M. Szubartowski, K. Migawa, S. Borowski, A. Neubauer, Ľubomír Hujo, Beáta Kopiláková
The share of wind energy in the energy mix is continuously increasing. However, a very important issue associated with its generation is the high failure rate of wind turbines. This situation particularly concerns large wind turbines, which are expensive and have a lower tolerance for system damage caused by various failures and faults. Vulnerable components include sensors, electronic control units, electrical systems, hydraulic systems, generators, gearboxes, rotor blades, and so on. As a result, significant emphasis is placed on improving the reliability, availability, and productivity of wind turbines. It is extremely important to detect and identify abnormalities as early as possible and predict potential failures and damages and the remaining useful life of components. One way to ensure turbine efficiency is to plan and implement preventive repairs. This work shows a semi-Markov model of a preventive maintenance system based on Enercon E82-2 wind turbines. The system’s performance quality is evaluated based on profit over time and an asymptotic availability coefficient. The developed model establishes formulas describing the efficiency functions and formulates the conditions for the existence of extremes (maxima) of these functions. Computational examples provided at the end of the paper illustrate the obtained research results. A preventive maintenance model is developed that can be applied to wind turbine hazard prevention (determining optimal times for wind turbine preventive maintenance).
{"title":"Application of the Semi-Markov Processes to Model the Enercon E82-2 Preventive Wind Turbine Maintenance System","authors":"M. Szubartowski, K. Migawa, S. Borowski, A. Neubauer, Ľubomír Hujo, Beáta Kopiláková","doi":"10.3390/en17010199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010199","url":null,"abstract":"The share of wind energy in the energy mix is continuously increasing. However, a very important issue associated with its generation is the high failure rate of wind turbines. This situation particularly concerns large wind turbines, which are expensive and have a lower tolerance for system damage caused by various failures and faults. Vulnerable components include sensors, electronic control units, electrical systems, hydraulic systems, generators, gearboxes, rotor blades, and so on. As a result, significant emphasis is placed on improving the reliability, availability, and productivity of wind turbines. It is extremely important to detect and identify abnormalities as early as possible and predict potential failures and damages and the remaining useful life of components. One way to ensure turbine efficiency is to plan and implement preventive repairs. This work shows a semi-Markov model of a preventive maintenance system based on Enercon E82-2 wind turbines. The system’s performance quality is evaluated based on profit over time and an asymptotic availability coefficient. The developed model establishes formulas describing the efficiency functions and formulates the conditions for the existence of extremes (maxima) of these functions. Computational examples provided at the end of the paper illustrate the obtained research results. A preventive maintenance model is developed that can be applied to wind turbine hazard prevention (determining optimal times for wind turbine preventive maintenance).","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"8 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fei Xu, Tiankai Yao, Peng Xu, J. Schulthess, Mario D. Matos, Sean Gonderman, Jack Gazza, Joshua J. Kane, Nikolaus L. Cordes
Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) cladding is currently being pursued as one of the leading candidates for accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding for light water reactor applications. The morphology of fabrication defects, including the size and shape of voids, is one of the key challenges that impacts cladding performance and guarantees reactor safety. Therefore, quantification of defects’ size, location, distribution, and leak paths is critical to determining SiC CMC in-core performance. This research aims to provide quantitative insight into the defect’s distribution under multi-scale characterization at different length scales before and after different Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) irradiation tests. A non-destructive multi-scale evaluation of irradiated SiC will help to assess critical microstructural defects from production and/or experimental testing to better understand and predict overall cladding performance. X-ray computed tomography (XCT), a non-destructive, data-rich characterization technique, is combined with lower length scale electronic microscopic characterization, which provides microscale morphology and structural characterization. This paper discusses a fully automatic workflow to detect and analyze SiC-SiC defects using image processing techniques on 3D X-ray images. Following the XCT data analysis, advanced characterizations from focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to verify the findings from the XCT data, especially quantitative results from local nano-scale TEM 3D tomography data, which were utilized to complement the 3D XCT results. In this work, three SiC samples (two irradiated and one unirradiated) provided by General Atomics are investigated. The irradiated samples were irradiated in a way that was expected to induce cracking, and indeed, the automated workflow developed in this work was able to successfully identify and characterize the defects formation in the irradiated samples while detecting no observed cracking in the unirradiated sample. These results demonstrate the value of automated XCT tools to better understand the damage and damage propagation in SiC-SiC structures for nuclear applications.
碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷基复合材料（CMC）包层是目前轻水反应堆应用中事故耐受燃料（ATF）包层的主要候选材料之一。制造缺陷的形态，包括空隙的大小和形状，是影响包层性能和保证反应堆安全的关键挑战之一。因此，量化缺陷的尺寸、位置、分布和泄漏路径对于确定碳化硅 CMC 内核性能至关重要。本研究旨在对不同瞬态反应堆试验设施（TREAT）辐照试验前后不同长度尺度的多尺度表征下的缺陷分布进行定量分析。对经过辐照的碳化硅进行非破坏性多尺度评估将有助于评估生产和/或实验测试中的关键微结构缺陷，从而更好地了解和预测覆层的整体性能。X 射线计算机断层扫描 (XCT) 是一种无损、数据丰富的表征技术，它与较低长度尺度的电子显微镜表征相结合，可提供微尺度的形态和结构表征。本文讨论了利用三维 X 射线图像的图像处理技术检测和分析 SiC-SiC 缺陷的全自动工作流程。在 XCT 数据分析之后，通过聚焦离子束 (FIB) 和透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 进行了高级表征，以验证 XCT 数据的发现，特别是局部纳米尺度 TEM 3D 层析成像数据的定量结果，这些数据被用来补充 3D XCT 结果。在这项工作中，对通用原子公司提供的三个 SiC 样品（两个经过辐照，一个未经过辐照）进行了研究。辐照样品的辐照方式预计会诱发裂纹，而实际上，在这项工作中开发的自动化工作流程能够成功识别和表征辐照样品中缺陷的形成，同时在未辐照样品中未检测到任何裂纹。这些结果证明了自动化 XCT 工具在更好地了解用于核应用的 SiC-SiC 结构中的损伤和损伤传播方面的价值。
{"title":"Multi-Scale Characterization of Porosity and Cracks in Silicon Carbide Cladding after Transient Reactor Test Facility Irradiation","authors":"Fei Xu, Tiankai Yao, Peng Xu, J. Schulthess, Mario D. Matos, Sean Gonderman, Jack Gazza, Joshua J. Kane, Nikolaus L. Cordes","doi":"10.3390/en17010197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010197","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) cladding is currently being pursued as one of the leading candidates for accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding for light water reactor applications. The morphology of fabrication defects, including the size and shape of voids, is one of the key challenges that impacts cladding performance and guarantees reactor safety. Therefore, quantification of defects’ size, location, distribution, and leak paths is critical to determining SiC CMC in-core performance. This research aims to provide quantitative insight into the defect’s distribution under multi-scale characterization at different length scales before and after different Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) irradiation tests. A non-destructive multi-scale evaluation of irradiated SiC will help to assess critical microstructural defects from production and/or experimental testing to better understand and predict overall cladding performance. X-ray computed tomography (XCT), a non-destructive, data-rich characterization technique, is combined with lower length scale electronic microscopic characterization, which provides microscale morphology and structural characterization. This paper discusses a fully automatic workflow to detect and analyze SiC-SiC defects using image processing techniques on 3D X-ray images. Following the XCT data analysis, advanced characterizations from focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to verify the findings from the XCT data, especially quantitative results from local nano-scale TEM 3D tomography data, which were utilized to complement the 3D XCT results. In this work, three SiC samples (two irradiated and one unirradiated) provided by General Atomics are investigated. The irradiated samples were irradiated in a way that was expected to induce cracking, and indeed, the automated workflow developed in this work was able to successfully identify and characterize the defects formation in the irradiated samples while detecting no observed cracking in the unirradiated sample. These results demonstrate the value of automated XCT tools to better understand the damage and damage propagation in SiC-SiC structures for nuclear applications.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With increasingly stringent emissions legislation, such as that stipulated by the International Maritime Organization, for nitrogen oxide emission reduction in marine diesel engines, the imperative of curtailing nitrogen oxide emissions from marine diesel engines is intensifying. Consequently, the significance of aftertreatment technologies, including diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR), is poised to grow substantially. In particular, a redesign is required to reduce the size of DPF and SCR systems for application in small ships. In this study, we varied the shape of the filters in DPF and SCR systems, aiming to achieve a distinct flow pattern and enable overall miniaturization. The performance metrics, including the nitric oxide (NO) reduction rate, NH3 slip rate, and pressure drop, of the redesigned models were compared with those of the conventional model. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to compare the performance of the redesigned model with that of the conventional model in terms of NO reduction and pressure drop. The redesigned system achieved a NO reduction rate of 6.9% below that of the conventional system, offering additional noteworthy benefits such as a 50% reduction in both pressure and overall length.
