Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104937
Shiwei Jiang , Xin Zhou , Jasper F. Kok , Qifan Lin , Yonggang Liu , Tao Zhan , Yanan Shen , Zhibo Li , Xuanqiao Liu , Anze Chen , Luo Wang , Wen Chen , John P. Smol , Zhengtang Guo
Known as the “Holocene temperature conundrum,” controversy remains between paleoclimate reconstructions indicating cooling during the late-Holocene versus model simulations indicating warming. Here, we present a composite Holocene winter temperature index record derived from East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) reconstructions. This new temperature index record documents a thermal maximum occurring during the mid-Holocene, followed by a cooling trend. Along with other Holocene winter temperature reconstructions, these findings collectively indicate a cooling trend during the late-Holocene, consistent with global annual average temperature reconstructions. Notably, our composite dust records and dust sensitivity simulations identified enhanced global aeolian dust, which has been overlooked in previous model simulations, as a likely driver of the cooling trend throughout the mid- to late-Holocene. Our new evidence does not support the current seasonal bias explanation of the Holocene temperature controversy, but instead suggests potential mechanisms that could help explain the differences between temperatures inferred from models and paleo-reconstructions in the past.
{"title":"Enhanced global dust counteracted greenhouse warming during the mid- to late-Holocene","authors":"Shiwei Jiang , Xin Zhou , Jasper F. Kok , Qifan Lin , Yonggang Liu , Tao Zhan , Yanan Shen , Zhibo Li , Xuanqiao Liu , Anze Chen , Luo Wang , Wen Chen , John P. Smol , Zhengtang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Known as the “Holocene temperature conundrum,” controversy remains between paleoclimate reconstructions indicating cooling during the late-Holocene versus model simulations indicating warming. Here, we present a composite Holocene winter temperature index record derived from East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) reconstructions. This new temperature index record documents a thermal maximum occurring during the mid-Holocene, followed by a cooling trend. Along with other Holocene winter temperature reconstructions, these findings collectively indicate a cooling trend during the late-Holocene, consistent with global annual average temperature reconstructions. Notably, our composite dust records and dust sensitivity simulations identified enhanced global aeolian dust, which has been overlooked in previous model simulations, as a likely driver of the cooling trend throughout the mid- to late-Holocene. Our new evidence does not support the current seasonal bias explanation of the Holocene temperature controversy, but instead suggests potential mechanisms that could help explain the differences between temperatures inferred from models and paleo-reconstructions in the past.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104937"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104932
Yuchi Cui , Lei Shao , Zheng-Xiang Li , Chris Elders , Karl Stattegger , Weilin Zhu , Sanzhong Li , Xixi Zhao , Peijun Qiao , Hao Zhang
<div><div>The evolution of the major rivers originating from the SE Tibetan Plateau has been a research hotspot due to a close connection between tectonic events, geomorphological shifts and river formation. This study reviews and compiles a large group of provenance analyses including zircon U<img>Pb dating and whole-rock geochemistry, in order to provide a systematic interpretation of the drainage evolution of the extensive rivers, mainly represented by the modern Red River, Mekong River, Pearl River, Yangtze River, the coastal South China rivers, etc. There are numerous debates over the potential existence of a paleo-Red River, in other words, whether the Yangtze upper and middle reaches, Mekong and other SE Asian rivers partly or collectively formed a single drainage system during Miocene (or even earlier), and eventually generated thick sedimentary sequences in the South China Sea (SCS). The fragmentation of this continental-scale river is speculated to result from several river captures and reversals during the Cenozoic before evolving into the present-day drainage framework. However, this hypothesis has been increasingly doubted, and our review shows a lack of robust evidence supporting the presence of a unidirectional N-S drainage, since zircon U<img>Pb signatures of SE Tibetan River sands, relict Cenozoic terrestrial deposits and contemporaneous offshore sediments fail to match in consistence. Instead, the Mekong River possibly had not achieved its current form until the Middle Miocene, possibly triggered by the Tibetan Uplift to enhance the SE Asian summer monsoon precipitation. Large uncertainties remain over the timing of the Yangtze River formation, with a wide range of age estimates extending from the Earliest Miocene to Holocene. During the early Cenozoic, it was the combination of axial topographic pattern and the prolonged extensional setting of the South China margin that collectively controlled sediment supply and distribution, and induced a dominant eastward transport pathway from eastern Indochina into the southern depression of the northern SCS. It wasn't until the Early Oligocene (or even later) that the topographic inversion of SE Asia by westward to eastward tilting accelerated the headwater erosion and drainage basin enlargement. The Pearl River thereby experienced a significant inland expansion during the Late Oligocene, and reached its near-modern delineation since the Early Miocene. At the same time, some rivers across coastal South China, such as the Min and Jiulong Rivers might also have extended farther to the west. In any case, regional tectonic activity between the Tibetan Plateau and the marginal sea basins shaped the geomorphological and topographic characteristics in a fairly complicated way, and controlled the overall source-to-sink patterns and fluvial system evolution.</div><div>The SE Asian continental margin was dominated by a long-lived extension from the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic. The marginal sea
