Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105315
Jizhou Tang , Jiayu Li , Zhuo Zhang , Yu Fan , Wenya Jiang , Siwei Meng , Xianzheng Zhao
Natural fractures critically influence stimulation efficiency and fluid transport in continental shale reservoirs, yet their scale-dependent behavior under varying tectonic regimes remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the Cangdong Sag (Bohai Bay Basin) and Gulong Sag (Songliao Basin) through a multi-scale approach. At the core scale, three primary fracture types—bedding, tectonic, and diagenetic—are characterized in terms of geometry and mechanics. Outcrop-scale simulations assess fracture propagation under different injection conditions. At the seismic scale, statistical analyses quantify fracture length, density, and orientation across the two regions. These data support fully coupled 3D models to evaluate stimulated rock volume (SRV). To integrate geometric and mechanical attributes across scales, a novel Natural Fracture Activation–Probabilistic Fractal Dimension Method (NF-AP-FDM) is developed, introducing the index to describe activation potential and fracture complexity. The method is validated through SRV comparisons and applied to analyze operational parameters. Results reveal significant differences in fracture networks between the two sags, shaped by distinct tectonic histories. This work provides new insights into fracture evolution mechanisms and enhances hydraulic fracturing design in complex continental shale systems.
{"title":"Differential impacts of multi-scale natural fractures on hydraulic fracture network formation","authors":"Jizhou Tang , Jiayu Li , Zhuo Zhang , Yu Fan , Wenya Jiang , Siwei Meng , Xianzheng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural fractures critically influence stimulation efficiency and fluid transport in continental shale reservoirs, yet their scale-dependent behavior under varying tectonic regimes remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the Cangdong Sag (Bohai Bay Basin) and Gulong Sag (Songliao Basin) through a multi-scale approach. At the core scale, three primary fracture types—bedding, tectonic, and diagenetic—are characterized in terms of geometry and mechanics. Outcrop-scale simulations assess fracture propagation under different injection conditions. At the seismic scale, statistical analyses quantify fracture length, density, and orientation across the two regions. These data support fully coupled 3D models to evaluate stimulated rock volume (SRV). To integrate geometric and mechanical attributes across scales, a novel Natural Fracture Activation–Probabilistic Fractal Dimension Method (NF-AP-FDM) is developed, introducing the <span><math><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>dp</mi></msub></math></span> index to describe activation potential and fracture complexity. The method is validated through SRV comparisons and applied to analyze operational parameters. Results reveal significant differences in fracture networks between the two sags, shaped by distinct tectonic histories. This work provides new insights into fracture evolution mechanisms and enhances hydraulic fracturing design in complex continental shale systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 105315"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105314
Meng Ning , Jingru Luo , Ziheng Liang , Pu Huang , Chaochao Xing , Bing Shen
Pedogenic carbonate (PC), a key component of the terrestrial inorganic carbon pool, serves as both a climate archive and an active participant in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. The mid-Paleozoic colonization of land by plants (plant terrestrialization) triggered a fundamental transformation of Earth's surface environments, driving atmospheric changes, enhancing chemical weathering, and promoting PC formation. While extensive research has employed PC geochemical proxies (δ13C, δ18O, radioisotopes) for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and geochronological studies, its systemic role in global carbon cycling remains insufficiently characterized. This review advances understanding of PC systems through four integrated perspectives: (1) formation mechanisms, mineralogical characteristics, and updated classification frameworks; (2) geological applications in paleoclimate reconstruction and geochronology; (3) co-evolution of PC and land plants since the Silurian; and (4) the implications of plant-PC interactions on the carbon cycle. Our study reveals how vascular plant evolution reconfigured PC formation processes, effectively restructuring the carbon cycle of the Earth's surface from a bimodal (ocean-atmosphere, with limited microbial activity on land) to a trimodal (land-ocean-atmosphere) system during the Paleozoic. However, PC remains poorly constrained in global carbon budgets, with substantial uncertainties regarding its climate feedback mechanisms. Future research frontiers include refining global PC inventories, improving parameterization of PC processes in Earth system models, and deciphering plant-microbe‑carbonate mineral interactions across geologic timescales. Pedogenic carbonates function as both paleoclimate recorders and active carbon cycle regulators, providing crucial insights for interpreting past climate transitions and future climate change.
