Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107412
This study investigates the changes caused by forest fires and the following recovery processes, targeting four forest fire sites in Korea. The time series of two vegetation indices, leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are investigated along with evapotranspiration (ET) time series for the study objectives. The analysis results show that LAI is most sensitive to burn severity and burned area with its change ranging from 40 % to 70 %, while the changes of NDVI and ET remain 30 % and 20 %, respectively, regardless of forest fire sites. The recovery time from forest fire also varies according to indices: the recovery time is estimated to be about 15 years when considering LAI and NDVI, while just 5 years when considering ET. Overall, LAI seems better to analyze the change in vegetation before and after forest fires. Different vegetation shift patterns after the forest fire are also noticed, mostly from evergreen needleleaf trees to deciduous broadleaf trees. However, it is also found that bad soil fertility condition and artificial afforestation help to maintain the evergreen needleleaf trees after the forest fire.
本研究以韩国的四个森林火灾现场为对象，调查了森林火灾引起的变化以及随后的恢复过程。为实现研究目标，研究了叶面积指数（LAI）和归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）这两个植被指数的时间序列以及蒸散量（ET）时间序列。分析结果表明，叶面积指数对燃烧严重程度和燃烧面积最为敏感，其变化范围在 40% 至 70% 之间，而归一化差异植被指数和蒸散发指数的变化分别为 30% 和 20%，与森林火灾地点无关。森林火灾的恢复时间也因指数而异：考虑 LAI 和 NDVI 时，恢复时间估计约为 15 年，而考虑 ET 时，恢复时间仅为 5 年。总的来说，LAI 似乎更适合分析森林火灾前后植被的变化。人们还注意到森林火灾后植被的不同转变模式，主要是从常绿针叶树转变为落叶阔叶树。然而，研究还发现，土壤肥力条件差和人工造林有助于森林火灾后常绿针叶树的维持。
{"title":"Analysis of changes before and after forest fires with LAI, NDVI and ET time series: Focusing on major forest fires in Korea","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the changes caused by forest fires and the following recovery processes, targeting four forest fire sites in Korea. The time series of two vegetation indices, leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are investigated along with evapotranspiration (ET) time series for the study objectives. The analysis results show that LAI is most sensitive to burn severity and burned area with its change ranging from 40 % to 70 %, while the changes of NDVI and ET remain 30 % and 20 %, respectively, regardless of forest fire sites. The recovery time from forest fire also varies according to indices: the recovery time is estimated to be about 15 years when considering LAI and NDVI, while just 5 years when considering ET. Overall, LAI seems better to analyze the change in vegetation before and after forest fires. Different vegetation shift patterns after the forest fire are also noticed, mostly from evergreen needleleaf trees to deciduous broadleaf trees. However, it is also found that bad soil fertility condition and artificial afforestation help to maintain the evergreen needleleaf trees after the forest fire.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107409
Treatment wetland has become a reference in wastewater treatment, particularly for the treatment of domestic or agricultural effluent in rural areas. The AZOE process developed by the company SCIRPE is an optimised system of water treatment based on a conventional two-stage treatment wetlands with vertical hydraulic flow. A trickling filter has been added at the head of the system and filtration stages have been partially saturated to promote anoxic conditions. This study presents the monitoring of a complete pilot-scale AZOE system receiving real and continuous effluents. Effluents from two periods of the year are studied: autumn and spring when the organic load is higher. The performance of each treatment unit, as well as the total treatment unit is presented in this study. The main results show that i) the trickling filter consumes about half of the carbon load whatever the season but that nitrification is lower when the incoming organic load is higher ii) the first stage of filtration contributes a lot to denitrification thanks to the anoxic zones iii) the contribution of the second stage is lower but can increase in case of higher incoming load highlighting a safety role of the treatment. The continuous ammonium and nitrate data at the outlet of the first and second stages show a very characteristic dynamic of this system during the feeding period: a well-defined nitrate peak at the outlet of the first stage which is found on the second stage. The lack of carbon is pointed out as the most limiting factor to denitrification on the second stage.