{"title":"Early Cenozoic drainage network and paleogeographic evolution within the SE Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding area: Synthetic constraints from onshore-offshore geological dataset","authors":"Yuchi Cui , Lei Shao , Zheng-Xiang Li , Chris Elders , Karl Stattegger , Weilin Zhu , Sanzhong Li , Xixi Zhao , Peijun Qiao , Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolution of the major rivers originating from the SE Tibetan Plateau has been a research hotspot due to a close connection between tectonic events, geomorphological shifts and river formation. This study reviews and compiles a large group of provenance analyses including zircon U<img>Pb dating and whole-rock geochemistry, in order to provide a systematic interpretation of the drainage evolution of the extensive rivers, mainly represented by the modern Red River, Mekong River, Pearl River, Yangtze River, the coastal South China rivers, etc. There are numerous debates over the potential existence of a paleo-Red River, in other words, whether the Yangtze upper and middle reaches, Mekong and other SE Asian rivers partly or collectively formed a single drainage system during Miocene (or even earlier), and eventually generated thick sedimentary sequences in the South China Sea (SCS). The fragmentation of this continental-scale river is speculated to result from several river captures and reversals during the Cenozoic before evolving into the present-day drainage framework. However, this hypothesis has been increasingly doubted, and our review shows a lack of robust evidence supporting the presence of a unidirectional N-S drainage, since zircon U<img>Pb signatures of SE Tibetan River sands, relict Cenozoic terrestrial deposits and contemporaneous offshore sediments fail to match in consistence. Instead, the Mekong River possibly had not achieved its current form until the Middle Miocene, possibly triggered by the Tibetan Uplift to enhance the SE Asian summer monsoon precipitation. Large uncertainties remain over the timing of the Yangtze River formation, with a wide range of age estimates extending from the Earliest Miocene to Holocene. During the early Cenozoic, it was the combination of axial topographic pattern and the prolonged extensional setting of the South China margin that collectively controlled sediment supply and distribution, and induced a dominant eastward transport pathway from eastern Indochina into the southern depression of the northern SCS. It wasn't until the Early Oligocene (or even later) that the topographic inversion of SE Asia by westward to eastward tilting accelerated the headwater erosion and drainage basin enlargement. The Pearl River thereby experienced a significant inland expansion during the Late Oligocene, and reached its near-modern delineation since the Early Miocene. At the same time, some rivers across coastal South China, such as the Min and Jiulong Rivers might also have extended farther to the west. In any case, regional tectonic activity between the Tibetan Plateau and the marginal sea basins shaped the geomorphological and topographic characteristics in a fairly complicated way, and controlled the overall source-to-sink patterns and fluvial system evolution.</div><div>The SE Asian continental margin was dominated by a long-lived extension from the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic. The marginal sea","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104932"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104935
Chao Liang , Junran Wang , Yingchang Cao , Zhouhai Xiong , Keyu Liu , Fang Hao , Wanlu Han
Authigenic calcite abundantly forms during various diagenesis stages of shales. It meticulously records information on diagenetic fluid (organic/inorganic) migration and fluid-rock interactions, is important for understanding the burial diagenetic evolution, tectonic history, burial history, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in sedimentary basins. Calcium sources for authigenic calcite include pore water, calcium minerals dissolution, and clay mineral transformation. Organic carbon sources of authigenic calcite refer to organic matter that undergoes diagenetic thermal evolution, redox reactions, and bacterial effects. Inorganic carbon primarily arises from carbonate dissolution, magma degassing, and thermal decomposition of carbonates during metamorphism. During early burial diagenesis, the sulfate-methane transition zone maintains high porewater alkalinity through anaerobic oxidation of methane, promoting calcite nodule formation. Upon entering the hydrocarbon generation window, periodic opening and closing of fractures occur at lamina interfaces due to overpressure from hydrocarbon phase transitions and crystallization forces. In these fractures, calcite solubility decreases with fluid pressure reduction, leading to fibrous vein precipitation under strong overpressure conditions and bladed or equant crystal formation under weak overpressure conditions. Influenced by tectonic shear and compressive stresses, fibrous and bladed crystals intersect the fracture plane obliquely at varying angles. Authigenic calcite in shale strata serves as a valuable tracer for sedimentary basin evolution, fluid evolution, and burial history due to its extensive and multi-stage formation process. However, its complex history retains characteristics from various sources and evolution stages, resulting in distinct isotope fractionation features. Calcite formed during early burial diagenesis undergoes late-stage diagenetic alteration, accumulating carbon isotope features from multiple processes. This complexity presents difficulties in retracing the formation process. Utilizing physical and numerical simulations based on burial conditions aids in analyzing authigenic calcite genesis and reconstructing its formation history. The formation history can be determined through in-situ micro-area isotope testing and analyzing fluid inclusions for temperature, pressure, and composition.
