Energy Strategy Reviews最新文献_第2页

Production and certification constraints to sustainable aviation fuel adoption: Analysis and synergistic solutions 可持续航空燃料采用的生产和认证限制：分析和协同解决方案

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102010

Shuiting Ding , Xinran Luo , Chenyu Gan , Tian Qiu , Qinglin Ma , Xinming Wang , Shiyang Zhao , Shengyu Bao , Guixian Qu , Yan Shi

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are promising solutions for reducing carbon emissions in the aviation industry and achieving the 2050 net-zero target. Despite their environmental benefits, the adoption and deployment of SAFs remain significantly below expectations. This paper systematically analyzes the key constraints hindering deployment of SAFs, focusing on feedstock availability, technology pathway, safety certification, and sustainability standards. On the production side, the unstable supply of suitable feedstocks, and the lack of mature refining infrastructure result in high production costs. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of various technology pathways for SAFs. Each pathway demonstrates unique advantages and limitations in terms of yield, feedstock adaptability, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. While Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) is the most mature, its scalability is hindered by feedstock constraints. Fischer–Tropsch (FT) and lignocellulosic-based pathways offer better long-term potential, especially in developing countries. From a certification standpoint, the safety certification process, primarily governed by ASTM D4054, is lengthy, costly, and sample-intensive, thereby raising the entry barrier for new SAF technologies. Additionally, the global sustainability certification standards lack uniformity, and differences among standards such as CORSIA, ISCC, and RSB make market access and recognition more complex. To overcome these barriers, the paper proposes a synergistic strategy that includes localized feedstock development (e.g., cultivation of Arundo donax on marginal land), technological optimization of SAF production pathways, adoption of modelling and simulation for safety certification, and establishment of a globally recognized and equitable sustainability certification system under ICAO’s leadership. These coordinated efforts are essential to accelerate SAF adoption, ensure global participation, and enable the transition of the aviation industry towards a low-carbon future.

可持续航空燃料（SAFs）是减少航空业碳排放和实现2050年净零排放目标的有希望的解决方案。尽管saf具有环境效益，但其采用和部署仍然远远低于预期。本文系统地分析了阻碍saf部署的主要制约因素，重点是原料可用性、技术途径、安全认证和可持续性标准。在生产方面，合适的原料供应不稳定，以及缺乏成熟的炼油基础设施导致生产成本高。本研究提出了各种技术途径的综合评估的saf。每种途径在产量、原料适应性、环境影响和成本效益方面都具有独特的优势和局限性。虽然氢加工酯和脂肪酸（HEFA）是最成熟的，但其可扩展性受到原料限制的阻碍。费托途径和木质纤维素途径具有更好的长期潜力，特别是在发展中国家。从认证的角度来看，主要由ASTM D4054管理的安全认证过程是漫长的、昂贵的和样品密集的，因此提高了新的SAF技术的进入门槛。此外，全球可持续性认证标准缺乏统一性，CORSIA、ISCC、RSB等标准之间存在差异，使得市场准入和认可更加复杂。为了克服这些障碍，本文提出了一种协同战略，包括本地化原料开发（例如，在边际土地上种植阿罗多纳豆），SAF生产途径的技术优化，采用安全认证的建模和模拟，以及在国际民航组织的领导下建立全球公认的公平的可持续性认证体系。这些协调一致的努力对于加快SAF的采用、确保全球参与以及实现航空业向低碳未来的转型至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ and data-driven methods for evaluating building energy performance in the operational phase: A critical review 在运行阶段评估建筑能源性能的原位和数据驱动方法：一个关键的审查

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102038

Houda Er-Retby , Mouatassim Charai , Mohamed Oualid Mghazli , Mohamed El Mankibi , Mostafa Benzaazoua

