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2006 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems最新文献

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Low-Cost Hardening of Image Processing Applications Against Soft Errors 针对软错误的图像处理应用的低成本强化
I. Polian, B. Becker, M. Nakasato, S. Ohtake, H. Fujiwara
Image processing systems are increasingly used in safety-critical applications, and their hardening against soft errors becomes an issue. The authors propose a methodology to identify soft errors as uncritical based on their impact on the system's functionality. The authors call a soft error uncritical if its impact is provably limited to image perturbations during a very short period of time (number of cycles) and the system is guaranteed to recover thereafter. Uncritical errors do not require hardening as their effects are unperceivable for the human user of the system. The authors focus on soft errors in the motion estimation subsystem of MPEG-2 and introduce different definitions of uncritical soft errors in that subsystem. A method is proposed to automatically determine uncritical errors and provide experimental results for various parameters. The concept can be adapted to further systems and enhance existing methods
图像处理系统越来越多地用于安全关键应用程序,它们对软错误的强化成为一个问题。作者提出了一种方法,根据软错误对系统功能的影响来识别非关键性的软错误。作者称软误差为非临界误差,如果它的影响在很短的时间内(周期数)被证明限于图像扰动,并且系统保证在此之后恢复。不重要的错误不需要强化,因为它们的影响对于系统的人类用户来说是无法察觉的。重点研究了MPEG-2运动估计子系统中的软误差,介绍了MPEG-2运动估计子系统中非临界软误差的不同定义。提出了一种自动确定各种参数的非临界误差并提供实验结果的方法。该概念可以适用于其他系统,并增强现有方法
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引用次数: 22
Fuse Area Reduction based on Quantitative Yield Analysis and Effective Chip Cost 基于定量良率分析和有效芯片成本的熔丝面积缩减
A. Garg, P. Dubey
Embedded memory yield dominates manufacturing yield of the chip and yield enhancement techniques for embedded memories are important for entire SoC yield increases. Lasers fuses and anti fuses are two commonly used mechanisms for hard repair and they consume a lot of area. Analysis based upon yield prediction methods as well as silicon yield database shows that putting fuse to repair all the memories on the chip is not worth the expense, when only few fuse bits are needed. In this paper, the authors present the background for fuse reduction (cost analysis) and propose methodology to compress total number of fuses to repair the memories such that cost reduction through hard repair circuitry is maximized. The idea is to take into consideration factors like memory yield, fuse yield and repair logic yield, together with the number of memories on chip, to finally decide the fuse compression ratio
嵌入式存储器的良率占芯片制造良率的主导地位,嵌入式存储器的良率提高技术对于整个SoC的良率提高至关重要。激光引信和反引信是两种常用的硬修复机制,它们消耗大量的面积。基于良率预测方法和硅良率数据库的分析表明,当只需要少量的保险丝时,在芯片上安装保险丝来修复所有的存储器是不值得的。在本文中,作者介绍了保险丝减少(成本分析)的背景,并提出了压缩保险丝总数以修复存储器的方法,从而通过硬修复电路最大限度地降低成本。其思路是综合考虑存储器产率、熔断器产率、修复逻辑产率等因素,结合芯片上存储器的数量,最终确定熔断器压缩比
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引用次数: 14
Combined software and hardware techniques for the design of reliable IP processors 结合软硬件技术设计可靠的IP处理器
M. Rebaudengo, L. Sterpone, M. Violante, C. Bolchini, A. Miele, D. Sciuto
In the recent years both software and hardware techniques have been adopted to carry out reliable designs, aimed at autonomously detecting the occurrence of faults, to allow discarding erroneous data and possibly performing the recovery of the system. The aim of this paper is the introduction of a combined use of software and hardware approaches to achieve complete fault coverage in generic IP processors, with respect to SEU faults. Software techniques are preferably adopted to reduce the necessity and costs of modifying the processor architecture; since a complete fault coverage cannot be achieved, partial hardware redundancy techniques are then introduced to deal with the remaining, not covered, faults. The paper presents the methodological approach adopted to achieve the complete fault coverage, the proposed resulting architecture, and the experimental results gathered from the fault injection analysis campaign