{"title":"Authigenic calcite in shales: Implications for tracing burial processes and diagenetic fluid evolution in sedimentary basins","authors":"Chao Liang , Junran Wang , Yingchang Cao , Zhouhai Xiong , Keyu Liu , Fang Hao , Wanlu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Authigenic calcite abundantly forms during various diagenesis stages of shales. It meticulously records information on diagenetic fluid (organic/inorganic) migration and fluid-rock interactions, is important for understanding the burial diagenetic evolution, tectonic history, burial history, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in sedimentary basins. Calcium sources for authigenic calcite include pore water, calcium minerals dissolution, and clay mineral transformation. Organic carbon sources of authigenic calcite refer to organic matter that undergoes diagenetic thermal evolution, redox reactions, and bacterial effects. Inorganic carbon primarily arises from carbonate dissolution, magma degassing, and thermal decomposition of carbonates during metamorphism. During early burial diagenesis, the sulfate-methane transition zone maintains high porewater alkalinity through anaerobic oxidation of methane, promoting calcite nodule formation. Upon entering the hydrocarbon generation window, periodic opening and closing of fractures occur at lamina interfaces due to overpressure from hydrocarbon phase transitions and crystallization forces. In these fractures, calcite solubility decreases with fluid pressure reduction, leading to fibrous vein precipitation under strong overpressure conditions and bladed or equant crystal formation under weak overpressure conditions. Influenced by tectonic shear and compressive stresses, fibrous and bladed crystals intersect the fracture plane obliquely at varying angles. Authigenic calcite in shale strata serves as a valuable tracer for sedimentary basin evolution, fluid evolution, and burial history due to its extensive and multi-stage formation process. However, its complex history retains characteristics from various sources and evolution stages, resulting in distinct isotope fractionation features. Calcite formed during early burial diagenesis undergoes late-stage diagenetic alteration, accumulating carbon isotope features from multiple processes. This complexity presents difficulties in retracing the formation process. Utilizing physical and numerical simulations based on burial conditions aids in analyzing authigenic calcite genesis and reconstructing its formation history. The formation history can be determined through in-situ micro-area isotope testing and analyzing fluid inclusions for temperature, pressure, and composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104935"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104928
Zitian Lin , Yangmin Kuang , Wuqin Li , Yanpeng Zheng
CO2 geological storage is a critical component of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, and a key technical path towards achieving carbon neutrality. This study offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical and technical methods of onshore geological CO2 storage, and highlights that current CO2 terrestrial storage demonstration projects primarily focus on the traditional oil and gas reservoir collaborative flooding technology. Simultaneously, global CO2 geological storage projects have begun to accelerate the development of deep saline aquifers storage and large-scale clustering in the direction of tens of millions of tons. In comparison to land-based sites, marine carbon sequestration sites possess greater storage potential, and are gradually emerging as the primary battlefield for carbon sequestration in the future due to their distance from aquifers and associated low risk. Storage in deep saline aquifers at marine area is the primary research focus in carbon sequestration, while the storage of submarine basalt mineralization holds great potential. The storage of CO2 in the form of solid hydrate within appropriate seabed sediment environments or the formation of artificial CO2 hydrate cap layer is conducive to the safe and efficient development of natural gas hydrate resources, and has emerged as a new hot research topic. In the future, the focus of CO2 geological storage should be on the fine assessment and regional optimization of carbon storage potential, the implementation of demonstration projects of the entire marine geological carbon storage process encompassing capture, transportation, injection and geophysical monitoring, and the establishment of an intelligent, real-time, and professional database integrating geological, engineering and environmental aspects of carbon storage. This study holds significant relevance in accurately identifying the future technical research direction of CO2 geological carbon sequestration, fostering technological advancements and innovations in carbon sequestration, and propelling the leapfrog development of CO2 carbon sequestration in the submarine areas.