{"title":"Pedogenic carbonates in deep time: Characteristics, geological significance, and co-evolution with plant terrestrialization","authors":"Meng Ning , Jingru Luo , Ziheng Liang , Pu Huang , Chaochao Xing , Bing Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pedogenic carbonate (PC), a key component of the terrestrial inorganic carbon pool, serves as both a climate archive and an active participant in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. The mid-Paleozoic colonization of land by plants (plant terrestrialization) triggered a fundamental transformation of Earth's surface environments, driving atmospheric changes, enhancing chemical weathering, and promoting PC formation. While extensive research has employed PC geochemical proxies (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>18</sup>O, radioisotopes) for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and geochronological studies, its systemic role in global carbon cycling remains insufficiently characterized. This review advances understanding of PC systems through four integrated perspectives: (1) formation mechanisms, mineralogical characteristics, and updated classification frameworks; (2) geological applications in paleoclimate reconstruction and geochronology; (3) co-evolution of PC and land plants since the Silurian; and (4) the implications of plant-PC interactions on the carbon cycle. Our study reveals how vascular plant evolution reconfigured PC formation processes, effectively restructuring the carbon cycle of the Earth's surface from a bimodal (ocean-atmosphere, with limited microbial activity on land) to a trimodal (land-ocean-atmosphere) system during the Paleozoic. However, PC remains poorly constrained in global carbon budgets, with substantial uncertainties regarding its climate feedback mechanisms. Future research frontiers include refining global PC inventories, improving parameterization of PC processes in Earth system models, and deciphering plant-microbe‑carbonate mineral interactions across geologic timescales. Pedogenic carbonates function as both paleoclimate recorders and active carbon cycle regulators, providing crucial insights for interpreting past climate transitions and future climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105314"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105313
Yan Chen , Yang Zhang , Haishui Jiang , James G. Ogg , Stefania Graziano , Keke Huang , Yijiang Zhong , Hanxiao Li , Xulong Lai
The Early Triassic, the earliest epoch of the Mesozoic, was a critical time following the end-Permian mass extinction that had major biological and environmental changes during the prolonged recovery. A high-resolution temporal global framework is essential to understand the patterns of recovery after catastrophes. The Lower Triassic strata of South China have been intensively studied, and three Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSPs) have been defined or proposed in this region to delimit the Lower Triassic stages, including the Meishan D for base of the Induan Stage (Permian-Triassic Boundary), Chaohu for base of the Olenekian Stage (Induan-Olenekian Boundary), and Wantou/Guandao for base of the Anisian Stage (Olenekian-Anisian Boundary). Based on the review, updates and correlations of data from the reference sections of Xiejiacao, Chaohu, Xiakou, Guandao and Wantou in South China and correlations to reference sections in the Arctic and Europe, we propose a revised Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) for the Early Triassic that includes magnetostratigraphy, conodont biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. The timescale for Early Triassic polarity magnetochrons is calibrated either by radioisotopic dating, or by identified 405-kyr long-eccentricity cycles from the Chaohu, Xiakou and Guandao sections in South China and similar cyclostratigraphic scaling of the magnetostratigraphy from the Germanic Basin. The revised GPTS provides a powerful tool for high-resolution correlation of marine global environment fluctuations in all settings, including shallow marine and non-marine strata.
The beginning of chron LT1n (the first normal-polarity chron of the Early Triassic) corresponds to the first appearance datum (FAD) of Hindeodus changxingensis, within the narrow interval between the Latest Permian mass extinction (LPME), as recognized by the major biota loss and a rapid negative carbon isotopic excursion, and the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) as recognized by the FAD of Hindeodus parvus or other earliest Triassic taxa. The beginning of LT3n was slightly after the FAD of Novispathodus waageni eowaageni (potential index marker for the Induan-Olenekian Boundary) and the maximum of a positive carbon isotopic excursion, which was slightly prior to the beginning of LT3n. The middle point of carbon isotopic excursions associated with the FAD of Nov. pingdingshanensis (potential proxies for the Smithian-Spathian Boundary) is close to the end of the LT6n. The FAD of Chiosella timorensis (potential index marker for the Olenekian-Anisian Boundary) was between subchrons MT1n and MT2n, and close to the maximum of the positive carbon isotopic excursion. This updated Early Triassic geomagnetic polarity timescale provided a framework for better correlation and dating of successions in the Boreal and Tethyan marine realms and in non-marine terrestrial basins.
