迟偏差,对数据相关抖动进行表征。为了验证模型的准确性,将分析结果与Cadence模拟结果进行了比较
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引用次数: 3
Adaptive Design for Performance-Optimized Robustness 性能优化鲁棒性的自适应设计
R. Datta, J. Abraham, A. U. Diril, A. Chatterjee, K. Nowka
We present adaptive design techniques that compensate for manufacturing induced process variations in deep sub-micron (DSM) integrated circuits. Process variations have a significant impact on parametric behavior of modern chips, and adaptive design techniques that make a chip self-configuring to work optimally across process corners are fast evolving as a potential solution to this problem. Such schemes have two main components, a mechanism for sensing process perturbations, and one or more process compensation schemes that are driven by this mechanism. The adaptive design schemes presented in this paper are simple, low overhead techniques for noise tolerance in DSM CMOS circuits, to enhance their manufacturing yield. The process perturbation sensing scheme is based on on-chip delay measurement with a performance based bound on adaptation, which enables performance optimized robustness to noise in the face of process variations
我们提出了自适应设计技术,以补偿制造引起的工艺变化在深亚微米(DSM)集成电路。工艺变化对现代芯片的参数行为有重大影响,而使芯片自配置以跨工艺角最佳工作的自适应设计技术正在迅速发展,成为解决这一问题的潜在解决方案。这种方案有两个主要组成部分,一个感知过程扰动的机制,以及由该机制驱动的一个或多个过程补偿方案。本文提出的自适应设计方案是一种简单、低开销的技术,用于提高DSM CMOS电路的噪声容限,以提高其制造成品率。过程扰动感知方案基于片上延迟测量和基于性能的自适应约束,在面对过程变化时实现了性能优化的对噪声的鲁棒性
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引用次数: 8
An Improved Reconfiguration Method for Degradable Processor Arrays Using Genetic Algorithm 基于遗传算法的可降解处理器阵列重构方法
Y. Fukushima, Masaru Fukushi, S. Horiguchi
This paper addresses the NP-complete problem of reconfiguring two-dimensional degradable processor arrays under the row and column rerouting constraint. One promising approach to this problem is to treat the reconfiguration problem as a combinatorial optimization problem of finding the set of rerouting rules for all rows/columns and employ a genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain an optimal solution (Fukushi et al., 2005 ). However, major drawback of this method is poor utilization of processing elements (PEs) in the reconfiguration process. In this paper, the previous method (Fukushi et al., 2005) for efficient reconfiguration was improved. The key idea is to treat the reconfiguration problem as an optimization problem of determining routing directions for all faulty PEs. A new rerouting scheme is also proposed to reroute logical rows/columns efficiently. Experimental study shows that the proposed method produces good results in terms of the percentage of harvest and degradation
研究了在行、列重路由约束下二维可降解处理器阵列重构的np完全问题。解决这一问题的一种有希望的方法是将重构问题视为寻找所有行/列的重路由规则集的组合优化问题,并使用遗传算法(GA)来获得最优解(Fukushi et al., 2005)。然而,该方法的主要缺点是在重构过程中加工元素(pe)的利用率较差。本文对之前的方法(Fukushi et al., 2005)进行了改进,实现了高效重构。关键思想是将重构问题视为确定所有故障pe路由方向的优化问题。提出了一种新的重路由方案,可以有效地对逻辑行/列进行重路由。实验研究表明,该方法在采收率和降解率方面均取得了较好的效果
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引用次数: 13
期刊
2006 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems
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