{"title":"Research status and prospects of CO2 geological sequestration technology from onshore to offshore: A review","authors":"Zitian Lin , Yangmin Kuang , Wuqin Li , Yanpeng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CO<sub>2</sub> geological storage is a critical component of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, and a key technical path towards achieving carbon neutrality. This study offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical and technical methods of onshore geological CO<sub>2</sub> storage, and highlights that current CO<sub>2</sub> terrestrial storage demonstration projects primarily focus on the traditional oil and gas reservoir collaborative flooding technology. Simultaneously, global CO<sub>2</sub> geological storage projects have begun to accelerate the development of deep saline aquifers storage and large-scale clustering in the direction of tens of millions of tons. In comparison to land-based sites, marine carbon sequestration sites possess greater storage potential, and are gradually emerging as the primary battlefield for carbon sequestration in the future due to their distance from aquifers and associated low risk. Storage in deep saline aquifers at marine area is the primary research focus in carbon sequestration, while the storage of submarine basalt mineralization holds great potential. The storage of CO<sub>2</sub> in the form of solid hydrate within appropriate seabed sediment environments or the formation of artificial CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate cap layer is conducive to the safe and efficient development of natural gas hydrate resources, and has emerged as a new hot research topic. In the future, the focus of CO<sub>2</sub> geological storage should be on the fine assessment and regional optimization of carbon storage potential, the implementation of demonstration projects of the entire marine geological carbon storage process encompassing capture, transportation, injection and geophysical monitoring, and the establishment of an intelligent, real-time, and professional database integrating geological, engineering and environmental aspects of carbon storage. This study holds significant relevance in accurately identifying the future technical research direction of CO<sub>2</sub> geological carbon sequestration, fostering technological advancements and innovations in carbon sequestration, and propelling the leapfrog development of CO<sub>2</sub> carbon sequestration in the submarine areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104928"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104926
Jakub Kilnar , Tomáš Pánek , Michal Břežný , Diego Winocur , Karel Šilhán , Veronika Kapustová
Sedimentary and volcanic tablelands host the world's largest landslide areas, sometimes spanning hundreds of kilometers along escarpments. This study, employing new remote sensing-based mapping and drawing on an expanding body of literature on paleogeographic evolution, revises the extent, controls, and chronology of some of Earth's largest coalescent landslides in the volcanic tableland of extra-Andean Patagonia. Mostly ancient rotational slides and rock spreads, accompanied by earthflows and occasional rock avalanches, cover approximately 30,000 km2, roughly a fifth of the Patagonian escarpments, with the largest landslide areas exceeding 1000 km2. The immense size of the failed tableland in Patagonia is inherited from stratigraphy and geological history: weak marine and continental Cretaceous-Miocene sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks, capped by plateau basalts, create a highly unstable environment, outcropping along thousands of kilometers of escarpments. Most landslide areas occupy the steepest, most dissected parts of Patagonian tableland, occurring independently of recent climatic conditions. Some of the largest complexes are found in both the most humid and arid regions. Cross-cutting relationships between landslides and dated glacial, lacustrine, marine deposits, and lava flows reveal that some landslides have persisted for several million years, marking them as some of Earth's oldest landslide terrains with distinctive geomorphological footprints. Future research on failed Patagonian tableland should include direct radiometric dating, InSAR technology monitoring, and numerical stability modeling of landslides. This comprehensive approach will deepen our understanding of their origins and determine whether these giant landslide fringes predominantly represent fossil features or could be reactivated under contemporary environmental conditions.
{"title":"Fringed Patagonian tableland: One of Earth's largest and oldest landslide terrains","authors":"Jakub Kilnar , Tomáš Pánek , Michal Břežný , Diego Winocur , Karel Šilhán , Veronika Kapustová","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sedimentary and volcanic tablelands host the world's largest landslide areas, sometimes spanning hundreds of kilometers along escarpments. This study, employing new remote sensing-based mapping and drawing on an expanding body of literature on paleogeographic evolution, revises the extent, controls, and chronology of some of Earth's largest coalescent landslides in the volcanic tableland of extra-Andean Patagonia. Mostly ancient rotational slides and rock spreads, accompanied by earthflows and occasional rock avalanches, cover approximately 30,000 km<sup>2</sup>, roughly a fifth of the Patagonian escarpments, with the largest landslide areas exceeding 1000 km<sup>2</sup>. The immense size of the failed tableland in Patagonia is inherited from stratigraphy and geological history: weak marine and continental Cretaceous-Miocene sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks, capped by plateau basalts, create a highly unstable environment, outcropping along thousands of kilometers of escarpments. Most landslide areas occupy the steepest, most dissected parts of Patagonian tableland, occurring independently of recent climatic conditions. Some of the largest complexes are found in both the most humid and arid regions. Cross-cutting relationships between landslides and dated glacial, lacustrine, marine deposits, and lava flows reveal that some landslides have persisted for several million years, marking them as some of Earth's oldest landslide terrains with distinctive geomorphological footprints. Future research on failed Patagonian tableland should include direct radiometric dating, InSAR technology monitoring, and numerical stability modeling of landslides. This comprehensive approach will deepen our understanding of their origins and determine whether these giant landslide fringes predominantly represent fossil features or could be reactivated under contemporary environmental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104926"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104927
Massimiliano Alvioli , Marco Loche , Liesbet Jacobs , Carlos H. Grohmann , Minu Treesa Abraham , Kunal Gupta , Neelima Satyam , Gianvito Scaringi , Txomin Bornaetxea , Mauro Rossi , Ivan Marchesini , Luigi Lombardo , Mateo Moreno , Stefan Steger , Corrado A.S. Camera , Greta Bajni , Guruh Samodra , Erwin Eko Wahyudi , Nanang Susyanto , Marko Sinčić , Jhonatan Rivera-Rivera