Building energy performance during the operational phase is influenced by interconnected factors, including structural characteristics, occupant activity, and systems integration. Current measurement methods often inadequately address the complex synergy between (i) envelope, (ii) indoor conditions, (iii) energy usage and on-site production, and (iv) occupant behaviors. This issue is increasingly critical as building operations account for a significant share of global energy demand and emissions, especially under emerging performance-based regulatory frameworks. This review analyzes over 160 papers retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database using a structured bibliometric and thematic analysis. It critically examines the most commonly used in-situ diagnostics and occupant data-driven techniques, discussing each method's strengths, limitations, and operational contexts. Therefore, it provides a step-by-step guideline to comprehensively evaluate buildings' energy performance elements and helps in selecting the suitable diagnostic methods. The review underscores the need for an integrative assessment framework and the underrepresentation of behavioral data in diagnostics. It proposes a hybrid multi-criteria evaluation model that combines quantitative and qualitative indicators.

建筑在运行阶段的能源性能受到相互关联的因素的影响，包括结构特征、居住者活动和系统集成。目前的测量方法往往不能充分解决(i)围护结构，（ii）室内条件，（iii）能源使用和现场生产，以及（iv）居住者行为之间的复杂协同作用。随着建筑业务在全球能源需求和排放中占很大份额，特别是在新兴的基于绩效的监管框架下，这一问题变得越来越重要。本文采用结构化的文献计量学和主题分析方法，分析了从Web of Science Core Collection数据库中检索到的160多篇论文。本文分析了最常用的原位诊断技术和作业人员数据驱动技术，讨论了每种方法的优点、局限性和操作环境。因此，它提供了一个循序渐进的指导，以全面评估建筑的能源性能要素，并有助于选择合适的诊断方法。该综述强调了建立综合评估框架的必要性以及诊断中行为数据代表性不足的问题。提出了一种定量指标与定性指标相结合的混合多准则评价模型。

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引用次数: 0

Public perceptions of low-dose radiation and small modular reactors: A survey-based social science analysis 公众对低剂量辐射和小型模块化反应堆的看法：基于调查的社会科学分析

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102014

Lekhnath Ghimire , Charisse Vitto , Tanushree Das , Edward Waller , Nicholas Priest , Margot Hurlbert

This study examines public perceptions of low-dose radiation (LDR) and small modular reactors (SMRs) to inform strategies for improving nuclear literacy and acceptance. Survey results revealed that, despite high levels of formal education, knowledge of radiation was limited. Most participants relied on media rather than scientific sources. Expert-led presentations noticeably increased perceptions of LDR safety. Opinions on SMRs were divided, with notable concerns about proximity to residential areas. Emotional responses to SMRs were largely neutral, with signs of cautious optimism. The findings underscore the need for accessible, evidence-based communication and public engagement to foster informed support for nuclear technologies in achieving climate goals.

本研究调查了公众对低剂量辐射（LDR）和小型模块化反应堆（smr）的看法，为提高核知识和接受度的战略提供信息。调查结果显示，尽管正规教育水平很高，但对辐射的了解有限。大多数参与者依赖媒体而不是科学来源。专家主导的演讲显著提高了人们对LDR安全性的认识。人们对smr的看法存在分歧，其中明显的担忧是它是否靠近居民区。对smr的情绪反应基本上是中性的，有谨慎乐观的迹象。研究结果强调，需要进行可获取的、基于证据的沟通和公众参与，以促进对核技术实现气候目标的知情支持。

引用次数: 0

The dynamic relationship between natural gas and commodity prices through the Russian-Ukrainian crisis framework 从俄乌危机框架看天然气与大宗商品价格的动态关系

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102009

Souhir Amri Amamou , Saoussen Aguir Bargaoui , Adel Ifa

This paper aims to investigate the sensitivity of the gas market: Russian Natural Gas and Liquefied Gas, to other commodity categories. It sheds light on the Russian-Ukrainian crisis by using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model on daily prices of Russian Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas, WTI, Brent, Gold, Silver, Corn, and Coffee over the period January 1, 2020, to May 30, 2023. Results suggest that the LNG market displays greater sensitivity to other commodity markets. They highlight that the agricultural market is the main driver of the natural gas market's evolution, both in the short and long term. Shifting the focus in the metals market allows us to detect a significant relationship between Natural Gas and gold prices only for the long term with RNG, and LNG in both the short and long term. On the other hand, this research paper argues that the WTI market led the gas market. The overall findings claim that even if LNG has found success in recent years, due to its ecological advantages or its potential substitution power of Russian gas, market participants must invest in it while taking into consideration its strong connectivity to other different commodity markets to avoid sudden and potential excessive response by excess-correlation to impulses from these markets.