{"title":"The Early Triassic geomagnetic timescale and bio-chemo-magnetostratigraphic global correlation of the Lower Triassic","authors":"Yan Chen , Yang Zhang , Haishui Jiang , James G. Ogg , Stefania Graziano , Keke Huang , Yijiang Zhong , Hanxiao Li , Xulong Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Early Triassic, the earliest epoch of the Mesozoic, was a critical time following the end-Permian mass extinction that had major biological and environmental changes during the prolonged recovery. A high-resolution temporal global framework is essential to understand the patterns of recovery after catastrophes. The Lower Triassic strata of South China have been intensively studied, and three Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSPs) have been defined or proposed in this region to delimit the Lower Triassic stages, including the Meishan D for base of the Induan Stage (Permian-Triassic Boundary), Chaohu for base of the Olenekian Stage (Induan-Olenekian Boundary), and Wantou/Guandao for base of the Anisian Stage (Olenekian-Anisian Boundary). Based on the review, updates and correlations of data from the reference sections of Xiejiacao, Chaohu, Xiakou, Guandao and Wantou in South China and correlations to reference sections in the Arctic and Europe, we propose a revised Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) for the Early Triassic that includes magnetostratigraphy, conodont biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. The timescale for Early Triassic polarity magnetochrons is calibrated either by radioisotopic dating, or by identified 405-kyr long-eccentricity cycles from the Chaohu, Xiakou and Guandao sections in South China and similar cyclostratigraphic scaling of the magnetostratigraphy from the Germanic Basin. The revised GPTS provides a powerful tool for high-resolution correlation of marine global environment fluctuations in all settings, including shallow marine and non-marine strata.</div><div>The beginning of chron LT1n (the first normal-polarity chron of the Early Triassic) corresponds to the first appearance datum (FAD) of <em>Hindeodus changxingensis</em>, within the narrow interval between the Latest Permian mass extinction (LPME), as recognized by the major biota loss and a rapid negative carbon isotopic excursion, and the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) as recognized by the FAD of <em>Hindeodus parvus</em> or other earliest Triassic taxa. The beginning of LT3n was slightly after the FAD of <em>Novispathodus waageni eowaageni</em> (potential index marker for the Induan-Olenekian Boundary) and the maximum of a positive carbon isotopic excursion, which was slightly prior to the beginning of LT3n. The middle point of carbon isotopic excursions associated with the FAD of <em>N</em>o<em>v. pingdingshanensis</em> (potential proxies for the Smithian-Spathian Boundary) is close to the end of the LT6n. The FAD of <em>Chiosella timorensis</em> (potential index marker for the Olenekian-Anisian Boundary) was between subchrons MT1n and MT2n, and close to the maximum of the positive carbon isotopic excursion. This updated Early Triassic geomagnetic polarity timescale provided a framework for better correlation and dating of successions in the Boreal and Tethyan marine realms and in non-marine terrestrial basins.","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105313"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105312
Chao Liang , Ao Chen , Yingchang Cao , Jing Wu , Yu Han , Keyu Liu , Guanghui Yuan , Fang Hao
Organic carbon (OC) burial is an essential mechanism for the regulation of the atmospheric carbon pool. Studying this process enhances our understanding of the interactions between spheres and global carbon cycle. Although considerable attention has been focused on marine OC burial in deep time, there remains a lack of understanding regarding OC burial in lakes. Currently, lakes harbor 10–50 % of burial OC despite their total area being only 1/80 of that of the oceans, indicating a high OC burial efficiency in lakes. The evolution of the lake ecology from dead lakes, starved lakes, and primary lakes to prosperous lakes triggered transitions in lacustrine OC burial on a geological time scale. This study evaluates the organic carbon burial account and burial efficiency of typical lacustrine shales in deep time, revealing the multi-factor composite control mechanisms—including tectonic activities, temperature, lake scale, hydro-ecological conditions, volcanic–hydrothermal activities, and marine transgressions—on the organic carbon burial process. Based on the theory of ternary dynamic equilibrium among “productivity, preservation, and dilution,” it systematically elaborates on the main controlling factors and synergistic effects governing efficient lacustrine organic carbon burial under tectonic–climatic–ecological coupling. The nutrients derived from volcanic and hydrothermal activities have significantly contributed to overcoming the adverse ecological or climatic conditions in specific lake evolution periods, particularly during the “ecologically primary lakes” stage before the Late Paleozoic; these nutrients are thus essential for the effective OC burial. Five primary mechanisms are proposed for large-scale lacustrine OC burial: volcanic–hydrothermal activities, climate–volcanic activities coupling, climate–basin scale coupling, climate–transgressions coupling, and tectonic–climate coupling. The study of the evolution of lacustrine OC burial on a geological time scale, the driving mechanisms of efficient burial, and their relationship with major geological events based on lake records can enhance our understanding of the deep-time carbon cycling and interactions of Earth's spheres. It also establishes a geological-historical framework for understanding the response mechanisms of lacustrine carbon reservoirs and their regulatory effects on global carbon sequestration under future climate warming scenarios.