{"title":"Performance of carbon and nitrogen removal in a system combining an aerobic trickling filter followed by two stages of vertical flow treatment wetland","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Treatment wetland has become a reference in wastewater treatment, particularly for the treatment of domestic or agricultural effluent in rural areas. The AZOE process developed by the company SCIRPE is an optimised system of water treatment based on a conventional two-stage treatment wetlands with vertical hydraulic flow. A trickling filter has been added at the head of the system and filtration stages have been partially saturated to promote anoxic conditions. This study presents the monitoring of a complete pilot-scale AZOE system receiving real and continuous effluents. Effluents from two periods of the year are studied: autumn and spring when the organic load is higher. The performance of each treatment unit, as well as the total treatment unit is presented in this study. The main results show that i) the trickling filter consumes about half of the carbon load whatever the season but that nitrification is lower when the incoming organic load is higher ii) the first stage of filtration contributes a lot to denitrification thanks to the anoxic zones iii) the contribution of the second stage is lower but can increase in case of higher incoming load highlighting a safety role of the treatment. The continuous ammonium and nitrate data at the outlet of the first and second stages show a very characteristic dynamic of this system during the feeding period: a well-defined nitrate peak at the outlet of the first stage which is found on the second stage. The lack of carbon is pointed out as the most limiting factor to denitrification on the second stage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107411
Extreme wildfires present an ever-increasing problem in different landscapes around the world. Here, we explore recent wildfires to prioritize recovery efforts and mitigate effects of future wildfires in the Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland in the world. Using ecological niche modeling (ENM), we categorize affected areas based on potential levels of degradation by fire and the predicted suitability for threatened and fire-sensitive plants. Based on this information, we identify key areas for fire prevention. Under land cover change scenarios predicted for 2050, approximately 25 % of the land cover under future threat will have potentially high biomass accumulation. We identified 1272 km2 in priority areas with forest formation, with restoration cost of at least US$ 576,189. This case study provides an analysis workflow that can be used to assess other wildfire-threatened parts of the world. These results can inform public policy to establish new fire brigades, conservation efforts using Integrated Fire Management, and restoration areas to mitigate biodiversity loss.
{"title":"Fire-sensitive and threatened plants in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, Brazil: Identifying priority areas for Integrated Fire Management and ecological restoration","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme wildfires present an ever-increasing problem in different landscapes around the world. Here, we explore recent wildfires to prioritize recovery efforts and mitigate effects of future wildfires in the Pantanal, the largest continuous wetland in the world. Using ecological niche modeling (ENM), we categorize affected areas based on potential levels of degradation by fire and the predicted suitability for threatened and fire-sensitive plants. Based on this information, we identify key areas for fire prevention. Under land cover change scenarios predicted for 2050, approximately 25 % of the land cover under future threat will have potentially high biomass accumulation. We identified 1272 km<sup>2</sup> in priority areas with forest formation, with restoration cost of at least US$ 576,189. This case study provides an analysis workflow that can be used to assess other wildfire-threatened parts of the world. These results can inform public policy to establish new fire brigades, conservation efforts using Integrated Fire Management, and restoration areas to mitigate biodiversity loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107410
As Nature-Based and Bio-based Solutions, soil and water bioengineering (SWB) provides several benefits to humans and nature. It has been widely used for erosion control, vegetation recovery and ecosystem restoration in riparian zones. Nevertheless, studies on riparian restoration in sandy zones with alfalfa as pioneer plant in initial stage of SWB are still rare, which are important for understanding the role of pioneer plants during the initial stage of SWB and also for choice of the appropriate measures. Here, three commonly applied SWB measures (vegetation geobag / VGB, grass-planting concrete block / GCB, and untreated flat area / NTF) are established in sandy riparian zones to explore the growth characteristics structural mechanics and reinforcement of pioneer plant (alfalfa) root, and also the factors influencing biomechanical properties in initial stage of SBE. Our results show that: (1)NTF demonstrated superior overall growth compared to GCB and VGB, underscoring the limitations that geobags and steep slopes impose on initial SWB vegetation establishment. In all treatments, alfalfa roots were able to penetrate soil layers below 60 cm, with NTF exhibiting the highest root biomass and diameter (NTF > GCB > VGB). GCB's higher root-to-shoot ratio may reflect a drought-resistant strategy. In contrast, VGB showed greater root length, maximum rooting depth, and a smaller crown width, indicating a focus on root growth to overcome geobag constraints (2) Differences in root growth distribution among the three treatments resulted in varying biomechanical impacts. Specifically, NTF exhibited significantly lower soil-root bond strength than GCB, while both NTF and GCB had higher maximum pull-out forces compared to VGB. Root diameter showed a significant negative correlation with Young's modulus and root tensile strength, but a positive correlation with root tensile force (p < 0.05). Although no significant correlations were found between root water content and root tensile strength, root tensile strength was positively correlated with Young's modulus. (3) In the comprehensive evaluation of root reinforcement performance, the scores ranked as VGB > GCB > NTF. Result of this study could provide valuable insights into the practical applications of SWB in sandy riparian restoration. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of pioneer plants in the fragile and critical initial stages of SWB, and also benefit both researchers and practitioners in effectively transitioning from the scientific research to practical solutions for riparian restoration.