本文旨在研究天然气市场的敏感性：俄罗斯天然气和液化天然气，对其他商品类别。通过对2020年1月1日至2023年5月30日期间俄罗斯天然气、液化天然气、WTI、布伦特原油、黄金、白银、玉米和咖啡的每日价格使用自回归分布式滞后模型，该模型揭示了俄罗斯-乌克兰危机。结果表明，LNG市场对其他商品市场表现出更大的敏感性。他们强调，无论从短期还是长期来看，农业市场都是天然气市场演变的主要驱动力。将重点转移到金属市场，使我们能够发现天然气和黄金价格之间的重要关系，而天然气和黄金价格之间的关系仅从短期和长期来看都是如此。另一方面，本文认为WTI市场引领了天然气市场。总体研究结果表明，即使液化天然气近年来取得了成功，由于其生态优势或其潜在的俄罗斯天然气替代能力，市场参与者必须在考虑其与其他不同商品市场的强连通性的同时进行投资，以避免与这些市场的冲动过度相关而突然和潜在的过度反应。

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引用次数: 0

Building operational energy saving opportunities: A clustering analysis of Ethiopian urban housing 建筑运营节能机会：埃塞俄比亚城市住房的聚类分析

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102044

Getahun Ayele Tessema , P.S. Chani , E. Rajasekar

The operational phase of a building consumes a significant amount of energy, making energy efficiency a priority for a sustainable built environment. This study examines operational energy-saving opportunities of Ethiopian urban housing through a cluster analysis of 927 sample units in Addis Ababa and Adama City. The results indicate that overall energy consumption is primarily determined by floor area, household income, and occupancy. At the same time, ambient temperature had a negligible impact due to the absence of an air conditioning system in the sample housing units. The analysis also revealed significant energy usage disparities, with Addis Ababa's Cluster 1 demonstrating the highest annual electricity consumption of 5366.73 kWh and an Energy Performance Indicator (EPI) of 117.01 kWh/m²/y. This high demand is attributed to high-income, large-occupancy households and cooking appliances like the electric 'Injera Mitad'. Conversely, Adama's Cluster 1 exhibited the lowest consumption, at 370.99 kWh annually with an EPI of 10.61 kWh/m²/y, from a lower-income, smaller-occupancy household. Hence, these findings highlight specific opportunities for energy efficiency improvements: encouraging the adoption of more efficient cooking appliances for households with high energy consumption and implementing proactive demand management for moderate-to-low consumption households to prevent future demand increases. Finally, this study offers empirical insights into demographically informed energy-saving scenarios for Ethiopian urban housing. It also supports the targeted interventions to advance national energy efficiency programs.

建筑的运行阶段消耗大量的能源，使能源效率成为可持续建筑环境的优先事项。本研究通过对亚的斯亚贝巴和阿达马市927个样本单位的聚类分析，考察了埃塞俄比亚城市住房的运营节能机会。结果表明，总能耗主要由建筑面积、家庭收入和占用率决定。同时，由于样品外壳单元中没有空调系统，环境温度的影响可以忽略不计。分析还揭示了显著的能源使用差异，亚的斯亚贝巴第1集群的年用电量最高，为5366.73 千瓦时，能源绩效指标（EPI）为117.01 千瓦时/平方米/年。这种高需求归因于高收入，大占用家庭和烹饪电器，如“Injera Mitad”。相反，Adama的集群1显示出最低的消耗，每年为370.99 千瓦时，EPI为10.61 千瓦时/平方米/年，来自低收入，较小占用的家庭。因此，这些研究结果强调了提高能效的具体机会：鼓励高能耗家庭采用更高效的烹饪器具，并对中低能耗家庭实施主动需求管理，以防止未来需求增加。最后，本研究为埃塞俄比亚城市住房的人口节能方案提供了实证见解。它还支持有针对性的干预措施，以推进国家能源效率项目。