近年来,采用软件和硬件技术进行可靠的设计,旨在自主检测故障的发生,允许丢弃错误数据并可能执行系统恢复。本文的目的是介绍一种结合使用软件和硬件的方法来实现通用IP处理器的完整故障覆盖,涉及到SEU故障。优选采用软件技术来减少修改处理器架构的必要性和成本;由于无法实现完全的故障覆盖,因此引入部分硬件冗余技术来处理剩余的未覆盖的故障。本文介绍了实现完全故障覆盖的方法方法,提出的结果体系结构,以及从故障注入分析活动中收集的实验结果
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引用次数: 10
A 3-port Register File Design for Improved Fault Tolerance on Resistive Defects in Core-Cells 一种提高芯芯电阻缺陷容错性的三端口寄存器文件设计
Lushan Liu, R. Sridhar, S. Upadhyaya
Register file is often implemented using static random access memory (SRAM) due to its fast operation. Furthermore, SRAM-based multi-port register file can perform multiple read and write operations simultaneously, thus increasing data throughput in embedded systems and meeting the expected demands of parallel or pipelined microprocessors. With the continuous scaling of transistor feature size, designing low power robust register file for microprocessors and investigating their failure characteristics become critical. In this work, the authors present a register file with a structure of 3-port SRAM cell and a differential current-mode sense amplifier for read circuitry. The authors then study the fault models for resistive defect within the SRAM cell and its failure boundary. A read disturb fault for multi-port memories is tested on the faulty cell by simultaneous read operations with different numbers of ports. Experimental results show that the proposed current-mode sensing scheme has improvements for memory fault-tolerance of resistive defect at 4-6times for dual-port read and 5.8times for 3-port read compared to voltage-mode sensing with 0.18mum manufacturing process technology
由于静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)运行速度快,所以通常使用它来实现寄存器文件。此外,基于sram的多端口寄存器文件可以同时执行多个读写操作,从而提高了嵌入式系统的数据吞吐量,满足了并行或流水线微处理器的预期需求。随着晶体管特征尺寸的不断缩小,为微处理器设计低功耗鲁棒寄存器文件并研究其失效特性变得至关重要。在这项工作中,作者提出了一种具有3端口SRAM单元结构的寄存器文件和用于读电路的差分电流模式检测放大器。研究了SRAM单元内电阻性缺陷的故障模型及其故障边界。通过不同端口数的同时读操作,在故障单元上测试了多端口存储器的读干扰故障。实验结果表明,与采用0.18 ma制造工艺技术的电压模式检测相比,该电流模式检测方案对电阻性缺陷的记忆容错能力在双端口读取时提高了4-6倍,在三端口读取时提高了5.8倍
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引用次数: 1
An Efficient Scan Chain Partitioning Scheme with Reduction of Test Data under Routing Constraint 路由约束下一种有效的测试数据约简扫描链分区方案
Geewhun Seok, Il-soo Lee, T. Ambler, B. Womack
A proposed scan chain partitioning scheme considers reduction of test set and test time, and the optimal routing inside each partitioned scan chain. First, two compatible scan cells are searched in input test set. One group of compatible scan cells is included in one partitioned scan chain, while the other group is in the other scan chain. In finding these compatible scan cells, the group-based approach is employed since it provides more optimal routing solution among the compatible scan cells in each of these two scan chains. After these two scan chains are filled with compatible scan cells, they are able to share one of two compatible columns in input test set only during the shift-in process. Therefore, one of two compatible columns can be omitted from input test set and the scan operation. Results with ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that proposed method could reduce test data volume by 25-33% compared with a normal multiple scan design