{"title":"Riparian restoration in sandy zones with alfalfa as pioneer plant in initial stage of soil and water bioengineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As Nature-Based and Bio-based Solutions, soil and water bioengineering (SWB) provides several benefits to humans and nature. It has been widely used for erosion control, vegetation recovery and ecosystem restoration in riparian zones. Nevertheless, studies on riparian restoration in sandy zones with alfalfa as pioneer plant in initial stage of SWB are still rare, which are important for understanding the role of pioneer plants during the initial stage of SWB and also for choice of the appropriate measures. Here, three commonly applied SWB measures (vegetation geobag / VGB, grass-planting concrete block / GCB, and untreated flat area / NTF) are established in sandy riparian zones to explore the growth characteristics structural mechanics and reinforcement of pioneer plant (alfalfa) root, and also the factors influencing biomechanical properties in initial stage of SBE. Our results show that: (1)NTF demonstrated superior overall growth compared to GCB and VGB, underscoring the limitations that geobags and steep slopes impose on initial SWB vegetation establishment. In all treatments, alfalfa roots were able to penetrate soil layers below 60 cm, with NTF exhibiting the highest root biomass and diameter (NTF > GCB > VGB). GCB's higher root-to-shoot ratio may reflect a drought-resistant strategy. In contrast, VGB showed greater root length, maximum rooting depth, and a smaller crown width, indicating a focus on root growth to overcome geobag constraints (2) Differences in root growth distribution among the three treatments resulted in varying biomechanical impacts. Specifically, NTF exhibited significantly lower soil-root bond strength than GCB, while both NTF and GCB had higher maximum pull-out forces compared to VGB. Root diameter showed a significant negative correlation with Young's modulus and root tensile strength, but a positive correlation with root tensile force (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Although no significant correlations were found between root water content and root tensile strength, root tensile strength was positively correlated with Young's modulus. (3) In the comprehensive evaluation of root reinforcement performance, the scores ranked as VGB > GCB > NTF. Result of this study could provide valuable insights into the practical applications of SWB in sandy riparian restoration. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of pioneer plants in the fragile and critical initial stages of SWB, and also benefit both researchers and practitioners in effectively transitioning from the scientific research to practical solutions for riparian restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107408
What factors influence natural vegetation recovery in debris flow-prone areas, and how do sediment dynamics play a role? This study investigates these questions in the Ohya debris flow fan, Japan, utilizing various analytical techniques. Through the application of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification, grain size analysis, accuracy assessment, debris flow analysis, and hotspot analysis, this study assess the distribution of sediments, vegetation classes, and the extent of debris flow events. The findings shed light on the dynamics of vegetation recovery and its relationship with sediment dynamic. The SVM classification outcomes reveal distinct trends in sediment and vegetation distribution along the flow path, particularly noting a significant decrease in vegetation cover from upstream to downstream sections. By employing SVM classification, this study successfully identified 3,282,910 sediment particles and determined their average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation grain sizes as 7.3 cm, 0.27 cm, 415 cm, and 9.18, respectively. Accuracy assessments of image classification and grain size measurements demonstrate high levels of accuracy, with an overall classification accuracy of 98.82 % and a kappa coefficient of 0.977. Validation of grain size measurements reveals a strong correlation (R2 = 0.997 and y = 1.005× + 0.0661) between field-observed sediment sizes and sizes derived from classified images. Debris flow analysis reveals that the total area affected by debris flow in 2022 was 36,232.7 square meters, decreasing to 14,213.9 square meters in 2023. Hotspot analysis identifies regions of both high and low sediment size concentrations, providing valuable insights into sediment distribution patterns. Examining the natural recovery of vegetation, present study identifies vegetation spots across different study sections. Results show that 55 % of naturally recovering vegetation areas are located in regions unaffected by debris flow events between 2022 and 2023. Among the study sections, the area affected by debris flow in 2023 exhibits the lowest density of vegetation spots. Overall, this study highlights the new generation vegetation recovery and its association with sediment dynamic in the Ohya debris flow fan. The findings contribute valuable insights for understanding natural recovery processes in highly dynamic sedimentation areas, informing the development of effective strategies for ecosystem restoration and management in debris flow-prone regions.