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引用次数: 0

Why current resilience metrics fall short in the energy transition: A system-level review of gaps and needs 为什么目前的弹性指标在能源转型中不足：对差距和需求的系统级审查

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102023

Yael Parag, Malcolm Ainspan, Shiri Zemah Shamir

As electricity systems undergo rapid decentralization and decarbonization, ensuring resilience to increasingly complex and high-impact disruptions has become a strategic imperative. However, current approaches to resilience measurement remain fragmented, inconsistent, and poorly aligned with the evolving structure of power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the main gaps in resilience metrics for decentralized and decarbonized electricity systems. We identify seven interrelated gaps: (1) conceptual overlap with reliability, (2) lack of standardization, (3) inadequate treatment of major events, (4) limited integration of supply chain risks, (5) context-specific and non-scalable indicators, (6) insufficient attention to societal and equity dimensions, and (7) poor adaptation to emerging threats such as cyberattacks and compound climate events. Drawing on academic literature and policy reports from the U.S. and Europe, the paper analyzes methodological challenges and offers pathways for improvement. These include multi-tiered and equity-weighted metrics, performance curves, real options-based valuation, and integration of supply chain indicators. By focusing on what is missing and why, it provides a structured agenda for developing next-generation resilience metrics that are better aligned with the needs of dynamic, decentralized, and low-carbon electricity systems. In doing so, the review moves beyond existing assessments by explicitly synthesizing conceptual, methodological, and equity-related gaps, offering a foundation for more context-sensitive and policy-relevant approaches to resilience measurement.

随着电力系统的快速分散化和脱碳，确保应对日益复杂和高影响的中断已成为一项战略要务。然而，目前的弹性测量方法仍然是碎片化的、不一致的，并且与电力系统不断变化的结构不一致。本文全面回顾了分散和脱碳电力系统在弹性指标方面的主要差距。我们确定了七个相互关联的差距：(1)与可靠性的概念重叠；(2)缺乏标准化；(3)对重大事件的处理不足；(4)供应链风险的整合有限；(5)特定环境和不可扩展的指标；(6)对社会和公平维度的关注不足；(7)对网络攻击和复合气候事件等新兴威胁的适应能力差。本文借鉴了美国和欧洲的学术文献和政策报告，分析了方法上的挑战，并提出了改进的途径。这些指标包括多层和股权加权指标、绩效曲线、基于实物期权的估值以及供应链指标的整合。通过关注缺失的内容及其原因，它为制定下一代弹性指标提供了结构化议程，这些指标更符合动态、分散和低碳电力系统的需求。在此过程中，通过明确地综合概念、方法和公平相关的差距，评估超越了现有的评估，为更具上下文敏感性和与政策相关的弹性测量方法提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Riding out the storm: High-frequency data for enhanced oil market risk forecasting 渡过风暴：高频数据增强石油市场风险预测

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102031

Wei Kuang

The stability of global energy markets is fundamental to effective energy strategy, influencing national policy and corporate investment decisions. Extreme volatility, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, exposes the limitations of conventional risk assessment tools and undermines strategic planning. This paper introduces and validates an enhanced methodological approach for oil market risk forecasting using high-frequency, minute-by-minute market data. We test this methodology against established models that rely on daily price information to demonstrate its analytical value. The evaluation focuses on forecasting Value at Risk, a critical metric for risk assessment. Our findings reveal three key insights: (1) intraday data captures essential market dynamics that daily data overlooks; (2) increased model complexity does not necessarily improve forecasting accuracy; and (3) high-frequency data approach consistently outperform traditional counterparts. These findings have significant implications for energy strategy and policy. By providing more accurate and robust forecasting capabilities, this methodology enables energy corporations, investors, and policymakers to make better-informed decisions regarding capital allocation, hedging strategies, and infrastructure investment, ultimately contributing to enhanced energy market stability and security.