{"title":"Lacustrine organic carbon burial in deep time: Perspectives from major geologic events and tectonic-climatic-ecological coupling","authors":"Chao Liang , Ao Chen , Yingchang Cao , Jing Wu , Yu Han , Keyu Liu , Guanghui Yuan , Fang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic carbon (OC) burial is an essential mechanism for the regulation of the atmospheric carbon pool. Studying this process enhances our understanding of the interactions between spheres and global carbon cycle. Although considerable attention has been focused on marine OC burial in deep time, there remains a lack of understanding regarding OC burial in lakes. Currently, lakes harbor 10–50 % of burial OC despite their total area being only 1/80 of that of the oceans, indicating a high OC burial efficiency in lakes. The evolution of the lake ecology from dead lakes, starved lakes, and primary lakes to prosperous lakes triggered transitions in lacustrine OC burial on a geological time scale. This study evaluates the organic carbon burial account and burial efficiency of typical lacustrine shales in deep time, revealing the multi-factor composite control mechanisms—including tectonic activities, temperature, lake scale, hydro-ecological conditions, volcanic–hydrothermal activities, and marine transgressions—on the organic carbon burial process. Based on the theory of ternary dynamic equilibrium among “productivity, preservation, and dilution,” it systematically elaborates on the main controlling factors and synergistic effects governing efficient lacustrine organic carbon burial under tectonic–climatic–ecological coupling. The nutrients derived from volcanic and hydrothermal activities have significantly contributed to overcoming the adverse ecological or climatic conditions in specific lake evolution periods, particularly during the “ecologically primary lakes” stage before the Late Paleozoic; these nutrients are thus essential for the effective OC burial. Five primary mechanisms are proposed for large-scale lacustrine OC burial: volcanic–hydrothermal activities, climate–volcanic activities coupling, climate–basin scale coupling, climate–transgressions coupling, and tectonic–climate coupling. The study of the evolution of lacustrine OC burial on a geological time scale, the driving mechanisms of efficient burial, and their relationship with major geological events based on lake records can enhance our understanding of the deep-time carbon cycling and interactions of Earth's spheres. It also establishes a geological-historical framework for understanding the response mechanisms of lacustrine carbon reservoirs and their regulatory effects on global carbon sequestration under future climate warming scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 105312"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105311
Bronwyn L. Teece , Selene M.C. Cannelli , C. Felipe Garibello , Shawn E. McGlynn , Laura M. Barge
Marine hydrothermal systems form where hot, chemically distinct fluids are discharged from the seafloor into the ocean. This process causes steep geophysiochemical gradients to develop which induces precipitation and potential organic synthesis. In addition, hydrothermal systems record evidence of some of the earliest life on Earth, have been prevalent throughout Earth's geological record, and are thought to be present on other worlds e.g., Europa and Enceladus. Given that marine hydrothermal environments are difficult to access on Earth today – and impossible to access on other planetary bodies and on the ancient Earth – a rapidly advancing field has been laboratory simulated vent systems. These simulations utilize of a range of experimental techniques that recreate various aspects of hydrothermal systems, including: “chemical garden” experiments, microfluidics, high pressure reactors, and more. However, some aspects of vent systems are challenging to recreate in the laboratory and represent large gaps for future research, including replicating complex time dependent changes, the synthesis and preservation of biologically relevant organic molecules, and high-pressure experiments. These topics are particularly relevant for ocean world hydrothermal systems which can vary greatly from modern and ancient Earth hydrothermal systems. Targeting these areas for future research in laboratory grown hydrothermal simulations could provide greater insight into potential hydrothermal processes in active and fossilized vent systems on Earth, and potentially active systems on other planets and moons.
