Energy Strategy Reviews最新文献_第10页

Assessing power sector expansion and related emissions using the low emissions analysis platform: The case of Burundi in East Africa 利用低排放分析平台评估电力部门扩张和相关排放：东非布隆迪案例

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102155

Egide Manirambona , Abraham Niyongere , Martin Ndayizeye , Bonaventure Dusabe , Bob K. Amissi , Stephen M. Talai , Stephen K. Kimutai

Burundi anticipates rapidly growing electricity demand due to several evolving factors: the Government's plans to boost national GDP and position the country among emerging economies by 2040; high population growth; increasing demand for education and health facilities; and the high potential of coltan, nickel and other minerals expected to be exploited. All these goals are hindered by a significant shortfall in meeting the country's electricity needs. Despite the construction of numerous power plants aimed at improving the low electricity access rate, the country still requires considerable efforts to ensure sustainable and continuous development. Energy planning remains relatively underdeveloped in Burundi, highlighting the need to go beyond addressing the current deficit and develop a robust national electricity planning strategy. The Low Emissions Analysis Platform was used to investigate different power sector expansion scenarios and associated emissions, targeting the country's vision 2040. Three energy policies “efficient lighting (Ef-L), universal electrification (Un-El) and low CO₂ emissions (L-Em)”, established as tactical priorities for Burundi, were analyzed. The L-Em was evaluated in terms of CO₂ Equivalent at the point of emissions using a 100-year Global Warming Potential. Results showed that the country's electricity demand is anticipated to continue increasing, from 180.4 GWh in 2015 to a projected 867.6 GWh in 2040 under a Business-As-Usual scenario. Households are expected to remain the largest consumers of electricity. The Ef-L policy could save 124.6 GWh. Under Un-El, households' electricity demand would reach 825.7 GWh by 2040, compared to 536.5 GWh under the Business-As-Usual scenario. By phasing-out all fossil-fired plants after 2030, the L-Em policy would require importation of significant amount of electricity, unless there is a higher deployment of renewable energy technologies than currently planned. High adoption of renewable energy sources, combined with the Ef-L policy, are strongly recommended in the country's national energy strategies.

由于几个不断变化的因素，布隆迪预计电力需求将迅速增长：政府计划到2040年提高国内生产总值，并将该国置于新兴经济体之列；人口高速增长；对教育和卫生设施的需求不断增加；且潜力巨大的钶钽铁矿、镍矿等矿产有望得到开发利用。所有这些目标都受到满足该国电力需求严重不足的阻碍。尽管建设了许多发电厂，旨在改善低电力接通率，但该国仍需要付出相当大的努力，以确保可持续和持续发展。布隆迪的能源规划仍然相对不发达，这突出表明需要解决当前的赤字问题，并制定强有力的国家电力规划战略。低排放分析平台用于调查不同的电力部门扩张情景和相关排放，目标是该国的2040年愿景。分析了作为布隆迪战略优先事项的三项能源政策“高效照明（Ef-L）、普遍电气化（Un-El）和低二氧化碳排放（L-Em）”。利用100年全球变暖潜势，以排放点的二氧化碳当量来评估L-Em。结果显示，在一切照常的情况下，该国的电力需求预计将继续增加，从2015年的180.4 GWh增加到2040年预计的867.6 GWh。预计家庭仍将是最大的电力消费者。Ef-L政策可节省124.6 GWh。在Un-El情景下，到2040年，家庭用电需求将达到825.7 GWh，而在“一切照旧”情景下，家庭用电需求为536.5 GWh。通过在2030年之后逐步淘汰所有的化石燃料发电厂，L-Em政策将需要进口大量的电力，除非可再生能源技术的部署比目前计划的要高。国家能源战略强烈建议高度采用可再生能源，并结合环保政策。

{"title":"Assessing power sector expansion and related emissions using the low emissions analysis platform: The case of Burundi in East Africa","authors":"Egide Manirambona , Abraham Niyongere , Martin Ndayizeye , Bonaventure Dusabe , Bob K. Amissi , Stephen M. Talai , Stephen K. Kimutai","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burundi anticipates rapidly growing electricity demand due to several evolving factors: the Government's plans to boost national GDP and position the country among emerging economies by 2040; high population growth; increasing demand for education and health facilities; and the high potential of coltan, nickel and other minerals expected to be exploited. All these goals are hindered by a significant shortfall in meeting the country's electricity needs. Despite the construction of numerous power plants aimed at improving the low electricity access rate, the country still requires considerable efforts to ensure sustainable and continuous development. Energy planning remains relatively underdeveloped in Burundi, highlighting the need to go beyond addressing the current deficit and develop a robust national electricity planning strategy. The Low Emissions Analysis Platform was used to investigate different power sector expansion scenarios and associated emissions, targeting the country's vision 2040. Three energy policies “efficient lighting (Ef-L), universal electrification (Un-El) and low CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (L-Em)”, established as tactical priorities for Burundi, were analyzed. The L-Em was evaluated in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> Equivalent at the point of emissions using a 100-year Global Warming Potential. Results showed that the country's electricity demand is anticipated to continue increasing, from 180.4 GWh in 2015 to a projected 867.6 GWh in 2040 under a Business-As-Usual scenario. Households are expected to remain the largest consumers of electricity. The Ef-L policy could save 124.6 GWh. Under Un-El, households' electricity demand would reach 825.7 GWh by 2040, compared to 536.5 GWh under the Business-As-Usual scenario. By phasing-out all fossil-fired plants after 2030, the L-Em policy would require importation of significant amount of electricity, unless there is a higher deployment of renewable energy technologies than currently planned. High adoption of renewable energy sources, combined with the Ef-L policy, are strongly recommended in the country's national energy strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102155"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Composite weight-catastrophe progression model: Assessment of external risks in transnational oil and gas pipelines 复合权重-突变级数模型：跨国油气管道外部风险评估