随着国际海事组织等排放法规对船用柴油发动机氮氧化物减排要求的日益严格，减少船用柴油发动机氮氧化物排放的迫切性也在不断加强。因此，包括柴油微粒过滤器（DPF）和选择性催化还原（SCR）在内的后处理技术的重要性将大幅提高。特别是在小型船舶上应用时，需要重新设计以减小柴油微粒滤清器和选择性催化还原系统的尺寸。在这项研究中，我们改变了柴油微粒滤清器和选择性催化还原系统中过滤器的形状，旨在实现独特的流动模式和整体小型化。重新设计的模型与传统模型的性能指标进行了比较，包括一氧化氮（NO）还原率、NH3 滑移率和压降。通过计算流体动力学模拟，比较了重新设计模型与传统模型在减少 NO 和压降方面的性能。重新设计的系统实现了比传统系统低 6.9% 的氮氧化物减排率，并提供了更多值得注意的优势，如压力和总长度均减少了 50%。
{"title":"Numerical Study on Compact Design in Marine Urea-SCR Systems for Small Ship Applications","authors":"Wontak Choi, Seunggi Choi, Sangkyung Na, Dongmin Shin, Hyomin Jeong, Yonmo Sung","doi":"10.3390/en17010187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010187","url":null,"abstract":"With increasingly stringent emissions legislation, such as that stipulated by the International Maritime Organization, for nitrogen oxide emission reduction in marine diesel engines, the imperative of curtailing nitrogen oxide emissions from marine diesel engines is intensifying. Consequently, the significance of aftertreatment technologies, including diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR), is poised to grow substantially. In particular, a redesign is required to reduce the size of DPF and SCR systems for application in small ships. In this study, we varied the shape of the filters in DPF and SCR systems, aiming to achieve a distinct flow pattern and enable overall miniaturization. The performance metrics, including the nitric oxide (NO) reduction rate, NH3 slip rate, and pressure drop, of the redesigned models were compared with those of the conventional model. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to compare the performance of the redesigned model with that of the conventional model in terms of NO reduction and pressure drop. The redesigned system achieved a NO reduction rate of 6.9% below that of the conventional system, offering additional noteworthy benefits such as a 50% reduction in both pressure and overall length.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with an electrothermal model of a thermoelectric converter dedicated to performing simulations of coupled thermal and electrical phenomena taking place in harvesting processes. The proposed model is used to estimate the electrical energy gain from waste heat that would be sufficient to supply electronic circuits, in particular autonomous battery-less nodes of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The developed model is not limited to low-power electronic solutions such as WSN or IoT; it can also be scaled up and applied to simulations of considerably higher thermal power conversion. In this paper, a few practical case studies are presented that show the feasibility and suitability of the proposed model for complex simultaneous simulation processes in both the electrical and thermal domains. The first example deals with a combined simulation of the electrothermal model of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and an electronic harvester circuit based on Analog Devices’ power management integrated circuit LTC3108. The second example relates to the thermalization effect in heat sink-less harvesting applications that could be mitigated by a pulse mode operation. The unique contribution and advancement of the model is the hierarchical structure for scaling up and down, incorporating the complexity of the Seebeck effect, the Joule effect, heat conduction, as well as the temperature dependence of the used materials and the thermoelectric pellet geometries. The simulations can be performed in steady as well as transient states under changing electrical loads and temperatures.