{"title":"Hydrothermal vents through space and time: experimentally simulating dynamic flow-through systems on Earth and other worlds","authors":"Bronwyn L. Teece , Selene M.C. Cannelli , C. Felipe Garibello , Shawn E. McGlynn , Laura M. Barge","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine hydrothermal systems form where hot, chemically distinct fluids are discharged from the seafloor into the ocean. This process causes steep geophysiochemical gradients to develop which induces precipitation and potential organic synthesis. In addition, hydrothermal systems record evidence of some of the earliest life on Earth, have been prevalent throughout Earth's geological record, and are thought to be present on other worlds e.g., Europa and Enceladus. Given that marine hydrothermal environments are difficult to access on Earth today – and impossible to access on other planetary bodies and on the ancient Earth – a rapidly advancing field has been laboratory simulated vent systems. These simulations utilize of a range of experimental techniques that recreate various aspects of hydrothermal systems, including: “chemical garden” experiments, microfluidics, high pressure reactors, and more. However, some aspects of vent systems are challenging to recreate in the laboratory and represent large gaps for future research, including replicating complex time dependent changes, the synthesis and preservation of biologically relevant organic molecules, and high-pressure experiments. These topics are particularly relevant for ocean world hydrothermal systems which can vary greatly from modern and ancient Earth hydrothermal systems. Targeting these areas for future research in laboratory grown hydrothermal simulations could provide greater insight into potential hydrothermal processes in active and fossilized vent systems on Earth, and potentially active systems on other planets and moons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105311"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sediments are far more than inert deposits beneath our waters, they are dynamic engines of the global carbon cycle. Acting as both long-term carbon vaults and, under disturbed conditions, potent sources of greenhouse gases, sediments hold immense yet underutilized potential in the fight against climate change. This review unpacks the complex mechanisms that govern carbon cycling in sediments, from source inputs and microbial transformations to vertical storage patterns and exchanges with the water column. It explores how natural factors, such as mineral composition, redox conditions, and hydrology, interact with intensifying anthropogenic pressures like eutrophication, dredging, and land-use change to shape sediment carbon fate. Drawing on quantitative insights across diverse aquatic ecosystems, the paper also highlights innovative opportunities for sediment-based carbon management, including beneficial reuse, nature-based solutions, and integration into emerging carbon markets. By highlighting both the potential and the challenges, this review reframes sediments not as passive repositories, but as dynamic agents in advancing global carbon sequestration strategies.
{"title":"From sink to strategy: Sediments at the nexus of carbon sequestration and climate action","authors":"Dunja Rađenović Veselić, Nataša Slijepčević, Slaven Tenodi, Đorđe Pejin, Irina Jevrosimov, Tijana Marjanović Srebro, Dragana Tomašević Pilipović","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediments are far more than inert deposits beneath our waters, they are dynamic engines of the global carbon cycle. Acting as both long-term carbon vaults and, under disturbed conditions, potent sources of greenhouse gases, sediments hold immense yet underutilized potential in the fight against climate change. This review unpacks the complex mechanisms that govern carbon cycling in sediments, from source inputs and microbial transformations to vertical storage patterns and exchanges with the water column. It explores how natural factors, such as mineral composition, redox conditions, and hydrology, interact with intensifying anthropogenic pressures like eutrophication, dredging, and land-use change to shape sediment carbon fate. Drawing on quantitative insights across diverse aquatic ecosystems, the paper also highlights innovative opportunities for sediment-based carbon management, including beneficial reuse, nature-based solutions, and integration into emerging carbon markets. By highlighting both the potential and the challenges, this review reframes sediments not as passive repositories, but as dynamic agents in advancing global carbon sequestration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105310"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The escalating urgency of global climate change underscores the need for effective strategies to manage atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) has emerged as a promising carbon removal technology. By applying powdered silicate rocks rich in calcium and magnesium, such as basalt, the dissolution process can be accelerated to sequester CO₂ in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) within soil porewater, which is ultimately transported to the ocean, achieving long-term carbon storage. Using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, this study evaluates the feasibility of basalt-based ERW in China, focusing on its environmental and economic implications across various application scenarios. The findings highlight that basalt particle size and environmental conditions are critical determinants of weathering efficiency. Smaller particles, elevated temperatures, and acidic soils enhance dissolution rates but also result in higher energy consumption for grinding and increased carbon emissions. China's extensive basalt reserves, diverse climatic conditions, and vast agricultural lands create favorable conditions for large-scale ERW implementation. Nationwide application of basalt at p80 = 100 μm could sequester 0.2 Gt CO₂ by 2100, while finer particles (p80 = 10 μm) could achieve 0.5 Gt by 2060. Despite its potential, ERW faces challenges, including heavy metal release, uncertainties in long-term weathering rates, and cost constraints.