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102111

Bo Niu , Xiao Yang , Yi Chang , Yunxiu Sai

Transnational oil and gas pipelines serve as vital strategic corridors within China's framework for energy import dependency, with their external risks directly impacting energy security and economic development. However, existing research still exhibits shortcomings in the systematic quantitative assessment of the external risks associated with these pipelines and in characterizing the features of risk evolution. To address these gaps, this paper constructs a risk assessment framework integrating the Composite Weight-Catastrophe Progression Method, which combines the Entropy Weight Method and the CRITIC method. This framework is used to conduct a quantitative evaluation of transnational pipeline external risks across four dimensions: political, economic, social, and diplomatic. The composite weighting approach effectively mitigates the subjectivity and information redundancy inherent in relying on a single weighting method, while the Catastrophe Progression Method is employed to capture the nonlinear characteristics and potential abrupt shifts in the risk evolution process. This study conducts an empirical analysis focusing on the countries traversed by China's transnational oil and gas pipelines along the three major strategic directions—Southwest, Northwest, and Northeast—from 2010 to 2023, with validation provided via the TOPSIS method for comparison. The results indicate that: Myanmar consistently demonstrates the highest risk level. Russia exhibits the lowest overall risk, albeit with notable fluctuations over time. The risk level in Kazakhstan has shown a continuous decline and has fallen below that of Russia in recent years. In contrast, Uzbekistan's risk remains higher than Kazakhstan's and is currently undergoing a gradual upward trend. This research provides methodological references for assessing external risks of transnational energy corridors and offers insights for optimizing pipeline arrangements and national energy security policies.

跨国油气管道是中国能源进口依赖框架内的重要战略通道，其外部风险直接影响到能源安全和经济发展。然而，现有研究在系统定量评估与管道相关的外部风险和描述风险演化特征方面仍存在不足。针对这些不足，本文将熵权法与CRITIC法相结合，构建了综合权重-突变级数法的风险评估框架。该框架用于从政治、经济、社会和外交四个方面对跨国管道外部风险进行定量评估。复合加权方法有效地减轻了单一加权方法固有的主观性和信息冗余，采用突变级数法捕捉风险演化过程中的非线性特征和潜在突变。本研究以2010 - 2023年中国跨国油气管道沿西南、西北、东北三大战略方向所穿越的国家为研究对象进行实证分析，并通过TOPSIS方法进行对比验证。结果表明：缅甸始终表现出最高的风险水平。俄罗斯的总体风险最低，尽管随着时间的推移有显著波动。哈萨克斯坦的风险水平呈持续下降趋势，近年来已低于俄罗斯。相比之下，乌兹别克斯坦的风险仍然高于哈萨克斯坦，目前正处于逐步上升的趋势。该研究为跨国能源走廊的外部风险评估提供了方法论参考，并为优化管道布置和国家能源安全政策提供了参考。

{"title":"Composite weight-catastrophe progression model: Assessment of external risks in transnational oil and gas pipelines","authors":"Bo Niu , Xiao Yang , Yi Chang , Yunxiu Sai","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transnational oil and gas pipelines serve as vital strategic corridors within China's framework for energy import dependency, with their external risks directly impacting energy security and economic development. However, existing research still exhibits shortcomings in the systematic quantitative assessment of the external risks associated with these pipelines and in characterizing the features of risk evolution. To address these gaps, this paper constructs a risk assessment framework integrating the Composite Weight-Catastrophe Progression Method, which combines the Entropy Weight Method and the CRITIC method. This framework is used to conduct a quantitative evaluation of transnational pipeline external risks across four dimensions: political, economic, social, and diplomatic. The composite weighting approach effectively mitigates the subjectivity and information redundancy inherent in relying on a single weighting method, while the Catastrophe Progression Method is employed to capture the nonlinear characteristics and potential abrupt shifts in the risk evolution process. This study conducts an empirical analysis focusing on the countries traversed by China's transnational oil and gas pipelines along the three major strategic directions—Southwest, Northwest, and Northeast—from 2010 to 2023, with validation provided via the TOPSIS method for comparison. The results indicate that: Myanmar consistently demonstrates the highest risk level. Russia exhibits the lowest overall risk, albeit with notable fluctuations over time. The risk level in Kazakhstan has shown a continuous decline and has fallen below that of Russia in recent years. In contrast, Uzbekistan's risk remains higher than Kazakhstan's and is currently undergoing a gradual upward trend. This research provides methodological references for assessing external risks of transnational energy corridors and offers insights for optimizing pipeline arrangements and national energy security policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102111"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated methodology for assessing the optical, thermal, and electrical performance of photovoltaic windowpanes in building integration 建筑一体化中光伏窗板的光学、热学和电学性能评估的综合方法