提出的扫描链分区方案考虑了测试集的减少和测试时间的减少,以及每个分区扫描链内的最优路由。首先,在输入测试集中搜索两个兼容的扫描单元;一组兼容扫描单元包括在一个分区扫描链中,而另一组则在另一个扫描链中。在寻找这些兼容的扫描单元时,采用基于组的方法,因为它在这两个扫描链中的每个兼容扫描单元之间提供了更优的路由解决方案。在这两个扫描链中填充了兼容的扫描单元之后,它们只能在移入过程中共享输入测试集中两个兼容列中的一个。因此,可以从输入测试集和扫描操作中省略两个兼容列中的一个。ISCAS’89基准电路的测试结果表明,与常规的多次扫描设计相比,该方法可以减少25-33%的测试数据量
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引用次数: 2
Low-Cost IP Core Test Using Multiple-Mode Loading Scan Chain and Scan Chain Clusters 使用多模式加载扫描链和扫描链簇的低成本IP核测试
Gang Zeng, Youhua Shi, T. Takabatake, M. Yanagisawa, Hideo Ito
A fixing-shifting encoding (FSE) method is proposed to reduce test cost of IP cores. The FSE method reduces test cost by supporting multiple-mode loading test data, i.e., parallel loading, left-direction, and right-direction serial loading for each test slice data. Furthermore, the FSE that utilizes only two test channels can support a large number of internal scan chains and achieve further reduction in test cost by combining with scan chain clustering method. As a non-intrusive and automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) independent solution, the approach is applicable to IP core testing because it requires neither redesign of the core under test (CUT) nor running any additional ATPG for the encoding procedure. In addition, the decoder has low hardware overhead, and its design is independent of the CUT. Experimental results for some large ISCAS 89 benchmarks and an industry ASIC design have proven the efficiency of the proposed approach
为了降低IP核的测试成本,提出了一种固定移位编码(FSE)方法。FSE方法通过支持多模式加载测试数据,即对每个测试片数据进行并行加载、左向和右向串行加载,从而降低了测试成本。此外,仅利用两个测试通道的FSE可以支持大量的内部扫描链,并结合扫描链聚类方法进一步降低测试成本。作为一种非侵入式和自动测试模式生成(ATPG)独立的解决方案,该方法适用于IP核测试,因为它既不需要重新设计被测核(CUT),也不需要为编码过程运行任何额外的ATPG。此外,解码器的硬件开销低,其设计与CUT无关。在一些大型iscas89基准测试和工业专用集成电路设计上的实验结果证明了该方法的有效性
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引用次数: 2
Load Board Designs Using Compound Dot Technique and Phase Detector for Hierarchical ATE Calibrations 基于复合点技术和相位检测器的负载板分层ATE校准设计
F. Zhang, W. Necoechea, Peter Reiter, Yong-Bin Kim, F. Lombardi
This paper presents two load board designs for hierarchical calibration of largely populated ATE. Compound dot technique and phase detector are used on both boards to provide automatic and low cost calibration of ATE with or without a single reference clock. Two different relay tree structures are implemented on the two boards with advanced board design techniques for group offset calibration. Various error sources have been identified and analyzed on both boards based on SPICE simulations and real measurements. TDR measurement compares the two approaches and shows that the two load boards give a maximum of 37ps group timing skew and can be calibrated out by the calibration software
本文提出了两种负载板的设计,用于人口密集的ATE分层校准。复合点技术和相位检测器在两个板上使用,提供自动和低成本的校准ATE有或没有单一参考时钟。采用先进的电路板设计技术,在两块电路板上实现了两种不同的继电器树结构,用于组偏移校准。在SPICE仿真和实际测量的基础上,对两种电路板上的各种误差源进行了识别和分析。TDR测量比较了两种方法,并表明两个负载板给出最大37ps的组时序偏差,可以通过校准软件进行校准
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引用次数: 0
Defect Tolerant and Energy Economized DSP Plane of a 3-D Heterogeneous SoC 三维异构SoC的容错节能DSP平面
V. Jain, G. Chapman