全球能源市场的稳定是有效能源战略的基础，影响着国家政策和企业投资决策。极端波动，例如在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，暴露了传统风险评估工具的局限性，并破坏了战略规划。本文介绍并验证了一种利用高频、分分钟市场数据进行石油市场风险预测的增强方法。我们测试这种方法对建立的模型，依赖于每日价格信息，以证明其分析价值。评估的重点是预测风险值，这是风险评估的一个关键指标。我们的研究结果揭示了三个关键见解：(1)日内数据捕捉了日常数据忽略的基本市场动态；(2)模型复杂性的增加并不一定提高预测精度；(3)高频数据方法始终优于传统方法。这些发现对能源战略和政策具有重要意义。通过提供更准确和强大的预测能力，该方法使能源公司、投资者和政策制定者能够在资本配置、对冲策略和基础设施投资方面做出更明智的决策，最终有助于增强能源市场的稳定性和安全性。

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引用次数: 0

Global Licensing and Regulation Framework to accelerate the development and deployment of fusion energy 全球许可和监管框架，以加速核聚变能源的开发和部署

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102020

Ralf B. Kaiser , H.-Holger Rogner , Adnan Shihab-Eldin , Sehila M. Gonzalez de Vicente

Fusion energy, the energy that powers the stars, is now almost within our grasp. Most recent timelines agree on the second half of the 2030s for the realisation of a Fusion Energy pilot plant. For this clean, virtually carbon-neutral energy source to contribute to the mitigation of the climate crisis and contribute to meeting the growing energy demand, fusion energy will have to be deployed quickly – more quickly than was the case for solar and wind power. There are numerous factors that have to be considered, but licensing and regulation is a key factor. This paper introduces the basic facts on fusion energy, makes the case for an International Licensing and Regulation Framework for Fusion Energy, shows examples from other fields that demonstrate that this is feasible and develops a 7-point plan for such a framework. In technical aspects the paper focuses on magnetic confinement fusion, but the general aspects and the 7-point plan apply to fusion energy in general.

核聚变能，即为恒星提供动力的能量，现在几乎唾手可得。最近的时间表一致同意在本世纪30年代后半期实现一个聚变能源试点工厂。为了使这种清洁、几乎碳中和的能源有助于缓解气候危机并有助于满足日益增长的能源需求，必须迅速部署核聚变能源——比太阳能和风能的部署速度更快。有许多因素需要考虑，但许可和监管是一个关键因素。本文介绍了核聚变能源的基本事实，提出了核聚变能源国际许可和监管框架的案例，展示了其他领域的例子，证明这是可行的，并为这样一个框架制定了7点计划。在技术方面，本文侧重于磁约束聚变，但一般方面和7点计划适用于一般的聚变能。

引用次数: 0

Fossil-fuel subsidies and energy-firm outcomes in the European Union: Economic and environmental performance 欧盟的化石燃料补贴和能源公司成果：经济和环境绩效

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2026.102040

Huan Huu Nguyen, Duc Huu Nguyen, Vu Minh Ngo

This study examines the economic and environmental impacts of fossil fuel subsidies in the European Union (EU) during the energy crisis triggered by the 2022 Ukraine war, focusing on their implications for corporate performance and sustainability. Using a panel dataset of 100 publicly listed energy firms across the EU from 2019 to 2023, including 44 fossil fuel companies and 56 renewable energy companies, and employing a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology, we assess the causal effects of increased fossil fuel subsidies on financial performance and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) outcomes. Our findings reveal that these subsidies did not significantly increase fossil fuel consumption or reduce price elasticity of demand, challenging their conventional justification as tools to stimulate energy use or stabilize market sensitivity. However, the surge in subsidies during 2022 significantly improved the financial performance of fossil fuel firms, as reflected by higher Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). This financial gain, however, came at the expense of ESG performance, with firms reallocating resources from sustainability initiatives to enhance short-term profitability. These results underscore a critical interaction between immediate financial stabilization and long-term environmental commitments.