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102107

Zhilong Zhao , Simin Chen , Ma Nan , Zia-ur-Rehman , Muhammad Irshad

The article is a one-source article that integrates ray-tracing simulation, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and real-life prototypes to understand the visual, thermal, and electrical properties of photovoltaic (PV) windowpanes as a prototyping solution for the building. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the interdependence among light transmission, thermal insulation, and electricity production, and of the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), with high-level modeling coupled with experimental validation. It is a winning strategy that not only enhances the performance of PV windowpanes but also refutes assumptions by accounting for the changing nature of buildings, such as the sun's angle and other environmental conditions. The results indicate that the (CCPC-PV) Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator Photovoltaic windowpanes have great potential to reduce energy use and carbon emissions in buildings, and to provide building design and implementation solutions for energy-saving buildings. Although it is not groundbreaking research in architecture, the study contributes to architectural sustainability by creating a pathway to the mass adoption of PV windowpanes in energy-saving urban settings.

本文是一篇集成了光线追踪模拟、计算流体动力学（CFD）建模和现实原型的单一来源文章，以了解光伏（PV）窗玻璃的视觉、热学和电学特性，作为建筑物的原型解决方案。本文全面概述了光传输、隔热和发电之间的相互关系，以及太阳能热增益系数（SHGC），并进行了高级建模和实验验证。这是一个成功的策略，不仅提高了光伏窗玻璃的性能，而且通过考虑到建筑物不断变化的性质，如太阳的角度和其他环境条件，反驳了假设。研究结果表明，（CCPC-PV）交叉复合抛物聚光光伏窗板在降低建筑能耗和碳排放方面具有很大的潜力，可为节能建筑的设计和实施提供解决方案。虽然这不是建筑领域的开创性研究，但该研究为节能城市环境中大规模采用光伏窗玻璃开辟了一条途径，为建筑的可持续性做出了贡献。

{"title":"Integrated methodology for assessing the optical, thermal, and electrical performance of photovoltaic windowpanes in building integration","authors":"Zhilong Zhao , Simin Chen , Ma Nan , Zia-ur-Rehman , Muhammad Irshad","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article is a one-source article that integrates ray-tracing simulation, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and real-life prototypes to understand the visual, thermal, and electrical properties of photovoltaic (PV) windowpanes as a prototyping solution for the building. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the interdependence among light transmission, thermal insulation, and electricity production, and of the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), with high-level modeling coupled with experimental validation. It is a winning strategy that not only enhances the performance of PV windowpanes but also refutes assumptions by accounting for the changing nature of buildings, such as the sun's angle and other environmental conditions. The results indicate that the (CCPC-PV) Crossed Compound Parabolic Concentrator Photovoltaic windowpanes have great potential to reduce energy use and carbon emissions in buildings, and to provide building design and implementation solutions for energy-saving buildings. Although it is not groundbreaking research in architecture, the study contributes to architectural sustainability by creating a pathway to the mass adoption of PV windowpanes in energy-saving urban settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102107"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multidimensional energy poverty in Pakistan: Determinants and spatial patterns at the provincial and district levels 巴基斯坦的多维能源贫困：省和地区两级的决定因素和空间格局

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102127

Tahir Mahmood , Abidullah Khan , Muhammad Akram , Mehboob ul Hassan , Umair Khan

This paper estimates the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) for Pakistan and its provinces. It investigates its determinants using data from the most recent rounds of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The results indicate that 39% of households in Pakistan experience multidimensional energy poverty (MEP). Provincially, the highest prevalence is in Baluchistan (50%), followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (48%), Sindh (44%), and Punjab (29%). The likelihood of energy poverty rises with larger household sizes and limited access to water and sanitation facilities. Conversely, it declines with higher educational attainment among the household head and in upper wealth quintiles. Additionally, households receiving remittances are less likely to experience energy poverty. At the provincial level, significant heterogeneity exists in the determinants of MEP. Crucially, energy poverty is more common in rural areas. These findings support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7)—affordable and clean energy—by demonstrating significant disparities across provinces and among vulnerable households. Furthermore, the results align with SDG 6—clean water and sanitation—and SDG 10—reducing inequalities—by emphasizing the crucial roles of water and sanitation facilities, household wealth, and remittances in alleviating energy poverty. The study also advocates for improving educational quality (SDG 4) by emphasizing the positive influence of educational attainment on reducing energy poverty. Finally, it recommends targeted programs and province-specific policy actions to help improve energy access in Pakistan.