本文论述了热电转换器的电热模型，该模型专门用于模拟采集过程中发生的热电耦合现象。提出的模型用于估算从废热中获得的电能，该电能足以为电子电路供电，特别是无线传感器网络（WSN）和物联网（IoT）设备的自主无电池节点。所开发的模型并不局限于 WSN 或物联网等低功耗电子解决方案；它还可以放大并应用于相当高的热功率转换模拟。本文介绍了几个实际案例研究，展示了所提模型在电气和热领域复杂同步仿真过程中的可行性和适用性。第一个例子涉及热电发电机 (TEG) 电热模型和基于 Analog Devices 电源管理集成电路 LTC3108 的电子收割机电路的组合仿真。第二个示例涉及无散热器采集应用中的热化效应，这种效应可通过脉冲模式操作来缓解。该模型的独特贡献和先进之处在于采用了可向上和向下扩展的分层结构，将塞贝克效应、焦耳效应、热传导的复杂性以及所用材料和热电颗粒几何形状的温度依赖性纳入其中。模拟可在不断变化的电力负载和温度条件下在稳定和瞬态状态下进行。
{"title":"An Efficient Electrothermal Model of a Thermoelectric Converter for a Thermal Energy Harvesting Process Simulation and Electronic Circuits Powering","authors":"P. Dziurdzia, P. Bratek, Michał Markiewicz","doi":"10.3390/en17010204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010204","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an electrothermal model of a thermoelectric converter dedicated to performing simulations of coupled thermal and electrical phenomena taking place in harvesting processes. The proposed model is used to estimate the electrical energy gain from waste heat that would be sufficient to supply electronic circuits, in particular autonomous battery-less nodes of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The developed model is not limited to low-power electronic solutions such as WSN or IoT; it can also be scaled up and applied to simulations of considerably higher thermal power conversion. In this paper, a few practical case studies are presented that show the feasibility and suitability of the proposed model for complex simultaneous simulation processes in both the electrical and thermal domains. The first example deals with a combined simulation of the electrothermal model of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and an electronic harvester circuit based on Analog Devices’ power management integrated circuit LTC3108. The second example relates to the thermalization effect in heat sink-less harvesting applications that could be mitigated by a pulse mode operation. The unique contribution and advancement of the model is the hierarchical structure for scaling up and down, incorporating the complexity of the Seebeck effect, the Joule effect, heat conduction, as well as the temperature dependence of the used materials and the thermoelectric pellet geometries. The simulations can be performed in steady as well as transient states under changing electrical loads and temperatures.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryosuke Fujiwara, Yuta Ikeda, Takuto Kawaguchi, Y. Takashima, T. Tsuruoka, K. Akamatsu
SnTe is the most widely studied p-type thermoelectric (TE) alternative to PbTe. In this study, we prepared a nanostructured SnTe bulk material via spark plasma sintering from a precursor synthesized by a chemical precipitation process without using organic molecules. The sintered sample comprised tiny grains (100–300 nm) with high-density grain boundaries. Eventually, because the material would contain no impurities acting as scattering nodes of charge carriers, the material exhibited a relatively high electrical conductivity of 7.07 × 105 Sm−1 at 310 K. The material demonstrated low lattice thermal conductivity (0.87 Wm−1K−1 at 764 K), which can be owing to the increasing phonon scattering at grain boundaries. The maximum ZT was 0.31 at 764 K in the measured temperature range. This study provides a method for the design of phase-pure and surfactant-free SnTe thermoelectric materials that exhibit low lattice thermal conductivity and high carrier mobility using a chemical synthetic approach.