<div><p>Landslide susceptibility shows the spatial likelihood of landslide occurrence in a specific geographical area and is a relevant tool for mitigating the impact of landslides worldwide. As such, it is the subject of countless scientific studies. Many methods exist for generating a susceptibility map, mostly falling under the definition of statistical or machine learning. These models try to solve a classification problem: given a collection of spatial variables, and their combination associated with landslide presence or absence, a model should be trained, tested to reproduce the target outcome, and eventually applied to unseen data.</p><p>Contrary to many fields of science that use machine learning for specific tasks, no reference data exist to assess the performance of a given method for landslide susceptibility. Here, we propose a benchmark dataset consisting of 7360 slope units encompassing an area of about <span><math><mn>4,100</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>km</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> in Central Italy. Using the dataset, we tried to answer two open questions in landslide research: (1) what effect does the human variability have in creating susceptibility models; (2) how can we develop a reproducible workflow for allowing meaningful model comparisons within the landslide susceptibility research community.</p><p>With these questions in mind, we released a preliminary version of the dataset, along with a “call for collaboration,” aimed at collecting different calculations using the proposed data, and leaving the freedom of implementation to the respondents. Contributions were different in many respects, including classification methods, use of predictors, implementation of training/validation, and performance assessment. That feedback suggested refining the initial dataset, and constraining the implementation workflow. This resulted in a final benchmark dataset and landslide susceptibility maps obtained with many classification methods.</p><p>Values of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve obtained with the final benchmark dataset were rather similar, as an effect of constraints on training, cross–validation, and use of data. Brier score results show larger variability, instead, ascribed to different model predictive abilities. Correlation plots show similarities between results of different methods applied by the same group, ascribed to a residual implementation dependence.</p><p>We stress that the experiment did not intend to select the “best” method but only to establish a first benchmark dataset and workflow, that may be useful as a standard reference for calculations by other scholars. The experiment, to our knowledge, is the first of its kind for landslide susceptibility modeling. The data and workflow presented here comparatively assess the performance of independent methods for landslide susceptibility and we suggest the benchmark approach as a best practice for quantitative research in geosciences.</p
{"title":"A benchmark dataset and workflow for landslide susceptibility zonation","authors":"Massimiliano Alvioli , Marco Loche , Liesbet Jacobs , Carlos H. Grohmann , Minu Treesa Abraham , Kunal Gupta , Neelima Satyam , Gianvito Scaringi , Txomin Bornaetxea , Mauro Rossi , Ivan Marchesini , Luigi Lombardo , Mateo Moreno , Stefan Steger , Corrado A.S. Camera , Greta Bajni , Guruh Samodra , Erwin Eko Wahyudi , Nanang Susyanto , Marko Sinčić , Jhonatan Rivera-Rivera","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Landslide susceptibility shows the spatial likelihood of landslide occurrence in a specific geographical area and is a relevant tool for mitigating the impact of landslides worldwide. As such, it is the subject of countless scientific studies. Many methods exist for generating a susceptibility map, mostly falling under the definition of statistical or machine learning. These models try to solve a classification problem: given a collection of spatial variables, and their combination associated with landslide presence or absence, a model should be trained, tested to reproduce the target outcome, and eventually applied to unseen data.</p><p>Contrary to many fields of science that use machine learning for specific tasks, no reference data exist to assess the performance of a given method for landslide susceptibility. Here, we propose a benchmark dataset consisting of 7360 slope units encompassing an area of about <span><math><mn>4,100</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>km</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> in Central Italy. Using the dataset, we tried to answer two open questions in landslide research: (1) what effect does the human variability have in creating susceptibility models; (2) how can we develop a reproducible workflow for allowing meaningful model comparisons within the landslide susceptibility research community.</p><p>With these questions in mind, we released a preliminary version of the dataset, along with a “call for collaboration,” aimed at collecting different calculations using the proposed data, and leaving the freedom of implementation to the respondents. Contributions were different in many respects, including classification methods, use of predictors, implementation of training/validation, and performance assessment. That feedback suggested refining the initial dataset, and constraining the implementation workflow. This resulted in a final benchmark dataset and landslide susceptibility maps obtained with many classification methods.</p><p>Values of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve obtained with the final benchmark dataset were rather similar, as an effect of constraints on training, cross–validation, and use of data. Brier score results show larger variability, instead, ascribed to different model predictive abilities. Correlation plots show similarities between results of different methods applied by the same group, ascribed to a residual implementation dependence.</p><p>We stress that the experiment did not intend to select the “best” method but only to establish a first benchmark dataset and workflow, that may be useful as a standard reference for calculations by other scholars. The experiment, to our knowledge, is the first of its kind for landslide susceptibility modeling. The data and workflow presented here comparatively assess the performance of independent methods for landslide susceptibility and we suggest the benchmark approach as a best practice for quantitative research in geosciences.</p","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104927"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825224002551/pdfft?md5=ec4ffeb5b8f126bf82473e863d41ca1f&pid=1-s2.0-S0012825224002551-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Earthquake-induced liquefaction is a prominent and impactful natural hazard responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Hence, engineers and researchers are currently interested in developing methods and techniques to mitigate this destructive phenomenon. Reducing the degree of saturation is a reliable method to improve the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils since it directly influences the pore pressure build-up during seismic action. This paper reviews the mechanisms and assessment of earthquake-induced liquefaction in sandy soils with various degrees of saturation, a crucial parameter for reducing the phenomenon triggering. In addition, it presents novel approaches that delve into interpreting cyclic behaviour with diverse degrees of saturation using stress-based and energy-based approaches. The experimental results compiled and discussed show that, effectively, reducing the degree of saturation holds promise as a viable strategy for enhancing soil liquefaction resistance and mitigating associated risks. Moreover, the interpretation of cyclic behaviour addressed in this paper offers valuable insights into the reliability of interpreting methods to quantify the liquefaction resistance under several degrees of saturation (that may be achieved by desaturation or induced partial saturation techniques), contributing to strategies for resilience against earthquake-induced damages.