本文估算了巴基斯坦及其各省的多维能源贫困指数（MEPI）。它使用来自最近几轮多指标类集调查（MICS）的数据调查其决定因素。结果表明，巴基斯坦39%的家庭经历多维能源贫困（MEP）。从省份来看，患病率最高的是俾路支省（50%），其次是开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（48%）、信德省（44%）和旁遮普（29%）。能源贫困的可能性随着家庭规模的扩大和获得水和卫生设施的机会的限制而增加。相反，随着户主受教育程度的提高和上层财富五分之一人群的收入下降。此外，收到汇款的家庭不太可能经历能源贫困。在省级层面上，环境保护指数的决定因素存在显著的异质性。至关重要的是，能源贫困在农村地区更为普遍。这些研究结果通过展示各省和弱势家庭之间的显著差异，支持实现可持续发展目标7（可持续发展目标7）——负担得起的清洁能源。此外，通过强调水和卫生设施、家庭财富和汇款在减轻能源贫困方面的关键作用，结果与可持续发展目标6 -清洁水和卫生设施以及可持续发展目标10 -减少不平等现象相一致。该研究还通过强调受教育程度对减少能源贫困的积极影响，倡导提高教育质量（可持续发展目标4）。最后，报告建议实施有针对性的项目和针对各省的政策行动，以帮助改善巴基斯坦的能源获取。

{"title":"Multidimensional energy poverty in Pakistan: Determinants and spatial patterns at the provincial and district levels","authors":"Tahir Mahmood , Abidullah Khan , Muhammad Akram , Mehboob ul Hassan , Umair Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper estimates the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) for Pakistan and its provinces. It investigates its determinants using data from the most recent rounds of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The results indicate that 39% of households in Pakistan experience multidimensional energy poverty (MEP). Provincially, the highest prevalence is in Baluchistan (50%), followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (48%), Sindh (44%), and Punjab (29%). The likelihood of energy poverty rises with larger household sizes and limited access to water and sanitation facilities. Conversely, it declines with higher educational attainment among the household head and in upper wealth quintiles. Additionally, households receiving remittances are less likely to experience energy poverty. At the provincial level, significant heterogeneity exists in the determinants of MEP. Crucially, energy poverty is more common in rural areas. These findings support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7)—affordable and clean energy—by demonstrating significant disparities across provinces and among vulnerable households. Furthermore, the results align with SDG 6—clean water and sanitation—and SDG 10—reducing inequalities—by emphasizing the crucial roles of water and sanitation facilities, household wealth, and remittances in alleviating energy poverty. The study also advocates for improving educational quality (SDG 4) by emphasizing the positive influence of educational attainment on reducing energy poverty. Finally, it recommends targeted programs and province-specific policy actions to help improve energy access in Pakistan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Policy, science and industry synergies to unlock hidden small hydropower in the European Union under the water-energy-society-ecosystem nexus 在水-能源-社会-生态系统关系下，政策、科学和工业协同作用解锁欧盟隐藏的小水电

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102174

Emanuele Quaranta

Hydropower developed in existing hydraulic infrastructures, water facilities and industries, including non-powered dams and weirs, wastewater treatment plants and water distribution networks, is known as “hidden hydro”. Although it avoids many of the socio-environmental disturbances that might be generated by conventional hydropower, coordinated actions among Policy, Science and Industry (PSI) for scaling hidden hydro remain fragmented. This paper examines recent European Union (EU) policy and research programmes, framed under the Water-Energy-Society-Ecosystem (WESE) nexus, and evaluates their capacity to stimulate investments in hidden hydro, with specific focus on small hydropower (SHP). By harmonizing existing literature, this study identifies an untapped EU's potential of hidden hydro of up to 15 TWh/year (approx. 30% of current SHP annual generation in the EU), excluding the potential of upgrading existing SHP systems. Realising this capacity could generate multiple socio-economic co-benefits beyond clean electricity for society, that were also quantified: employment, community engagement, research investments, market trade and industrial innovation, ultimately enhancing competitiveness. The findings underscore that effective PSI synergies are essential for fully appraising and exploiting hidden hydro's contribution to the WESE nexus, and for aligning EU policies and research agendas with this resource.

在现有的水利基础设施、水利设施和工业中开发的水电，包括无动力水坝和堰、污水处理厂和配水网络，被称为“隐形水电”。尽管它避免了传统水电可能产生的许多社会环境干扰，但政策、科学和工业（PSI）之间为扩大隐性水电规模而采取的协调行动仍然零散。本文考察了最近欧盟（EU）在水-能源-社会-生态系统（WESE）关系框架下制定的政策和研究计划，并评估了它们刺激隐性水电投资的能力，特别关注小水电（SHP）。通过协调现有文献，本研究确定了欧盟未开发的隐藏水电潜力高达15 太瓦时/年（约为1亿美元）。占欧盟目前小水电年发电量的30%)，不包括升级现有小水电系统的潜力。实现这种能力可以为社会带来除清洁电力之外的多重社会经济协同效益，这些效益也是量化的：就业、社区参与、研究投资、市场贸易和工业创新，最终提高竞争力。研究结果强调，有效的PSI协同效应对于充分评估和利用隐性水电对WESE关系的贡献，以及使欧盟政策和研究议程与这一资源保持一致至关重要。