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of sediment characteristics on vegetation recovery in debris flow fans: A case study of the Ohya Region, Japan","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What factors influence natural vegetation recovery in debris flow-prone areas, and how do sediment dynamics play a role? This study investigates these questions in the Ohya debris flow fan, Japan, utilizing various analytical techniques. Through the application of Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification, grain size analysis, accuracy assessment, debris flow analysis, and hotspot analysis, this study assess the distribution of sediments, vegetation classes, and the extent of debris flow events. The findings shed light on the dynamics of vegetation recovery and its relationship with sediment dynamic. The SVM classification outcomes reveal distinct trends in sediment and vegetation distribution along the flow path, particularly noting a significant decrease in vegetation cover from upstream to downstream sections. By employing SVM classification, this study successfully identified 3,282,910 sediment particles and determined their average, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation grain sizes as 7.3 cm, 0.27 cm, 415 cm, and 9.18, respectively. Accuracy assessments of image classification and grain size measurements demonstrate high levels of accuracy, with an overall classification accuracy of 98.82 % and a kappa coefficient of 0.977. Validation of grain size measurements reveals a strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997 and y = 1.005× + 0.0661) between field-observed sediment sizes and sizes derived from classified images. Debris flow analysis reveals that the total area affected by debris flow in 2022 was 36,232.7 square meters, decreasing to 14,213.9 square meters in 2023. Hotspot analysis identifies regions of both high and low sediment size concentrations, providing valuable insights into sediment distribution patterns. Examining the natural recovery of vegetation, present study identifies vegetation spots across different study sections. Results show that 55 % of naturally recovering vegetation areas are located in regions unaffected by debris flow events between 2022 and 2023. Among the study sections, the area affected by debris flow in 2023 exhibits the lowest density of vegetation spots. Overall, this study highlights the new generation vegetation recovery and its association with sediment dynamic in the Ohya debris flow fan. The findings contribute valuable insights for understanding natural recovery processes in highly dynamic sedimentation areas, informing the development of effective strategies for ecosystem restoration and management in debris flow-prone regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107406
Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly seen as the most sustainable option for addressing climate change challenges such as erosion and landslides. Live slope grid is a NbS used for protection and mitigation of shallow landslides and erosion; it involves a timber grid construction which covers the slope at risk of landslide/erosion with live vegetation planted within the cells of the grid which stabilises the uppermost soil horizons. Live cribwall is another NbS used for retention of unstable soil mass. Vegetation is planted and grows in between the cribwall layers and it anchors the wall to the soil behind while, at the same time, strengthening the backfill. The aim of this case history is to detail the co-design and co-deployment of a live slope grid installed above a live cribwall on a coastal slope in Scotland. The design and construction process is detailed over the range of project stages and will outline stakeholder engagement during this process. Because the NbS structures failed during this process and repair work had to be carried out, this study focuses on sharing the ‘lessons learned’ from the design and construction processes over a timeline of several years. The climate change effects leading to failure of the structure as well as the reactions of the stakeholders are highlighted in this case study in order to help practitioners and other stakeholders in managing similar projects within the framework of sustainability and resilience, especially when the funding is limited. The main conclusions from this study are justification of the urgent need for standardising the design and construction of NbS for slope protection as well as the importance of upskilling and training of the relevant stakeholders in order to incorporate the peculiarities of designing and constructing with vegetation.
