Earth and Planetary Science Letters最新文献

{"title":"Continued continental weathering during snowball earth mitigated greenhouse gas buildup and prolonged global glaciation","authors":"Shintaro Kadoya ,&nbsp;Mohit Melwani Daswani","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global glaciations, also known as snowball events, represent some of Earth’s most significant climate changes. The Neoproterozoic Sturtian glaciation lasted 4–15 times longer than the subsequent Marinoan glaciation, but the causes of this dramatic difference remain unclear. The standard theory attributes the termination of such events to a pause in silicate weathering due to the absence of liquid water on continents. However, recent evidence of syn-glacial dolomite precipitation suggests the possibility of continental weathering during global glaciation. We numerically investigate water-rock reactions under limited water and fresh rock supplies to identify the key factors controlling subglacial weathering and to evaluate their impact on the carbon cycle during global glaciation. The compositions of the discharge fluid and mineral assemblage reach their steady state over a timescale determined by the rate of fresh rock supply. These steady-state compositions are identical when the ratio of the meltwater production rate (<span><math><msub><mi>F</mi><mtext>w</mtext></msub></math></span>) to the fresh rock supply rate (<span><math><msub><mi>F</mi><mtext>r</mtext></msub></math></span>) is constant (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mtext>w</mtext></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mtext>r</mtext></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></math></span>). Furthermore, the maximum estimated CO₂ consumption could match Earth’s volcanic CO₂ emission, assuming present-day Antarctic conditions for meltwater production and fresh rock supply. This finding contradicts the standard assumption that silicate weathering ceases during global glaciation and suggests a mechanism for the prolonged duration of the Sturtian glaciation. These results demonstrate that subglacial weathering represents a previously unrecognized feedback mechanism that could account for the dramatically different durations of Neoproterozoic snowball Earth events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119837"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental determination of equilibrium fractionation of triple oxygen isotopes between dissolved sulfite species and water","authors":"Yu Wei ,&nbsp;Hao Yan ,&nbsp;Yan Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119862","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sulfite, a key intermediate sulfoxyanion in both the reductive and oxidative sulfur cycles, rapidly exchanges oxygen isotopes with ambient water under circumneutral to acidic conditions. Equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;) between sulfite and water are therefore critical for interpreting the triple oxygen isotope composition of sulfate and for constraining sulfur cycling. However, equilibrium &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt; values remain poorly constrained, with significant discrepancies among experimental and theoretical estimates, largely due to experimental challenges in determining sulfite oxygen isotope compositions and uncertainties in theoretical calibrations. Moreover, equilibrium &lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt; values have previously been derived only through theoretical calculation. In this study, we applied a pH-shifting technique to eliminate kinetic isotope effects during sulfite precipitation. We also employed a recently developed high-temperature reduction–discharge–CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; isotope exchange technique to minimize the influence of sulfite hygroscopicity and precisely measured the triple oxygen isotope composition of sulfite equilibrated with water across a pH range of 4.60 to 8.89 and temperature range of 12 to 55 °C. Our results show a consistent, monotonic dependence of oxygen isotope fractionation between bulk sulfite (encompassing all S(IV)-oxyanions, including SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; and the bisulfite isomers (HS)O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; and SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;) and water on both pH and temperature. We attribute the former to pH-controlled speciation of dissolved sulfite. From our data, we derived equilibrium fractionation factors for oxygen isotopes between bisulfite and water, and between sulfite (SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt;) and water:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1000ln&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;bisulfite–H2O&lt;/sub&gt; = (7.06 ± 1.06) × 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/T – 8.80 ± 3.49&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1000ln&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sulfite–H2O&lt;/sub&gt; = (6.59 ± 1.32) × 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/T – 12.56 ± 4.34&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The associated mass-dependent fractionation exponents (&lt;em&gt;θ&lt;/em&gt; = ln&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;/ln&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;) are temperature-independent within our studied range, with values of 0.5202 ± 0.0003 for bisulfite and 0.5155 ± 0.0008 for sulfite. These imply that the Δ′&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;O values of bisulfite and sulfite are offset by -0.152‰ and −0.143‰, respectively, from that of ambient water (assuming a reference slope of 0.5305) at 25 °C. Our findings offer new insights into the isotope fractionations associated with microbial sulfate reduction and pyrite oxidation. The observed pH-dependent variations in sulfate δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O signatures during abiotic aerobic pyrite weathering may reflect oxidation of distinct sulfite species under variable pH conditions. Furthermore, the isotope fractionation observed between residual sulfate and water during microbial sulfat","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119862"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: Evolution of iron formation to ore during Ediacaran to early Paleozoic tectonic stability, by Fuentes et al. (2025)","authors":"B. Rasmussen ,&nbsp;J-W. Zi ,&nbsp;J.R. Muhling ,&nbsp;I.R. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119864","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zircon deformation features reveal sequence of transient high stress, tension and shearing during seismic faulting: A case study from the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Italy","authors":"Sandra Piazolo ,&nbsp;Antonio Langone","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanisms associated with the propagation of fault ruptures remain debated in terms of sequence of events, processes and magnitude of stresses involved. Microstructures of zircon grains located within and in the immediate vicinity of pseudotachylyte veins reveal a sequence of events transient in time and space and allow recognition of different processes during rupture. The dynamic rupture causes, at its propagating tip, a damage zone of several centimetres thickness. In this damage zone, zircon grains exhibit crystal-plastic deformation signatures ranging from crystal lattice bending continuous throughout whole grains, to distinct planar deformation bands and {112} twin lamellae. Presence of planar deformation bands and {112} twin lamellae suggest locally high stresses, based on similar features reported from meteorite impacts. Absence of well-developed subgrains indicate dominance of low temperature plasticity at the rupture tip. Subsequently, those grains with highest dislocation densities undergo in-situ grain fragmentation. The observed correlation of grains with very high dislocation densities and in-situ grain fragmentation suggests that the effective tensile strength of these grains is sufficiently decreased by the high stored elastic energy to cause their fragmentation when subject to tensile stresses in the wake of the propagating rupture tip. Subsequent displacement along connected damage zone fracture surfaces results in pseudotachylytes formation.</div><div>Our data shows that dynamic rupture initiation and propagation results in stresses heterogeneously distributed in space, magnitude and sign causing both ductile and brittle deformation. Our study highlights the value of the accessory mineral zircon in deciphering the nature of rupture zone dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to the comment on “The influence of cementation on fault stability”","authors":"G. Volpe ,&nbsp;R. Affinito ,&nbsp;L. Calzolari ,&nbsp;G. Pozzi ,&nbsp;C. Marone ,&nbsp;C. Collettini","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119867","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical controls on the formation of lithium brines in closed-basins of the Lithium Triangle","authors":"Gordon D.Z. Williams ,&nbsp;Julien Barre ,&nbsp;Pascale Louvat ,&nbsp;Sylvain Bérail ,&nbsp;Romain Millot ,&nbsp;Avner Vengosh","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable lithium mining is critical to the renewable energy transition. Closed-basin brines are a major source of lithium yet the processes governing lithium enrichment remain poorly understood. In the Lithium Triangle (LT) of South America, hypersaline brines display anomalously high lithium concentrations including at the Salar de Uyuni (SDU) in Bolivia. Using new geochemical and isotopic data from the SDU, Bolivia, we update the accepted conceptual model of evaporative concentration and sequential mineral precipitation based on the formation of calcite, gypsum, and halite. Here we identify ulexite (Na-Ca-borate) precipitation as a previously overlooked but key process in the evaporative evolution of inflow waters that fundamentally alters brine chemistry prior to halite saturation. Additionally, we reveal that surficial brines are largely disconnected from the major lithium inflow, and instead their chemistries are controlled by cyclic halite dissolution-precipitation, leading to the conservative enrichment of solutes like lithium, boron, and magnesium. We suggest that deep brines exploited for lithium extraction are fossil and reflect different stages of evaporation, while modern processes make little contribution to the solute and lithium balance. This new conceptual model revises the classic geochemical pathway and has broad implications for lithium brines and resource sustainability across the LT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 119849"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inheritance of depleted mantle 186Os signatures in Tibetan ophiolitic chromitites","authors":"Yong Xu ,&nbsp;Qing Xiong ,&nbsp;Bin Qin ,&nbsp;Ruohan Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Gong ,&nbsp;Degao Zhai ,&nbsp;D. Graham Pearson ,&nbsp;Jingao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The strongly compatible ¹⁹⁰Pt-¹⁸⁷Re-^{186, 187}Os systematics are relatively resistant to post-magmatic alteration and potentially preserve snapshots of deep mantle processes, making them valuable for tracing the origins of ultramafic-mafic rocks. To compare high-Cr and low-Cr podiform chromitites within ophiolite suites and uncover their formation mechanisms and related mantle evolution, we conducted the first combined high-precision ¹⁸⁶Os-¹⁸⁷Os and platinum group elemental (PGE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd) investigation of the Luobusa (mean Cr#=78) and Zedang (mean Cr#= 61) ophiolitic chromitites from south Tibet, China. The contrasting ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios between the Luobusa high-Cr (0.1271 ± 0.0002) and Zedang low-Cr (0.1292 ± 0.0004) chromitites correlate