{"title":"Insights into the assessment and interpretation of earthquake-induced liquefaction in sands under different degrees of saturation","authors":"Fausto Molina-Gómez , António Viana da Fonseca , Cristiana Ferreira , Bernardo Caicedo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthquake-induced liquefaction is a prominent and impactful natural hazard responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Hence, engineers and researchers are currently interested in developing methods and techniques to mitigate this destructive phenomenon. Reducing the degree of saturation is a reliable method to improve the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils since it directly influences the pore pressure build-up during seismic action. This paper reviews the mechanisms and assessment of earthquake-induced liquefaction in sandy soils with various degrees of saturation, a crucial parameter for reducing the phenomenon triggering. In addition, it presents novel approaches that delve into interpreting cyclic behaviour with diverse degrees of saturation using stress-based and energy-based approaches. The experimental results compiled and discussed show that, effectively, reducing the degree of saturation holds promise as a viable strategy for enhancing soil liquefaction resistance and mitigating associated risks. Moreover, the interpretation of cyclic behaviour addressed in this paper offers valuable insights into the reliability of interpreting methods to quantify the liquefaction resistance under several degrees of saturation (that may be achieved by desaturation or induced partial saturation techniques), contributing to strategies for resilience against earthquake-induced damages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104925"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104917
Gaowei Hu , Zhun Zhang , Yapeng Zhao , Qingtao Bu , Ang Li , Wengao Zhao , Zihao Wang , Xiaoqian Qiu , Tong Liu , Shengbiao Liu , Wanjun Lu , Nengyou Wu
Fracture-filling hydrate constitutes a pivotal component within the global hydrate reserves and serve as a significant focal point for hydrate exploration and development. However, the understanding of the formation mechanisms and geophysical properties of fracture-filling hydrate in sediments remains unclear. This review seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the formation mechanisms of fracture-filling hydrate from both micro-sedimentary and geological reservoir perspectives. It delves into various aspects of field tests, including seismic and logging, as well as laboratory tests covering acoustic properties, permeability, thermal properties, electrical resistivity, and mechanical properties. It aims to shed light on the challenges associated with the characteristics of fracture-filling hydrate reservoirs and their geophysical properties while proposing potential solutions, and emphasizes the urgency of identifying the formation patterns of fracture-filling hydrate and estimating resource volumes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of collaborative geophysical characterization testing for fracture-filling hydrate as a crucial step in addressing this challenge. It advocates for fostering international cooperation for global data integration and sharing as a viable solution to advance our understanding and management of these valuable resources.
{"title":"Formation mechanism and geophysical properties of fracture-filling gas hydrate in the host sediments: A comprehensive review","authors":"Gaowei Hu , Zhun Zhang , Yapeng Zhao , Qingtao Bu , Ang Li , Wengao Zhao , Zihao Wang , Xiaoqian Qiu , Tong Liu , Shengbiao Liu , Wanjun Lu , Nengyou Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fracture-filling hydrate constitutes a pivotal component within the global hydrate reserves and serve as a significant focal point for hydrate exploration and development. However, the understanding of the formation mechanisms and geophysical properties of fracture-filling hydrate in sediments remains unclear. This review seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the formation mechanisms of fracture-filling hydrate from both micro-sedimentary and geological reservoir perspectives. It delves into various aspects of field tests, including seismic and logging, as well as laboratory tests covering acoustic properties, permeability, thermal properties, electrical resistivity, and mechanical properties. It aims to shed light on the challenges associated with the characteristics of fracture-filling hydrate reservoirs and their geophysical properties while proposing potential solutions, and emphasizes the urgency of identifying the formation patterns of fracture-filling hydrate and estimating resource volumes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of collaborative geophysical characterization testing for fracture-filling hydrate as a crucial step in addressing this challenge. It advocates for fostering international cooperation for global data integration and sharing as a viable solution to advance our understanding and management of these valuable resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104917"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104914
Yadong Sun