碲化镉（SnTe）是研究最广泛的碲化镉（PbTe）p 型热电（TE）替代材料。在本研究中，我们利用化学沉淀法合成的前驱体，在不使用有机分子的情况下，通过火花等离子烧结法制备了一种纳米结构的 SnTe 块体材料。烧结样品由具有高密度晶界的微小晶粒（100-300 nm）组成。最终，由于该材料不含作为电荷载流子散射节点的杂质，因此在 310 K 时具有相对较高的导电率（7.07 × 105 Sm-1）。该材料的晶格热导率较低（764 K 时为 0.87 Wm-1K-1），这可能是由于晶界处的声子散射增加所致。在测量温度范围内，764 K 时的最大 ZT 为 0.31。这项研究为利用化学合成方法设计相纯且不含表面活性剂的 SnTe 热电材料提供了一种方法，这种材料具有低晶格热导率和高载流子迁移率。
{"title":"Structure and Thermoelectric Characterization of p-Type SnTe Nanobulk Material Synthesized by Charge Compensation Chemical Reaction","authors":"Ryosuke Fujiwara, Yuta Ikeda, Takuto Kawaguchi, Y. Takashima, T. Tsuruoka, K. Akamatsu","doi":"10.3390/en17010190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010190","url":null,"abstract":"SnTe is the most widely studied p-type thermoelectric (TE) alternative to PbTe. In this study, we prepared a nanostructured SnTe bulk material via spark plasma sintering from a precursor synthesized by a chemical precipitation process without using organic molecules. The sintered sample comprised tiny grains (100–300 nm) with high-density grain boundaries. Eventually, because the material would contain no impurities acting as scattering nodes of charge carriers, the material exhibited a relatively high electrical conductivity of 7.07 × 105 Sm−1 at 310 K. The material demonstrated low lattice thermal conductivity (0.87 Wm−1K−1 at 764 K), which can be owing to the increasing phonon scattering at grain boundaries. The maximum ZT was 0.31 at 764 K in the measured temperature range. This study provides a method for the design of phase-pure and surfactant-free SnTe thermoelectric materials that exhibit low lattice thermal conductivity and high carrier mobility using a chemical synthetic approach.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139144054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, global warming and environmental problems have become more serious due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Harvesting solar energy for production and logistic activities in supply chains, including factories and distribution centers, has been promoted as an effective means to reduce GHG emissions. However, it is difficult to balance the supply and demand of solar energy, owing to its intermittent nature, i.e., the output depends on the daylight and season. Moreover, the use of large-capacity solar power generation systems and batteries incurs higher installation costs. In order to maintain low costs, demand-to-supply management of solar energy, based on appropriate seasonal analysis of power generation and consumption and the capacity planning for power generation and the storage battery, is necessary. In this study, the on-demand cumulative control method is applied to actual power consumption data and solar power generation data estimated at a distribution center. Moreover, the monthly, seasonal, and temporal characteristics of power generation and consumption at the distribution center are analyzed. Additionally, the total amount of power purchased is investigated for solar energy demand-to-supply management.
{"title":"Seasonal Analysis and Capacity Planning of Solar Energy Demand-to-Supply Management: Case Study of a Logistics Distribution Center","authors":"Akihiko Takada, Hiromasa Ijuin, Masayuki Matsui, Tetsuo Yamada","doi":"10.3390/en17010191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010191","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, global warming and environmental problems have become more serious due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Harvesting solar energy for production and logistic activities in supply chains, including factories and distribution centers, has been promoted as an effective means to reduce GHG emissions. However, it is difficult to balance the supply and demand of solar energy, owing to its intermittent nature, i.e., the output depends on the daylight and season. Moreover, the use of large-capacity solar power generation systems and batteries incurs higher installation costs. In order to maintain low costs, demand-to-supply management of solar energy, based on appropriate seasonal analysis of power generation and consumption and the capacity planning for power generation and the storage battery, is necessary. In this study, the on-demand cumulative control method is applied to actual power consumption data and solar power generation data estimated at a distribution center. Moreover, the monthly, seasonal, and temporal characteristics of power generation and consumption at the distribution center are analyzed. Additionally, the total amount of power purchased is investigated for solar energy demand-to-supply management.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"84 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda E. Alain, Nicole K. Bond, Scott Champagne, Robin W. Hughes, Arturo Macchi
To achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2050, carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies must be implemented to decarbonize sectors with hard-to-abate emissions. Pressurized chemical looping (PCL) with a novel reactor design called a plug flow with internal recirculation (PFIR) fluidized bed is proposed as an attractive carbon capture technology to decarbonize small- and medium-scale emitters. The objective of this work is to examine the solid circulation rate between redox reactors in a cold flow chemical looping facility using an energy balance approach. The effects of static bed height, weir opening height, purge configuration, and gas flow rate on solid circulation rate were investigated. It was determined that parameters that greatly affected the total gas momentum, such as the fluidization ratio or number of purge rows, tended to also have a large effect on solid circulation rate. Parameters that had a small effect on total gas momentum, such as bed height, did not have a measurable effect on solid circulation rate. It was noted that parameters that posed a restriction to solids flow, such as a vertical purge jet or the weir itself, decreased the solid circulation rate compared to similar tests without restrictions.