{"title":"Harnessing enhanced rock weathering for carbon neutrality: potential and challenges in China","authors":"Lianghan Cong , Shuaiyi Lu , Pan Jiang , Tianqi Zheng , Yanjun Zhang , Xiaoshu Lü , Ziwang Yu , Tianfu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating urgency of global climate change underscores the need for effective strategies to manage atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) has emerged as a promising carbon removal technology. By applying powdered silicate rocks rich in calcium and magnesium, such as basalt, the dissolution process can be accelerated to sequester CO₂ in the form of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) within soil porewater, which is ultimately transported to the ocean, achieving long-term carbon storage. Using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, this study evaluates the feasibility of basalt-based ERW in China, focusing on its environmental and economic implications across various application scenarios. The findings highlight that basalt particle size and environmental conditions are critical determinants of weathering efficiency. Smaller particles, elevated temperatures, and acidic soils enhance dissolution rates but also result in higher energy consumption for grinding and increased carbon emissions. China's extensive basalt reserves, diverse climatic conditions, and vast agricultural lands create favorable conditions for large-scale ERW implementation. Nationwide application of basalt at p80 = 100 μm could sequester 0.2 Gt CO₂ by 2100, while finer particles (p80 = 10 μm) could achieve 0.5 Gt by 2060. Despite its potential, ERW faces challenges, including heavy metal release, uncertainties in long-term weathering rates, and cost constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105309"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105301
Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza , Marco A. Aquino-López , Maarten Blaauw , Ana Carolina Ruiz-Fernández , Johanna L.J. Jupin , Lysanna Anderson , Clarke A. Knight , Marie Rhondelle Champagne , Nicole K. Sanderson , Simon Goring , J. Andrés Christen
<div><div>Accurate reconstructions of past environmental changes are crucial in paleoecological research and require reliable chronologies of sedimentary archives. Establishing robust age-models and obtaining the most appropriate proxies for analysis is a complex scientific endeavor, requiring extensive resources and collaboration among specialists, including radiochronologists. Radiometric dating methods, such as <sup>210</sup>Pb and radiocarbon (<sup>14</sup>C), are frequently employed to establish chronologies in aquatic sedimentary deposits and peat bogs. In this study, we review key aspects of sampling, analysis, and the principles underlying <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>14</sup>C age-models, focusing on methods for developing robust joint chronologies for paleoenvironmental research. Drawing largely from the authors' experiences and group discussions during and after a scientific workshop in 2022, we discuss important considerations for site selection, sampling strategies, and radiometric dating to construct integrated <sup>210</sup>Pb −<sup>14</sup>C age-models. Using expert consensus, this group – called Paleostats – aims to provide a set of best practices for other geochronologists with this methods paper. Among our conclusions, we emphasize the importance of accounting for site-specific factors such as prior information on sedimentation rates to establish appropriate sampling and analytical strategies. The use of appropriate coring devices can minimize disturbance to sediments and ensure the core surface remains intact and preserved until sectioning. Where excess <sup>210</sup>Pb (<sup>210</sup>Pb<sub>ex</sub>) is expected, sectioning at intervals of ≤1 cm provides an adequate sampling resolution for <sup>210</sup>Pb dating. Exceptions are possible, allowing for ∼2–3 cm sections in areas with confirmed high sedimentation rates (e.g., > 1 cm yr<sup>−1</sup>). Recovering deeper core sections for <sup>14</sup>C dating