{"title":"A case history of co-design and co-deployment of a nature-based solution (NbS) against erosion and slope instability","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly seen as the most sustainable option for addressing climate change challenges such as erosion and landslides. Live slope grid is a NbS used for protection and mitigation of shallow landslides and erosion; it involves a timber grid construction which covers the slope at risk of landslide/erosion with live vegetation planted within the cells of the grid which stabilises the uppermost soil horizons. Live cribwall is another NbS used for retention of unstable soil mass. Vegetation is planted and grows in between the cribwall layers and it anchors the wall to the soil behind while, at the same time, strengthening the backfill. The aim of this case history is to detail the co-design and co-deployment of a live slope grid installed above a live cribwall on a coastal slope in Scotland. The design and construction process is detailed over the range of project stages and will outline stakeholder engagement during this process. Because the NbS structures failed during this process and repair work had to be carried out, this study focuses on sharing the ‘lessons learned’ from the design and construction processes over a timeline of several years. The climate change effects leading to failure of the structure as well as the reactions of the stakeholders are highlighted in this case study in order to help practitioners and other stakeholders in managing similar projects within the framework of sustainability and resilience, especially when the funding is limited. The main conclusions from this study are justification of the urgent need for standardising the design and construction of NbS for slope protection as well as the importance of upskilling and training of the relevant stakeholders in order to incorporate the peculiarities of designing and constructing with vegetation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107405
Terracing engineering and vegetation plantation have been implemented in many water-limited areas, aiming to reduce the effect of drought, conserve water, and promote ecosystem restoration. However, due to the complexities of slope structure, the major hydrologic processes controlling the water balance of terraces are still unclear. To further quantify the role of terraces on water retention in the stand scale, in a normal year (2015) and a dry year (2016), we compared the water balance for the combination of Platycladus orientalis with zig terrace (PZ), fish scale pits (PF), and natural slope (PN) in a typical loess hilly area of China. Our results indicated that terracing was an effective way to increase water retention and reduce runoff. After the growing season, compared with PN, terraced fields enhanced the water budget with 13.6–21.3 mm for PZ and 2.4–11.7 mm for PF. In addition, terraced fields generated less runoff (a reduction of 45.3–60.8 % for PZ and 19.6–26.6 % for PF) and more soil water storage (an increase of 18.5–24.1 % for PZ and 13.6–14.7 % for PF) than the natural slope. Overall, the water budget of all plots was positive (29.6 mm for PZ > 20.0 mm for PF > 8.3 mm for PN) in the normal year (2015) and negative (−49.6 mm for PZ > −60.8 mm for PF > −63.2 mm for PN) in the dry year (2016). Our results suggest that precipitation is still the primary factor affecting the water budget in woodlands, and terracing measures can help to improve the utilization of precipitation and enhance soil water retention in the Loess Plateau.