{"title":"Policy, science and industry synergies to unlock hidden small hydropower in the European Union under the water-energy-society-ecosystem nexus","authors":"Emanuele Quaranta","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydropower developed in existing hydraulic infrastructures, water facilities and industries, including non-powered dams and weirs, wastewater treatment plants and water distribution networks, is known as “hidden hydro”. Although it avoids many of the socio-environmental disturbances that might be generated by conventional hydropower, coordinated actions among Policy, Science and Industry (PSI) for scaling hidden hydro remain fragmented. This paper examines recent European Union (EU) policy and research programmes, framed under the Water-Energy-Society-Ecosystem (WESE) nexus, and evaluates their capacity to stimulate investments in hidden hydro, with specific focus on small hydropower (SHP). By harmonizing existing literature, this study identifies an untapped EU's potential of hidden hydro of up to 15 TWh/year (approx. 30% of current SHP annual generation in the EU), excluding the potential of upgrading existing SHP systems. Realising this capacity could generate multiple socio-economic co-benefits beyond clean electricity for society, that were also quantified: employment, community engagement, research investments, market trade and industrial innovation, ultimately enhancing competitiveness. The findings underscore that effective PSI synergies are essential for fully appraising and exploiting hidden hydro's contribution to the WESE nexus, and for aligning EU policies and research agendas with this resource.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102174"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Event-independent and anticipative resilience indicators for future-oriented electricity system model analysis 面向未来电力系统模型分析的事件无关和预期弹性指标

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102162

Erdal Tekin , David Achenbach , Annika Gillich , Kai Hufendiek

The resilience of the electricity system is crucial in the energy transition process as shown in the recent energy price crisis driven by fossil fuel dependency. The increasing share of fluctuating renewables reduces this dependency, but introduces new resilience challenges. These shifts underline the need for resilience indicators that go beyond the event-specific focus common in current literature and are easy to apply in energy system scenario analysis.

Quantitative resilience assessments often emphasize event-based or performance indices, reflecting the differing understanding of resilience, even among sector stakeholders. In this work, an energy system is resilient, if it maintains its functionality during disruptions, restores it quickly, or withstands long-term stress. Aspects of resilience are considered to varying extents, with system anticipation remaining underrepresented. This paper proposes a model-derived, literature- and system-characteristics-based framework for assessing resilience in an event-independent and anticipatory manner. It is designed to be compatible with energy system modelling, compared with historical data, and applicable across different electricity system sectors. In contrast to existing works, this approach emphasizes a long-term perspective, offering insights into systemic vulnerabilities before critical thresholds are reached.

Thus, this event-independent framework includes attributes which help to anticipate future system bottlenecks. It turns out that a set of criteria is required to depict the state of resilience in the electricity system which can be used as monitoring tool to address the overall system state in scenario-based analysis. This enables a more transparent, evidence-based foundation for decision-making for the development of the electricity system under evolving conditions.

电力系统的弹性在能源转型过程中至关重要，正如最近由化石燃料依赖导致的能源价格危机所显示的那样。波动性可再生能源份额的增加减少了这种依赖，但也带来了新的弹性挑战。这些转变强调了对弹性指标的需求，这些指标超越了当前文献中常见的特定事件焦点，并且易于应用于能源系统情景分析。定量弹性评估通常强调基于事件或绩效的指标，反映了即使在部门利益相关者之间对弹性的不同理解。在这项工作中，一个能源系统是有弹性的，如果它在中断期间保持其功能，迅速恢复，或承受长期压力。弹性的各个方面在不同程度上被考虑，系统预期仍然未被充分代表。本文提出了一个模型衍生的、基于文献和系统特征的框架，用于以事件独立和预期的方式评估弹性。它被设计为与能源系统建模兼容，与历史数据相比较，并适用于不同的电力系统部门。与现有的工作相比，这种方法强调长期的观点，在达到临界阈值之前提供对系统脆弱性的见解。因此，这个独立于事件的框架包含有助于预测未来系统瓶颈的属性。结果表明，在基于场景的分析中，需要一套标准来描述电力系统的弹性状态，并将其作为监测工具来处理整个系统的状态。这为在不断变化的条件下发展电力系统的决策提供了一个更加透明、基于证据的基础。