本研究考察了2022年乌克兰战争引发的能源危机期间欧盟（EU）化石燃料补贴的经济和环境影响，重点关注其对企业绩效和可持续性的影响。利用2019年至2023年欧盟100家公开上市能源公司的面板数据集，包括44家化石燃料公司和56家可再生能源公司，并采用差异中的差异（DiD）方法，我们评估了化石燃料补贴增加对财务绩效和环境、社会和治理（ESG）结果的因果影响。我们的研究结果表明，这些补贴并没有显著增加化石燃料消费或降低需求的价格弹性，这挑战了它们作为刺激能源使用或稳定市场敏感性工具的传统理由。然而，2022年期间补贴的激增显着改善了化石燃料公司的财务业绩，这反映在更高的资产回报率（ROA）和股本回报率（ROE）上。然而，这种财务收益是以牺牲ESG绩效为代价的，因为企业将资源从可持续发展计划中重新分配，以提高短期盈利能力。这些结果强调了当前金融稳定与长期环境承诺之间的重要相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Carbon tax and household energy choices: A regional study of the UK 碳税与家庭能源选择：英国的区域研究

IF 7.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Strategy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.102004

Abbas Khan , Muhammad Yar Khan , Abdulrahman Alomair , Abdulaziz S. Al Naim

This study examines carbon taxation's impact on UK households' energy choices, focusing on socioeconomic factors and fuel substitution using household microdata in a Multinomial Logit (MNL) framework. Rural households, reliant on costly, carbon-intensive fuels like heating oil and LPG, are significantly affected by carbon price changes, while urban households have cheaper alternatives. Findings show that rising carbon tax increases carbon-intensive fuel costs, prompting urban households to boost combined electricity and mains gas use from 32.8 % to 50.6 %, while reducing LPG and electricity use from 12.3 % to 6.6 %, and heating oil and electricity from 9.7 % to 6.1 %. Conversely, rural households, facing fewer choices, turn to more expensive fuels; combined electricity and LPG use rises from 14.1 % to 39.3 %, and electricity and heating oil use from 9.1 % to 36.1 %. This study provides novel UK-specific insights into regional and socio-economic disparities in energy transitions under carbon taxation. It highlights the disproportionate burden on low-income and rural households, emphasizing the need for targeted revenue recycling, regional support, and measures to combat energy poverty. The findings offer practical guidance for policymakers to design equitable carbon tax policies and ensure a just transition to a low-carbon economy.

本研究考察了碳税对英国家庭能源选择的影响，重点关注社会经济因素和燃料替代，使用多项Logit （MNL）框架中的家庭微观数据。依赖取暖油和液化石油气等昂贵的碳密集型燃料的农村家庭受到碳价格变化的严重影响，而城市家庭则有更便宜的替代品。研究结果显示，碳税的增加增加了碳密集型燃料的成本，促使城市家庭将电力和燃气的综合使用量从32.8% %提高到50.6% %，同时将液化石油气和电力的使用量从12. %降低到6. %，将取暖油和电力的使用量从9. %降低到6.1 %。相反，面对更少选择的农村家庭转而使用更昂贵的燃料；电力和液化石油气的综合使用量从14.1% %增加到39.3% %，电力和取暖油的使用量从9.1% %增加到36.1% %。这项研究为碳税下能源转型的区域和社会经济差异提供了英国特有的新见解。报告强调了低收入和农村家庭所承受的不成比例的负担，强调了有针对性的收入回收、区域支持和消除能源贫困措施的必要性。研究结果为决策者设计公平的碳税政策和确保向低碳经济的公正过渡提供了实用指导。

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引用次数: 0