{"title":"Effects of terracing with Platycladus orientalis plantations on water budget in the dryland of Loess Plateau in China","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terracing engineering and vegetation plantation have been implemented in many water-limited areas, aiming to reduce the effect of drought, conserve water, and promote ecosystem restoration. However, due to the complexities of slope structure, the major hydrologic processes controlling the water balance of terraces are still unclear. To further quantify the role of terraces on water retention in the stand scale, in a normal year (2015) and a dry year (2016), we compared the water balance for the combination of <em>Platycladus orientalis</em> with zig terrace (PZ), fish scale pits (PF), and natural slope (PN) in a typical loess hilly area of China. Our results indicated that terracing was an effective way to increase water retention and reduce runoff. After the growing season, compared with PN, terraced fields enhanced the water budget with 13.6–21.3 mm for PZ and 2.4–11.7 mm for PF. In addition, terraced fields generated less runoff (a reduction of 45.3–60.8 % for PZ and 19.6–26.6 % for PF) and more soil water storage (an increase of 18.5–24.1 % for PZ and 13.6–14.7 % for PF) than the natural slope. Overall, the water budget of all plots was positive (29.6 mm for PZ > 20.0 mm for PF > 8.3 mm for PN) in the normal year (2015) and negative (−49.6 mm for PZ > −60.8 mm for PF > −63.2 mm for PN) in the dry year (2016). Our results suggest that precipitation is still the primary factor affecting the water budget in woodlands, and terracing measures can help to improve the utilization of precipitation and enhance soil water retention in the Loess Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107400
Within the mining sector, the revegetation process is increasingly recognized as a global imperative for the closure of tailings facilities. Nonetheless, revegetation strategies on bauxite tailings pose a substantial challenge due to very low or non-existent organic matter content in the substrate. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of inducing ecological succession on bauxite tailings substrates. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during twelve months with varying conditions of organic matter supplementation. In the control treatment (T3), only tree seedlings were planted on unamended tailings; the T2 treatment introduced both tree planting and green manure; the T1 treatment combined tree seedlings, green manure, and decaying wood. Dendrometry variables, phenological phases, litter production, mortality rate (Mr), and soil's physicochemical parameters (organic matter, soil bulk density, porosity, stability, and nutrient content) were assessed. The T1 treatment displayed the highest OM content (27.08 g kg−1) and CEC values (3.40 cmolc dm−3) at 0–5 cm. The highest biomass production by Crotalaria spectabilis Röth was obtained at T1 (7.81 t ha−1), however, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. produced similar amounts of biomass at T1 and T2. Among tree species, Hymenaea courbaril L. showed the highest mortality rate (16 %). The best results of natural colonization were observed at T2 (111 %). The induction of ecological succession enhanced chemical attributes in the surface layer and promoted the establishment of tree species during the initial stages of closing bauxite tailings facilities. The T1 treatment exhibited the most significant enhancements in substrate fertility within the 0–5 cm layer, T2 proved to be the most favorable for the spontaneous entry of shrub and tree species, and T3 represented the slowest method to achieve substrate improvements and plant colonization during the initial stages of revegetation.
{"title":"Closure process of bauxite tailings facilities: The induction of ecological succession can enhance substrate quality in the initial phase of revegetation","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Within the mining sector, the revegetation process is increasingly recognized as a global imperative for the closure of tailings facilities. Nonetheless, revegetation strategies on bauxite tailings pose a substantial challenge due to very low or non-existent organic matter content in the substrate. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of inducing ecological succession on bauxite tailings substrates. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during twelve months with varying conditions of organic matter supplementation. In the control treatment (T3), only tree seedlings were planted on unamended tailings; the T2 treatment introduced both tree planting and green manure; the T1 treatment combined tree seedlings, green manure, and decaying wood. Dendrometry variables, phenological phases, litter production, mortality rate (M<sub>r</sub>), and soil's physicochemical parameters (organic matter, soil bulk density, porosity, stability, and nutrient content) were assessed. The T1 treatment displayed the highest OM content (27.08 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) and CEC values (3.40 cmol<sub>c</sub> dm<sup>−3</sup>) at 0–5 cm. The highest biomass production by <em>Crotalaria spectabilis Röth</em> was obtained at T1 (7.81 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), however, <em>Canavalia ensiformis</em> (L.) DC. produced similar amounts of biomass at T1 and T2. Among tree species, <em>Hymenaea courbaril</em> L. showed the highest mortality rate (16 %). The best results of natural colonization were observed at T2 (111 %). The induction of ecological succession enhanced chemical attributes in the surface layer and promoted the establishment of tree species during the initial stages of closing bauxite tailings facilities. The T1 treatment exhibited the most significant enhancements in substrate fertility within the 0–5 cm layer, T2 proved to be the most favorable for the spontaneous entry of shrub and tree species, and T3 represented the slowest method to achieve substrate improvements and plant colonization during the initial stages of revegetation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107404
The plateau zokor is an endemic, subterranean rodent native to the Tibetan Plateau. Its burrowing activity results in numerous bare mounds on the ground. These mounds interfere with plant community succession, affect carbon sequestration, reduce grazing areas, and intensify soil erosion, thus serving as key visual indicators of the zokor's ecological disturbances. Conventional views suggest that zokors primarily dig tunnels and then create mounds for mating and food storage in spring and autumn, respectively. Consequently, former studies have focused on mound creations only during these two periods. However, we found that plateau zokors also create mounds during the summer in the summer pastures. We designed experiments to investigate the environmental variables associated with this summer mound-creating phenomenon, and the results indicate that this behavior is closely related to reduced vegetation biomass and nutrition in summer pastures. We further assessed the nutrition of plants and discovered that increasing mounding activity by zokors in summer corresponds with a decline in plant root quality, including reductions in crude protein, fats, and sugars, as well as fiber contents. Utilizing a random forest model, we found that the decrease in crude protein in plant roots as the principal factor influencing zokor mound creation in summer. These findings offer important insights for developing adaptive management strategies for alpine grasslands and assessing the environmental impact of the plateau zokor in alignment with the different grazing regimes.