{"title":"Event-independent and anticipative resilience indicators for future-oriented electricity system model analysis","authors":"Erdal Tekin , David Achenbach , Annika Gillich , Kai Hufendiek","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The resilience of the electricity system is crucial in the energy transition process as shown in the recent energy price crisis driven by fossil fuel dependency. The increasing share of fluctuating renewables reduces this dependency, but introduces new resilience challenges. These shifts underline the need for resilience indicators that go beyond the event-specific focus common in current literature and are easy to apply in energy system scenario analysis.</div><div>Quantitative resilience assessments often emphasize event-based or performance indices, reflecting the differing understanding of resilience, even among sector stakeholders. In this work, an energy system is resilient, if it maintains its functionality during disruptions, restores it quickly, or withstands long-term stress. Aspects of resilience are considered to varying extents, with system anticipation remaining underrepresented. This paper proposes a model-derived, literature- and system-characteristics-based framework for assessing resilience in an event-independent and anticipatory manner. It is designed to be compatible with energy system modelling, compared with historical data, and applicable across different electricity system sectors. In contrast to existing works, this approach emphasizes a long-term perspective, offering insights into systemic vulnerabilities before critical thresholds are reached.</div><div>Thus, this event-independent framework includes attributes which help to anticipate future system bottlenecks. It turns out that a set of criteria is required to depict the state of resilience in the electricity system which can be used as monitoring tool to address the overall system state in scenario-based analysis. This enables a more transparent, evidence-based foundation for decision-making for the development of the electricity system under evolving conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102162"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diverse revenue mechanisms of user-side shared energy storage: From a power supply chain network equilibrium perspective 用户侧共享储能的多种收益机制——基于电力供应链网络均衡的视角

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102166

Huan Zhang , Yuyu Qin , Jianli Jiang , Tao Liu

User-side shared energy storage (uSES) is pivotal for optimizing power consumption and enhancing grid flexibility. This study proposes a multi-period equilibrium model for a power supply chain network (PSCN) that incorporates power generators, suppliers, uSES operators, and demand markets. Within a multi-level network equilibrium framework, the model formulates the non-cooperative, profit-driven interactions among these stakeholders to analyze the synergy of diverse uSES revenue streams. Four distinct uSES revenue scenarios are analyzed: (1) peak-valley arbitrage (PV-Arb) combined with demand management (DM); (2) PV-Arb combined with valley-filling demand response (vDR) subsidies; (3) PV-Arb combined with peak-shaving demand response (pDR) subsidies; and (4) an integration incorporating PV-Arb, DM, and pDR subsidies. The results demonstrate that although participation in vDR or pDR may marginally reduce PV-Arb revenues, the associated subsidy incentives can fully compensate for these losses. Crucially, the study finds that a synergistic strategy combining PV-Arb, DM, and DR yields superior profitability for uSES operators compared to any single or dual revenue mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights that neglecting DM on days with pDR participation can lead to increased demand charges, thereby diminishing overall returns. These findings provide valuable insights for uSES operators in optimizing revenue strategies and for policymakers in designing effective incentive mechanisms.

用户侧共享储能是优化电力消耗和增强电网灵活性的关键。本研究提出一个包含发电商、供应商、使用者营运商和需求市场的电力供应链网路（PSCN）的多周期均衡模型。在多层次的网络均衡框架中，该模型阐述了利益相关者之间的非合作、利润驱动的相互作用，以分析不同用途收入流的协同作用。分析了四种不同的使用收益情景：(1)峰谷套利（PV-Arb）与需求管理（DM）相结合；(2) PV-Arb结合填谷需求响应（vDR）补贴；(3) PV-Arb联合调峰需求响应（pDR）补贴；(4)整合PV-Arb、DM和pDR补贴。结果表明，尽管参与vDR或pDR可能会略微减少PV-Arb的收入，但相关的补贴激励可以完全弥补这些损失。最重要的是，该研究发现，与任何单一或双重收入机制相比，PV-Arb、DM和DR相结合的协同策略为用户运营商带来了更高的盈利能力。此外，它还强调，在参与pDR的日子里忽略DM可能导致需求费用增加，从而降低总体回报。这些发现为运营商优化收益策略和决策者设计有效的激励机制提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Diverse revenue mechanisms of user-side shared energy storage: From a power supply chain network equilibrium perspective","authors":"Huan Zhang , Yuyu Qin , Jianli Jiang , Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>User-side shared energy storage (uSES) is pivotal for optimizing power consumption and enhancing grid flexibility. This study proposes a multi-period equilibrium model for a power supply chain network (PSCN) that incorporates power generators, suppliers, uSES operators, and demand markets. Within a multi-level network equilibrium framework, the model formulates the non-cooperative, profit-driven interactions among these stakeholders to analyze the synergy of diverse uSES revenue streams. Four distinct uSES revenue scenarios are analyzed: (1) peak-valley arbitrage (PV-Arb) combined with demand management (DM); (2) PV-Arb combined with valley-filling demand response (vDR) subsidies; (3) PV-Arb combined with peak-shaving demand response (pDR) subsidies; and (4) an integration incorporating PV-Arb, DM, and pDR subsidies. The results demonstrate that although participation in vDR or pDR may marginally reduce PV-Arb revenues, the associated subsidy incentives can fully compensate for these losses. Crucially, the study finds that a synergistic strategy combining PV-Arb, DM, and DR yields superior profitability for uSES operators compared to any single or dual revenue mechanisms. Furthermore, it highlights that neglecting DM on days with pDR participation can lead to increased demand charges, thereby diminishing overall returns. These findings provide valuable insights for uSES operators in optimizing revenue strategies and for policymakers in designing effective incentive mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102166"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147399588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A time-varying analysis of the responsible AI and energy crisis link: Fresh findings from TVP-VAR-SV 负责任的人工智能与能源危机联系的时变分析：tpv -var - sv的新发现