with their different degrees of fractionation between palladium-group (PPGE) and iridium-group (IPGE) PGE. This relationship follows a global trend and largely reflects the distinct natures of their parental magmas (boninitic vs. MORB-like). Importantly, both chromitites exhibit relatively homogeneous unradiogenic ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (Luobusa: 0.1198359±0.0000026; Zedang: 0.1198355±0.0000005), which are independent of indices of magmatic differentiation such as Cr# and PGE fractionation. These values are comparable, within analytical uncertainties, to the averages of global abyssal peridotites and Phanerozoic Os-rich alloys, and are slightly lower than the primitive mantle and H ordinary chondrites. The ¹⁸⁶Os similarity between the Luobusa chromitites and abyssal peridotites is consistent with their known ¹⁸⁷Os similarity that features an unradiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os peak at ∼0.126. The combined unradiogenic ¹⁸⁶Os-¹⁸⁷Os systematics also show no resolvable genetic linkage to plume-related magmatism or recycled crustal materials. Instead, their parental magmas appear to originate from a depleted mantle source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"678 ","pages":"Article 119855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “The influence of cementation on fault stability”","authors":"Sylvain Barbot","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119845","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"678 ","pages":"Article 119845"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The beating sound of passive degassing at an open-vent volcano captured by combined infrasonic and SO2 flux observations","authors":"D. Delle Donne ,&nbsp;G. Lacanna ,&nbsp;A. Aiuppa ,&nbsp;M. Bitetto ,&nbsp;G. Ulivieri ,&nbsp;F. Biagioli ,&nbsp;G. Lo Bue Trisciuzzi ,&nbsp;M. Ripepe","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2026.119846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volcanic degassing is a key manifestation of volcanic activity, and offers crucial insights into the subtle changes in volcano behavior during unrest and prior to eruption. However, accurately assessing gas emission rates remains difficult, and the implementation of gas flux sensing techniques is one of the most pressing challenges in modern volcanology. Here, we present two years of continuous measurements (April 2017–March 2019) of the SO₂ flux and infrasound associated with volcanic degassing at Stromboli volcano (Italy). We show that degassing can be tracked in space and time following changes in infrasonic activity during persistent Strombolian activity. By modeling gas expansion within the conduit, we convert ∼10 million infrasonic signals into equivalent gas fluxes associated with puffing and spattering activity. Our results and calculations from both methodologies indicate a total magmatic gas emission rate ranging between 10 and 100 m³/s. We find this volumetric rate to be almost entirely accounted for by the acoustically-derived gas flux, both in terms of total volume released and the spatial distribution of the degassing sources. Our results open new avenues to interpreting passive degassing at open-vent volcanoes, and demonstrate the potential of infrasound as a valuable tool for quantifying gas emissions in such systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"678 ","pages":"Article 119846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discriminating dynamic rupture arrest in fluid-induced microearthquakes using spectral inversion","authors":"Francesco Mosconi ,&nbsp;Elisa Tinti ,&nbsp;Mariano Supino ,&nbsp;Alice-Agnes Gabriel ,&nbsp;Emanuele Casarotti ,&nbsp;Men-Andrin Meier ,&nbsp;Antonio Pio Rinaldi ,&nbsp;Domenico Giardini ,&nbsp;Massimo Cocco","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the maximum possible magnitude of fluid-induced earthquakes requires to understand rupture arrest within or outside a fluid-pressurized patch. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of incorporating rupture physics into the study of injection-induced earthquakes. We perform 3D dynamic simulations of spontaneous ruptures propagating across a pressurized fault, stimulated by fluid injection within the nucleation zone. Our simulations unveil two end-member models describing a fluid-induced micro-earthquake: a self-arresting rupture that decelerates spontaneously and a run-away rupture that terminates abruptly at the fault edge. We compute synthetic waveforms radiated from both models and invert them using a probabilistic spectral inversion approach to identify characteristics that distinguish between the two rupture types. We find that self-arresting ruptures radiate less high-frequency waves (with <em>γ</em> &gt; 3) and lack the typical P/S corner frequency shift. In contrast, run-away ruptures conform to the <em>ω</em>² model (<em>γ</em> ∼ 2, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>f</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>P</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>f</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi></msubsup><mo>∼</mo><mn>1.3</mn></mrow></math></span>). We interpret these differences as primarily arising from the rupture arrest mechanism, smooth arrest results in gradual variations in the moment-rate function, whereas abrupt arrest at a barrier causes a sharp changes in the moment-rate function. This abrupt arrest generates high-frequency radiation and a back-propagating stopping phase, playing a critical role in controlling the rupture duration and the radiated seismic waves. Our results demonstrate that spectral features such as high-frequency decay and P/S corner frequency shift may provide observational diagnostics to distinguish rupture arrest mechanisms, even in the absence of direct evidence from rupture kinematics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"678 ","pages":"Article 119816"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}