with sufficient overlap allows for accounting errors in depth estimates made in the field. Special attention is advised during time intervals where validation proxies, such as the human-made radionuclides <sup>137</sup>Cs or post-bomb <sup>14</sup>C, are expected, and to determine the depth of secular equilibrium between <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>226</sup>Ra. Radiocarbon analyses are commonly performed by accelerator mass spectrometry, and age models are constructed mainly using Bayesian statistics with Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques (e.g., <em>Bacon</em>). A Bayesian approach (<em>Plum</em>) is now available for producing <sup>210</sup>Pb age-models, which infers the <sup>210</sup>Pb<sub>ex</sub> flux, eliminates the need for selecting an equilibrium depth, and allows dating cores with incomplete <sup>210</sup>Pb<sub>ex</sub> inventory. <em>Plum</em> offers improved chronologies by integrating raw <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>14</sup>C data, and these age-models can be enriched with other dating methodologies, such as iden
准确地重建过去的环境变化在古生态学研究中是至关重要的，并且需要可靠的沉积档案年表。建立可靠的年龄模型并获得最合适的分析代理是一项复杂的科学努力，需要广泛的资源和专家之间的合作，包括放射年代学家。放射性测年方法，如210Pb和放射性碳（14C），经常用于确定水生沉积物和泥炭沼泽的年代学。在这项研究中，我们回顾了采样、分析的关键方面，以及210Pb和14C年龄模型的基本原理，重点介绍了开发用于古环境研究的可靠联合年表的方法。根据作者在2022年科学研讨会期间和之后的经验和小组讨论，我们讨论了建立综合210Pb−14C年龄模型时选址、采样策略和放射性定年的重要考虑因素。利用专家共识，这个被称为古统计学家的小组旨在通过这篇方法论文为其他地质年代学家提供一套最佳实践。在我们的结论中，我们强调了考虑特定地点因素的重要性，如沉积速率的先验信息，以建立适当的采样和分析策略。使用合适的取心设备可以最大限度地减少对沉积物的干扰，并确保岩心表面在切片前保持完整和保存。在预计超过210Pb （210Pbex）的地方，间隔≤1 cm的切片为210Pb定年提供了足够的采样分辨率。例外是可能的，允许在已确认的高沉积速率（例如，> 1 cm yr - 1）的地区进行~ 2-3 cm的剖面。恢复更深的岩心剖面进行14C测年，有足够的重叠，这允许在现场进行的深度估计中出现会计错误。在预计会有验证代理的时间间隔内，如人造放射性核素137Cs或原子弹爆炸后的14C，建议特别注意，并确定210Pb和226Ra之间的长期平衡深度。放射性碳分析通常由加速器质谱法进行，年龄模型主要使用贝叶斯统计和马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗技术（例如Bacon）构建。现在，贝叶斯方法（Plum）可用于生成210Pb年龄模型，该模型推断210Pbex通量，无需选择平衡深度，并允许在210Pbex库存不完整的情况下确定岩心的年代。Plum通过整合原始的210Pb和14C数据提供了改进的年表，并且这些年龄模型可以通过其他定年方法来丰富，例如确定tephras和其他记录良好的历史事件。统一报告将有助于使辐射年龄模型具有可重复性，这将受益于国际努力。利用210Pb和14C生成综合年龄模型可以更好地了解自然和近期人为强迫对生态系统的相互作用。这可以增强我们对环境过程及其对气候变化的影响的理解，最终支持基于科学的评估和决策。
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Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105304
Bryan Cochelin , Yoann Denèle , Nicolas Saspiturry
This review explores the evolution of the West European Variscan Belt from the Late Carboniferous to the Permian, shedding light on a prolonged period of lithospheric reorganization that coincided with both the final assembly of Pangea and its early dismantling. To understand the balance of forces in the Variscan lithosphere during late- and post-orogenic stages, we integrate magmatic, tectonic, and metamorphic features spanning the 330–270 Ma interval. By considering modern paleogeodynamic reconstructions across Central-Western Europe, we develop a series of 3D tectonic models. These reconstructions emphasize the key role of the enclosed Paleotethys Ocean, which underwent subduction processes in the core of the Pangea supercontinent and interacted with the Alleghanian intracontinental collision to the west. Our model suggests that Paleotethys subduction triggered back-arc extension in the southern Variscan realm and established a lateral free-edge boundary. It allowed mass transfer between collisional and subduction domains from at least the end of the Carboniferous. This lateral free-edge boundary accommodated part of the material transfers from the overriding continental plate during the progressive dismantling of the Variscan belt. The dismantling of the upper plate, which is facilitated by earlier Late-Carboniferous delamination processes, culminates in plate-scale oroclinal bending, in which the accommodation space is controlled by trench-directed deep crustal (and mantle) flow and strike-slip tectonics. Our findings suggest that the rapid post-orogenic re-equilibration of the Variscan crust was not solely governed by gravitational collapse, but was significantly influenced by lateral mass redistribution, likely driven by slab retreat operating since the end of the Carboniferous.