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102080

Le Thanh Ha

The development of responsible AI shows how technological progress interacts with evolving energy governance frameworks. Our research employs time-varying parameter structural vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) with a stochastic volatility model to analyze the correlation between responsible AI and energy uncertainty spanning from November 2018 to November 2023. Our findings show that the stochastic volatility of responsible AI, S&P 500, and oil volatility were positive and stable in the whole period. The result of energy uncertainty is much larger than the other, indicating that it is highly sensitive to external shocks and must be adapted flexibly according to the evolving context. In the 4-period ahead, impulse responses of responsible AI to energy uncertainty and oil volatility were opposite in the 1-period ahead. Impulse responses of responsible AI to energy uncertainty declined sharply into negative territory in early 2020 and late 2022, reaching their lowest point near early 2023. With responsible AI shocks, impulse responses of energy uncertainty peaked sharply around early 2021 and again near mid-2022 before dropping steeply to its lowest point in early 2023. In the short term, Responsible AI has limited influence on reducing energy uncertainty, but in the long run, it strengthens system resilience and sustainability through improved data governance, adaptive learning, and ethical integration.

负责任的人工智能的发展显示了技术进步如何与不断发展的能源治理框架相互作用。我们的研究采用时变参数结构向量自回归（TVP-VAR）和随机波动模型，分析了2018年11月至2023年11月期间负责任的人工智能与能源不确定性之间的相关性。我们的研究结果表明，在整个时期，负责任的人工智能、标准普尔500指数和石油波动率的随机波动率都是正的、稳定的。能源不确定性的影响比其他影响大得多，这表明能源不确定性对外部冲击高度敏感，必须根据不断变化的环境灵活调整。在未来4个周期内，负责任的人工智能对能源不确定性和石油波动的脉冲响应在未来1个周期内相反。负责任的人工智能对能源不确定性的脉冲响应在2020年初和2022年底急剧下降至负值，在2023年初附近达到最低点。在负责任的人工智能冲击下，能源不确定性的脉冲响应在2021年初左右达到峰值，在2022年年中再次达到峰值，然后在2023年初急剧下降至最低点。在短期内，负责任的人工智能对减少能源不确定性的影响有限，但从长远来看，它通过改进数据治理、自适应学习和道德整合，增强了系统的弹性和可持续性。

{"title":"A time-varying analysis of the responsible AI and energy crisis link: Fresh findings from TVP-VAR-SV","authors":"Le Thanh Ha","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of responsible AI shows how technological progress interacts with evolving energy governance frameworks. Our research employs time-varying parameter structural vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) with a stochastic volatility model to analyze the correlation between responsible AI and energy uncertainty spanning from November 2018 to November 2023. Our findings show that the stochastic volatility of responsible AI, S&P 500, and oil volatility were positive and stable in the whole period. The result of energy uncertainty is much larger than the other, indicating that it is highly sensitive to external shocks and must be adapted flexibly according to the evolving context. In the 4-period ahead, impulse responses of responsible AI to energy uncertainty and oil volatility were opposite in the 1-period ahead. Impulse responses of responsible AI to energy uncertainty declined sharply into negative territory in early 2020 and late 2022, reaching their lowest point near early 2023. With responsible AI shocks, impulse responses of energy uncertainty peaked sharply around early 2021 and again near mid-2022 before dropping steeply to its lowest point in early 2023. In the short term, Responsible AI has limited influence on reducing energy uncertainty, but in the long run, it strengthens system resilience and sustainability through improved data governance, adaptive learning, and ethical integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102080"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green ammonia in the global research spotlight: Bibliometric insights and a review of renewable pathways and applications 全球研究焦点中的绿色氨：文献计量学见解和可再生途径和应用综述

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102070

Hanane Ait Lahoussine Ouali, Otman Abida, Nisar Ali, Mohamed Essalhi

Ammonia plays a pivotal role in global agriculture as a key precursor to nitrogen-based fertilizers and is increasingly recognized as a promising carbon-free energy carrier. However, the conventional Haber–Bosch synthesis process is energy-intensive, relying heavily on fossil fuels. To address this, the shift towards green ammonia production driven by renewable hydrogen and clean technologies is an increasingly important decarbonization strategy. This study offers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using Scopus database on green ammonia spanning from 2006 to 2024, mapping the research trends, top-ranked countries, institutions, authors, and journals. In addition to the bibliometric analysis, the paper includes an integration of a technical overview of different renewable energy sources used for green ammonia, life cycle assessment (LCA), as well as emerging studies dealing with its applications in fertilizers, shipping fuels, and energy storage. The findings reveal accelerated growth in research output, dominated by collaborations in Europe, Asia, and North America, with a strong focus on electrolyzer development, ammonia cracking, and integration with solar and wind power. The combined bibliometric–technical approach highlights critical knowledge gaps, such as techno-economic feasibility, large-scale storage infrastructure, and safety protocols for ammonia transport. This dual analysis not only captures the advancement of scientific understanding but also provides practical guidance for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers. The results can inform technology roadmaps, foster international collaboration, and guide strategic investments in scaling up green ammonia as a cornerstone of the hydrogen economy and global net-zero transition.