This paper discusses a defect tolerant and energy economized computing array for the DSP plane of a 3D heterogeneous system on a chip. We present the J-platform, which employs coarse-grain VLSI cells with high functionality, performance, and reconfigurability. The advantages of this approach are high performance, small area and low power compared to FPGAs, and greater flexibility over ASICs. Moreover, many of the advanced algorithms, including the independent component analysis, can be systolically mapped to it. The paper discusses these coarse-grain cells in light of a new concept, namely multi-granularity, which simultaneously facilitates defect tolerance and reconfigurability. In particular, it is shown that the multipliers in these J-platform cells can benefit from an innovative block. Called multiplier building block (MBB), it can be used for defect tolerance as well as for configuring larger multipliers, thereby enhancing the yield and computational flexibility. An application example relating to defect tolerant visible sensors is described. We also discuss energy economization through the use of sleep transistor networks and multi-hop communication. The ultimate goal is to build such 3D heterogeneous sensor nodes with integrated processing and communications capability, and with provision for defect tolerance on the sensor plane as well as the multiple processing planes
本文讨论了一种适用于三维异构系统DSP平面的片上容错节能计算阵列。我们提出了j平台,它采用了具有高功能,高性能和可重构性的粗粒度VLSI单元。与fpga相比,这种方法的优点是高性能、小面积和低功耗,并且比asic具有更大的灵活性。此外,许多先进的算法,包括独立成分分析,可以系统地映射到它。本文从多粒度的新概念来讨论这些粗粒度单元,同时提高了缺陷容忍度和可重构性。特别是,研究表明,这些j平台细胞中的倍增器可以从创新块中受益。它被称为乘数构建块(MBB),可用于缺陷容忍度以及配置更大的乘数,从而提高成品率和计算灵活性。介绍了一种容缺陷可见传感器的应用实例。我们还讨论了通过使用休眠晶体管网络和多跳通信来节约能源。最终目标是构建具有集成处理和通信能力的三维异构传感器节点,并在传感器平面和多个加工平面上提供缺陷容忍度
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引用次数: 7
Low Power SoC Memory BIST 低功耗SoC内存BIST
Yuejian Wu, A. Ivanov
With the ever increasing number of memories embedded in a system-on-chip (SoC), power dissipation due to test has become a serious concern. This paper studies power dissipation in SRAMs and proposes a novel low power memory BIST. Its effectiveness is evaluated on memories in 130 and 90 nm technologies. As demonstrated, up to 30% power reduction can be achieved with virtually zero hardware overhead
随着片上系统(SoC)中嵌入的存储器数量的不断增加,由于测试而导致的功耗已成为一个严重的问题。本文研究了sram的功耗,提出了一种新型的低功耗存储器BIST。在130纳米和90纳米技术的存储器上评估了其有效性。如图所示,在几乎为零硬件开销的情况下,可以实现高达30%的功耗降低
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引用次数: 16
SET Fault Tolerant Combinational Circuits Based on Majority Logic 基于多数逻辑的SET容错组合电路
Á. Michels, Lorenzo Petroli, C. Lisbôa, F. Kastensmidt, L. Carro
This work proposes the use of analog majority gates to implement combinational circuits that are intrinsically tolerant to transient faults. We propose a new type of voter circuit that uses some knowledge from the analog design arena, and show that these circuits can be used to implement fully fault tolerant modules, in a more efficient way than using triple modular redundancy (TMR). Second, based on already known techniques used to implement any combinational function with the use of majority gates, it is proven that a semi-analog voter can be used to implement fault tolerant majority gates that perform the same functions as the regular combinations of AND, OR and INVERTER gates. Finally, the implementation and test of an adder circuit, using both conventional TMR and the proposed solution, is described and analyzed, in order to confirm that the proposed solution is fault tolerant and also compares favorably to some classic designs that are not 100 percent fault tolerant
这项工作提出使用模拟多数门来实现本质上耐受瞬态故障的组合电路。我们提出了一种新型的投票电路,它使用了模拟设计领域的一些知识,并表明这些电路可以用来实现完全容错模块,以比使用三模冗余(TMR)更有效的方式。其次,基于已知的使用多数门实现任何组合功能的技术,证明了半模拟选民可以用于实现容错多数门,其功能与与、或和逆变器门的常规组合相同。最后,描述和分析了使用传统TMR和提出的解决方案的加法器电路的实现和测试,以确认提出的解决方案具有容错性,并且与一些非100%容错性的经典设计相比具有优势
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引用次数: 12
期刊
2006 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems
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