{"title":"Oxygen Carrier Circulation Rate for Novel Cold Flow Chemical Looping Reactors","authors":"Amanda E. Alain, Nicole K. Bond, Scott Champagne, Robin W. Hughes, Arturo Macchi","doi":"10.3390/en17010198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010198","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2050, carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies must be implemented to decarbonize sectors with hard-to-abate emissions. Pressurized chemical looping (PCL) with a novel reactor design called a plug flow with internal recirculation (PFIR) fluidized bed is proposed as an attractive carbon capture technology to decarbonize small- and medium-scale emitters. The objective of this work is to examine the solid circulation rate between redox reactors in a cold flow chemical looping facility using an energy balance approach. The effects of static bed height, weir opening height, purge configuration, and gas flow rate on solid circulation rate were investigated. It was determined that parameters that greatly affected the total gas momentum, such as the fluidization ratio or number of purge rows, tended to also have a large effect on solid circulation rate. Parameters that had a small effect on total gas momentum, such as bed height, did not have a measurable effect on solid circulation rate. It was noted that parameters that posed a restriction to solids flow, such as a vertical purge jet or the weir itself, decreased the solid circulation rate compared to similar tests without restrictions.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable energy sources, encompassing wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal options, are assuming an increasingly crucial role in the global energy landscape. They present a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels, effectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions and significantly contributing to the ongoing efforts against climate change. The widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies has undergone rapid expansion on a global scale, propelled by governmental policies, technological advancements, and decreasing costs. Despite their numerous advantages, renewable energy sources encounter challenges such as intermittent energy supply, storage solutions, and integration into existing power grids. Nevertheless, with sustained investment and innovation, renewable energy sources have the potential to become the predominant energy source of the future. This article conducts a bibliometric analysis of research on renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany. The analysis is grounded in publications catalogued in the Web of Science database, spanning the years from 1990 to 2023. The investigation delves into research topics related to renewable energy sources and scrutinizes the most frequently cited publications authored by individuals from these two countries. This bibliometric analysis stands out through its unique value proposition compared to other similar studies by placing a distinctive emphasis on critical research gaps, such as energy storage, smart grid technologies, and renewable energy in transportation. Additionally, the study’s focus on the specific trajectories of Poland and Germany in renewable energy adoption, coupled with the identification of key institutions with the highest centrality index, provides unparalleled insights into the evolving landscape of sustainable energy research. The findings from this study can serve as a valuable source of information for policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders interested in promoting the advancement and utilization of renewable energy sources.