{"title":"West European Variscan Belt dismantling and early fragmentation of Pangea: The key role of the Paleotethys subduction","authors":"Bryan Cochelin , Yoann Denèle , Nicolas Saspiturry","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review explores the evolution of the West European Variscan Belt from the Late Carboniferous to the Permian, shedding light on a prolonged period of lithospheric reorganization that coincided with both the final assembly of Pangea and its early dismantling. To understand the balance of forces in the Variscan lithosphere during late- and post-orogenic stages, we integrate magmatic, tectonic, and metamorphic features spanning the 330–270 Ma interval. By considering modern paleogeodynamic reconstructions across Central-Western Europe, we develop a series of 3D tectonic models. These reconstructions emphasize the key role of the enclosed Paleotethys Ocean, which underwent subduction processes in the core of the Pangea supercontinent and interacted with the Alleghanian intracontinental collision to the west. Our model suggests that Paleotethys subduction triggered back-arc extension in the southern Variscan realm and established a lateral free-edge boundary. It allowed mass transfer between collisional and subduction domains from at least the end of the Carboniferous. This lateral free-edge boundary accommodated part of the material transfers from the overriding continental plate during the progressive dismantling of the Variscan belt. The dismantling of the upper plate, which is facilitated by earlier Late-Carboniferous delamination processes, culminates in plate-scale oroclinal bending, in which the accommodation space is controlled by trench-directed deep crustal (and mantle) flow and strike-slip tectonics. Our findings suggest that the rapid post-orogenic re-equilibration of the Variscan crust was not solely governed by gravitational collapse, but was significantly influenced by lateral mass redistribution, likely driven by slab retreat operating since the end of the Carboniferous.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105304"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306
Guiang Li , Chengyan Lin , Yuqi Wu , Pengjie Ma , Pejman Tahmasebi , Chunmei Dong , Weibin Liu , Xinyu Du , Ziru Zhao
As recoverable conventional energy resources decline, tight formations have gained significant global attention due to their potential as unconventional sources. The intrinsic heterogeneity and extremely low permeability of these geological systems, combined with the complexity of large data dimensions, present considerable challenges for traditional numerical and experimental approaches. Machine learning (ML), a robust data-driven tool, offers the potential to predict properties by capturing intricate, nonlinear relationships between input features and outcomes. However, a thorough review of ML applications to geological challenges, particularly in tight formations, is necessary to inform future research and clarify the current state of this field. This paper, grounded in bibliometric analysis and recent studies, explores four key areas: lithofacies identification and prediction, image segmentation and pore-fracture network reconstruction, subsurface property estimation, and the evaluation of resource potential and sweet spot detection. The review underscores the limitations of conventional methods, examines the application of ML in these areas, and assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various ML techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges, including data quality and imbalanced dataset solutions, model interpretability and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) implementations, and domain knowledge integration through interdisciplinary collaboration, while outlining future research directions encompassing advanced generative modeling approaches, the development of standardized benchmark datasets, and the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with enhanced geological constraints. These systematic advancements hold the potential to significantly enhance ML's role in understanding and characterizing the complexities of tight reservoir systems.
{"title":"Machine learning applications in tight porous media: Challenges, advances, and future directions","authors":"Guiang Li , Chengyan Lin , Yuqi Wu , Pengjie Ma , Pejman Tahmasebi , Chunmei Dong , Weibin Liu , Xinyu Du , Ziru Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As recoverable conventional energy resources decline, tight formations have gained significant global attention due to their potential as unconventional sources. The intrinsic heterogeneity and extremely low permeability of these geological systems, combined with the complexity of large data dimensions, present considerable challenges for traditional numerical and experimental approaches. Machine learning (ML), a robust data-driven tool, offers the potential to predict properties by capturing intricate, nonlinear relationships between input features and outcomes. However, a thorough review of ML applications to geological challenges, particularly in tight formations, is necessary to inform future research and clarify the current state of this field. This paper, grounded in bibliometric analysis and recent studies, explores four key areas: lithofacies identification and prediction, image segmentation and pore-fracture network reconstruction, subsurface property estimation, and the evaluation of resource potential and sweet spot detection. The review underscores the limitations of conventional methods, examines the application of ML in these areas, and assesses the advantages and drawbacks of various ML techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges, including data quality and imbalanced dataset solutions, model interpretability and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) implementations, and domain knowledge integration through interdisciplinary collaboration, while outlining future research directions encompassing advanced generative modeling approaches, the development of standardized benchmark datasets, and the implementation of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with enhanced geological constraints. These systematic advancements hold the potential to significantly enhance ML's role in understanding and characterizing the complexities of tight reservoir systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105306"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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