<div><div>Marine biochemical cycles underwent profound changes across the Permian–Triassic (P–T) transition, coinciding with Phanerozoic’s most devastating mass extinction. This review endeavours to untangle the complexity of marine biochemical cycles at this time, focusing on key components of the oceanic nutrient cycles, namely the nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and molybdenum cycles.</div><div>The oceanic nitrogenous nutrient structure saw the shift from nitrate to ammonium dominance in warm and anoxic P–T waters. Nitrogen isotope evidence suggests enhanced denitrification began in the latest Permian, followed by augmented N<sub>2</sub> fixation in the Early Triassic. As nitrification was inhibited by prolonged and widespread anoxia while denitrification enhanced in the same conditions, nitrate was probably depleted while ammonium accumulated. Thus, the lost oceanic fixed-N should have been compensated by enhanced N<sub>2</sub>-fixation if the oceanic nutrient-N inventory was in balance. Such changes altered microbial respiration efficiency, promoted algal blooms, and possibly caused ammonium toxication.</div><div>A phosphorus burial anomaly is registered in the P–T marine sediments, featuring reduced burial of biogenic apatite and organic phosphorus, a phosphorite gap in continental margins, and unusual diagenetic phosphate replacement in calcitic and aragonitic fossils. This suggests decreased reactive phosphorus availability in shallow waters, conflicting with the expected increase from riverine inputs. This discrepancy points to P sequestration in shelf seas and deep waters, resulting in reactive P deficiency in open surface water. The delivery of riverine nutrients to the open ocean was difficult because of the largely dry Pangaea interiors, enlarged coastal areas, and strong sediments trapping and nutrient uptakes by primary producers in epicontinental seas. This probably led to a general lack of detrital nutrients in Panthalassa.</div><div>Iron (Fe) dynamics were equally complex, primarily influenced by atmospheric deposition and oceanic redox conditions. Fe availability in the P–T oceans depended not only on Pangaea’s configuration but, more significantly, on the oceanic redox evolution. As anoxia mobilises sedimentary Fe and facilitates lateral Fe transportation, Fe limitation was more likely to occur in the Permian ocean than in the anoxic Early Triassic ocean. The development of the Lower Triassic ammonitico rosso facies in Neotethys also points to replete Fe supply to the open water.</div><div>Molybdenum (Mo) likely became a bio-limiting nutrient in the P–T oceans, due to strong Mo removal in anoxic environments. With a small input into a large sink, Mo scarcities could have been prominent in the open ocean. Even in epicontinental seas, Mo depletion is indicated by low nitrogen isotope values that are suggestive of an absence of Mo-Fe nitrogenase.</div><div>Changes in the nutrient cycle impacted the P–T marine productivity, which is f
{"title":"Dynamics of nutrient cycles in the Permian–Triassic oceans","authors":"Yadong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine biochemical cycles underwent profound changes across the Permian–Triassic (P–T) transition, coinciding with Phanerozoic’s most devastating mass extinction. This review endeavours to untangle the complexity of marine biochemical cycles at this time, focusing on key components of the oceanic nutrient cycles, namely the nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and molybdenum cycles.</div><div>The oceanic nitrogenous nutrient structure saw the shift from nitrate to ammonium dominance in warm and anoxic P–T waters. Nitrogen isotope evidence suggests enhanced denitrification began in the latest Permian, followed by augmented N<sub>2</sub> fixation in the Early Triassic. As nitrification was inhibited by prolonged and widespread anoxia while denitrification enhanced in the same conditions, nitrate was probably depleted while ammonium accumulated. Thus, the lost oceanic fixed-N should have been compensated by enhanced N<sub>2</sub>-fixation if the oceanic nutrient-N inventory was in balance. Such changes altered microbial respiration efficiency, promoted algal blooms, and possibly caused ammonium toxication.</div><div>A phosphorus burial anomaly is registered in the P–T marine sediments, featuring reduced burial of biogenic apatite and organic phosphorus, a phosphorite gap in continental margins, and unusual diagenetic phosphate replacement in calcitic and aragonitic fossils. This suggests decreased reactive phosphorus availability in shallow waters, conflicting with the expected increase from riverine inputs. This discrepancy points to P sequestration in shelf seas and deep waters, resulting in reactive P deficiency in open surface water. The delivery of riverine nutrients to the open ocean was difficult because of the largely dry Pangaea interiors, enlarged coastal areas, and strong sediments trapping and nutrient uptakes by primary producers in epicontinental seas. This probably led to a general lack of detrital nutrients in Panthalassa.</div><div>Iron (Fe) dynamics were equally complex, primarily influenced by atmospheric deposition and oceanic redox conditions. Fe availability in the P–T oceans depended not only on Pangaea’s configuration but, more significantly, on the oceanic redox evolution. As anoxia mobilises sedimentary Fe and facilitates lateral Fe transportation, Fe limitation was more likely to occur in the Permian ocean than in the anoxic Early Triassic ocean. The development of the Lower Triassic ammonitico rosso facies in Neotethys also points to replete Fe supply to the open water.</div><div>Molybdenum (Mo) likely became a bio-limiting nutrient in the P–T oceans, due to strong Mo removal in anoxic environments. With a small input into a large sink, Mo scarcities could have been prominent in the open ocean. Even in epicontinental seas, Mo depletion is indicated by low nitrogen isotope values that are suggestive of an absence of Mo-Fe nitrogenase.</div><div>Changes in the nutrient cycle impacted the P–T marine productivity, which is f","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104914"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104913
Jin Lai , Fei Zhao , Zongli Xia , Yang Su , Chengcheng Zhang , Yinhong Tian , Guiwen Wang , Ziqiang Qin