作为氮基肥料的关键前体，氨在全球农业中发挥着关键作用，并日益被认为是一种有前途的无碳能源载体。然而，传统的Haber-Bosch合成过程是能源密集型的，严重依赖化石燃料。为了解决这个问题，由可再生氢和清洁技术驱动的绿色氨生产的转变是一项日益重要的脱碳战略。本研究利用Scopus数据库对2006年至2024年的绿色氨进行了全面的文献计量分析，绘制了研究趋势、排名国家、机构、作者和期刊。除了文献计量学分析之外，本文还整合了用于绿色氨的不同可再生能源的技术概述，生命周期评估（LCA），以及处理其在肥料，船舶燃料和能源存储中的应用的新兴研究。研究结果显示，研究产出加速增长，主要是欧洲、亚洲和北美的合作，重点是电解槽开发、氨裂解以及与太阳能和风能的整合。文献计量学和技术相结合的方法强调了关键的知识差距，如技术经济可行性、大规模储存基础设施和氨运输的安全协议。这种双重分析不仅抓住了科学理解的进步，而且为政策制定者、商业领袖和研究人员提供了实践指导。研究结果可以为技术路线图提供信息，促进国际合作，并指导扩大绿色氨作为氢经济和全球净零转型基石的战略投资。

{"title":"Green ammonia in the global research spotlight: Bibliometric insights and a review of renewable pathways and applications","authors":"Hanane Ait Lahoussine Ouali, Otman Abida, Nisar Ali, Mohamed Essalhi","doi":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esr.2026.102070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia plays a pivotal role in global agriculture as a key precursor to nitrogen-based fertilizers and is increasingly recognized as a promising carbon-free energy carrier. However, the conventional Haber–Bosch synthesis process is energy-intensive, relying heavily on fossil fuels. To address this, the shift towards green ammonia production driven by renewable hydrogen and clean technologies is an increasingly important decarbonization strategy. This study offers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis using Scopus database on green ammonia spanning from 2006 to 2024, mapping the research trends, top-ranked countries, institutions, authors, and journals. In addition to the bibliometric analysis, the paper includes an integration of a technical overview of different renewable energy sources used for green ammonia, life cycle assessment (LCA), as well as emerging studies dealing with its applications in fertilizers, shipping fuels, and energy storage. The findings reveal accelerated growth in research output, dominated by collaborations in Europe, Asia, and North America, with a strong focus on electrolyzer development, ammonia cracking, and integration with solar and wind power. The combined bibliometric–technical approach highlights critical knowledge gaps, such as techno-economic feasibility, large-scale storage infrastructure, and safety protocols for ammonia transport. This dual analysis not only captures the advancement of scientific understanding but also provides practical guidance for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers. The results can inform technology roadmaps, foster international collaboration, and guide strategic investments in scaling up green ammonia as a cornerstone of the hydrogen economy and global net-zero transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11546,"journal":{"name":"Energy Strategy Reviews","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 102070"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring resource access in electric vehicle-induced power distribution grid upgrades 探索电动汽车驱动的配电网升级中的资源获取

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102150

Yanning Li , Alan Jenn , Wanshi Hong , Bin Wang

The transition to a decarbonized energy system is reshaping electricity distribution grids particularly with the rapid uptake of electric vehicles (EVs). This study examines spatial disparities in distribution grid upgrade needs and utilization across various communities in California, using real-world grid data and simulations of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty EV charging. By 2035, high-density residential areas are projected to see a larger share of feeders requiring upgrades. Communities with higher CalEnviroScreen scores—indicating greater environmental and socioeconomic burdens—tend to exhibit lower EV adoption rates, yet face a higher fraction of feeders needing upgrades, though of smaller average size. Despite these differences, the costs and benefits of upgrades remain roughly proportional across communities: high-burden areas incur lower upgrade costs in line with lower utilization, while less burdened communities both drive and benefit more from expanded grid resources.

向脱碳能源系统的过渡正在重塑配电网，尤其是随着电动汽车（ev）的迅速普及。本研究利用真实电网数据和轻型、中型和重型电动汽车充电模拟，考察了加州不同社区配电网升级需求和利用的空间差异。到2035年，高密度住宅区预计将有更大比例的馈线需要升级。CalEnviroScreen得分较高的社区（表明环境和社会经济负担更大），电动汽车采用率往往较低，但需要升级的馈线比例较高，尽管平均规模较小。尽管存在这些差异，但升级的成本和收益在社区之间大致是成比例的：高负担地区的升级成本与较低的利用率一致，而负担较轻的社区则可以从扩展的电网资源中获得更多的收益。

引用次数: 0