{"title":"Grazing reduced vegetation biomass and root nutrition related to plateau zokor creating mounds in summer on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The plateau zokor is an endemic, subterranean rodent native to the Tibetan Plateau. Its burrowing activity results in numerous bare mounds on the ground. These mounds interfere with plant community succession, affect carbon sequestration, reduce grazing areas, and intensify soil erosion, thus serving as key visual indicators of the zokor's ecological disturbances. Conventional views suggest that zokors primarily dig tunnels and then create mounds for mating and food storage in spring and autumn, respectively. Consequently, former studies have focused on mound creations only during these two periods. However, we found that plateau zokors also create mounds during the summer in the summer pastures. We designed experiments to investigate the environmental variables associated with this summer mound-creating phenomenon, and the results indicate that this behavior is closely related to reduced vegetation biomass and nutrition in summer pastures. We further assessed the nutrition of plants and discovered that increasing mounding activity by zokors in summer corresponds with a decline in plant root quality, including reductions in crude protein, fats, and sugars, as well as fiber contents. Utilizing a random forest model, we found that the decrease in crude protein in plant roots as the principal factor influencing zokor mound creation in summer. These findings offer important insights for developing adaptive management strategies for alpine grasslands and assessing the environmental impact of the plateau zokor in alignment with the different grazing regimes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107407
The aim of this study was to simulate the water flow and reactive transport of pollutants in a horizontal flow (HF) wetland to better understand the recovery time of the treatment performance for peak load events. For the simulation, the processes-based model HYDRUS and its Wetland Module is used. The system under investigation is the first stage of the 9-years old hybrid treatment wetland of a large retail store, located in Catania, Italy. For the calibration of the hydraulic model, the data of a tracer test was used. The data set of the systems is available for a seven year period including organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. The data was split into a standard event representing low loading conditions and determined peak load events with high loadings. The results show that the response time of the model correlates with the hydraulic retention time from the tracer experiment and indicates that higher peak load concentrations at the inlet of the system lead to a longer recovery time of the wetland.
{"title":"Modelling the recovery time from peak loads in a full-scale horizontal flow wetland in Sicily","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this study was to simulate the water flow and reactive transport of pollutants in a horizontal flow (HF) wetland to better understand the recovery time of the treatment performance for <em>peak load</em> events. For the simulation, the processes-based model HYDRUS and its Wetland Module is used. The system under investigation is the first stage of the 9-years old hybrid treatment wetland of a large retail store, located in Catania, Italy. For the calibration of the hydraulic model, the data of a tracer test was used. The data set of the systems is available for a seven year period including organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. The data was split into a standard event representing low loading conditions and determined <em>peak load</em> events with high loadings. The results show that the response time of the model correlates with the hydraulic retention time from the tracer experiment and indicates that higher peak load concentrations at the inlet of the system lead to a longer recovery time of the wetland.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857424002325/pdfft?md5=7013330824838b1e353249f07c1f9aec&pid=1-s2.0-S0925857424002325-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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