Source rocks are fundamental elements for petroleum systems, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important geochemical parameters in source rock property evaluation. The TOC determination methods using laboratory tests are expensive and limited, therefore prediction of TOC using geophysical well logs are vital for source rock characterization. Though there are various proposed TOC quantitation method, however, there still remains large uncertainty in delineation and quantitation of TOC using well log data due to the complex non-linear relationships between TOC and well log information, as well as the inherent limitations of various methods for TOC prediction. To fill the gaps between TOC and well logs, and eliminate uncertainties existing in empirical methods such as ΔlgR method, the geological, geophysical and geochemical data are integrated. History of source rock evaluation using well logs is reviewed, and sensitive well log parameters for source rocks are selected. The TOC content is correlated with well log series to unravel the well log responses of source rock intervals, and the organic matter rich intervals have high Uranium (U) concentrations and gamma ray (GR) readings, high sonic transit time (AC) and compensated neutron log (CNL), high resistivity, but low density readings. Then the various methods used for TOC quantitation are summarized in terms of their principles, interpretation process, and advantage and limitations. The Schmoker method is not applicable in shales, and borehole regularity will affect the linear regression relationship between TOC and bulk density. The Passey's ΔlgR method is widely used, however, the baseline selection will reduce the accuracy, and ΔlgR method is not applicable in highly mature or deep burial source rocks. The multiple regression analysis is hard to extend in other source rocks. The spectral GR method can hardly be used for lacustrine source rock analysis. The high acquisition costs of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and spectral mineral composition log (Schlumberger's Litho-Scanner logs) limit their extension in source rock evaluation. Artificial intelligence methods such as Back propagation (BP) neural network, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) can be used to predict TOC content via conventional logs, and the results are compared with the geochemical-measured TOC and ΔlgR method. The optimization of various methods for TOC prediction should fully consider their advantage and limitations. Additionally, comprehensive assessment of source rock should determine TOC, quality, and maturity of source rocks. This comprehensive review provides systematic and novel insights in applications of well logs in source rock evaluation, and has potential to fill gaps between geologists, geochemists and petrophysicists.
{"title":"Well log prediction of total organic carbon: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jin Lai , Fei Zhao , Zongli Xia , Yang Su , Chengcheng Zhang , Yinhong Tian , Guiwen Wang , Ziqiang Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Source rocks are fundamental elements for petroleum systems, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important geochemical parameters in source rock property evaluation. The TOC determination methods using laboratory tests are expensive and limited, therefore prediction of TOC using geophysical well logs are vital for source rock characterization. Though there are various proposed TOC quantitation method, however, there still remains large uncertainty in delineation and quantitation of TOC using well log data due to the complex non-linear relationships between TOC and well log information, as well as the inherent limitations of various methods for TOC prediction. To fill the gaps between TOC and well logs, and eliminate uncertainties existing in empirical methods such as ΔlgR method, the geological, geophysical and geochemical data are integrated. History of source rock evaluation using well logs is reviewed, and sensitive well log parameters for source rocks are selected. The TOC content is correlated with well log series to unravel the well log responses of source rock intervals, and the organic matter rich intervals have high Uranium (U) concentrations and gamma ray (GR) readings, high sonic transit time (AC) and compensated neutron log (CNL), high resistivity, but low density readings. Then the various methods used for TOC quantitation are summarized in terms of their principles, interpretation process, and advantage and limitations. The Schmoker method is not applicable in shales, and borehole regularity will affect the linear regression relationship between TOC and bulk density. The Passey's ΔlgR method is widely used, however, the baseline selection will reduce the accuracy, and ΔlgR method is not applicable in highly mature or deep burial source rocks. The multiple regression analysis is hard to extend in other source rocks. The spectral GR method can hardly be used for lacustrine source rock analysis. The high acquisition costs of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and spectral mineral composition log (Schlumberger's Litho-Scanner logs) limit their extension in source rock evaluation. Artificial intelligence methods such as Back propagation (BP) neural network, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) can be used to predict TOC content via conventional logs, and the results are compared with the geochemical-measured TOC and ΔlgR method. The optimization of various methods for TOC prediction should fully consider their advantage and limitations. Additionally, comprehensive assessment of source rock should determine TOC, quality, and maturity of source rocks. This comprehensive review provides systematic and novel insights in applications of well logs in source rock evaluation, and has potential to fill gaps between geologists, geochemists and petrophysicists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104913"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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