可再生能源包括风能、太阳能、水能和地热能，在全球能源格局中发挥着越来越重要的作用。它们是化石燃料的可持续替代品，能有效减少温室气体排放，为应对气候变化做出巨大贡献。在政府政策、技术进步和成本下降的推动下，可再生能源技术的广泛应用在全球范围内迅速扩展。尽管可再生能源具有诸多优势，但也面临着一些挑战，如间歇性能源供应、存储解决方案以及与现有电网的整合。然而，随着持续的投资和创新，可再生能源有可能成为未来的主要能源。本文对波兰和德国的可再生能源研究进行了文献计量分析。分析以 Web of Science 数据库收录的出版物为基础，时间跨度为 1990 年至 2023 年。调查深入探讨了与可再生能源相关的研究课题，并仔细研究了这两个国家的个人撰写的最常被引用的出版物。与其他同类研究相比，这项文献计量分析具有独特的价值主张，特别强调了关键的研究空白，如能源储存、智能电网技术和交通领域的可再生能源。此外，本研究关注波兰和德国在可再生能源应用方面的具体发展轨迹，并确定了具有最高中心性指数的关键机构，从而为可持续能源研究的发展提供了无与伦比的洞察力。这项研究的结果可以为政策制定者、研究人员和其他对促进可再生能源的发展和利用感兴趣的利益相关者提供宝贵的信息来源。
{"title":"Bibliometric Analysis of Renewable Energy Research on the Example of the Two European Countries: Insights, Challenges, and Future Prospects","authors":"Paweł Kut, K. Pietrucha-Urbanik","doi":"10.3390/en17010176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010176","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy sources, encompassing wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal options, are assuming an increasingly crucial role in the global energy landscape. They present a sustainable substitute for fossil fuels, effectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions and significantly contributing to the ongoing efforts against climate change. The widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies has undergone rapid expansion on a global scale, propelled by governmental policies, technological advancements, and decreasing costs. Despite their numerous advantages, renewable energy sources encounter challenges such as intermittent energy supply, storage solutions, and integration into existing power grids. Nevertheless, with sustained investment and innovation, renewable energy sources have the potential to become the predominant energy source of the future. This article conducts a bibliometric analysis of research on renewable energy sources in Poland and Germany. The analysis is grounded in publications catalogued in the Web of Science database, spanning the years from 1990 to 2023. The investigation delves into research topics related to renewable energy sources and scrutinizes the most frequently cited publications authored by individuals from these two countries. This bibliometric analysis stands out through its unique value proposition compared to other similar studies by placing a distinctive emphasis on critical research gaps, such as energy storage, smart grid technologies, and renewable energy in transportation. Additionally, the study’s focus on the specific trajectories of Poland and Germany in renewable energy adoption, coupled with the identification of key institutions with the highest centrality index, provides unparalleled insights into the evolving landscape of sustainable energy research. The findings from this study can serve as a valuable source of information for policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders interested in promoting the advancement and utilization of renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"55 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuxuan Tan, Yue Li, Yueqing Gu, Wenjie Liu, Juan Fang, Chongchao Pan
Lithium-ion batteries are the backbone of novel energy vehicles and ultimately contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. Taking a 5 Ah ternary lithium-ion battery as an example, a two-dimensional axisymmetric electrochemical–thermal coupling model is developed via COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 in this study and then is validated with the experimental data. The proportion of different types of heat generation in a 26,650 ternary lithium-ion battery during the charge/discharge cycle is investigated numerically. Moreover, the impact of essential factors such as charge/discharge multiplier and ambient temperature on the reaction heat, ohmic heat, and polarization heat are analyzed separately. The numerical results indicate that the total heat generated by the constant discharge process is the highest in the charging and discharging cycle of a single battery. The maximum heat production per unit volume is 67,446.99 W/m3 at 2 C multiplier discharge. Furthermore, the polarization heat presents the highest percentage in the charge/discharge cycle, reaching up to 58.18% at 0 C and 1 C multiplier discharge. In a high-rate discharge, the proportion of the reaction heat decreases from 34.31% to 12.39% as the discharge rate increases from 0.5 C to 2 C. As the discharge rate rises and the ambient temperature falls, the maximum temperature increase of the single-cell battery also rises, with a more pronounced impact compared to increasing the discharge rate.
锂离子电池是新型能源汽车的支柱，最终将有助于建立更加可持续和环保的交通系统。本研究以 5 Ah 三元锂离子电池为例，通过 COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 建立了二维轴对称电化学-热耦合模型，并通过实验数据进行了验证。数值研究了 26650 块三元锂离子电池在充放电循环过程中不同类型发热的比例。此外，还分别分析了充放电倍率和环境温度等基本因素对反应热、欧姆热和极化热的影响。数值结果表明，在单个电池的充放电循环中，恒定放电过程产生的总热量最高。在 2 C 倍率放电时，单位体积产生的最大热量为 67,446.99 W/m3。此外，极化热在充放电循环中所占比例最高，在 0 C 和 1 C 倍率放电时高达 58.18%。在高倍率放电中，随着放电倍率从 0.5 C 升至 2 C，反应热的比例从 34.31% 降至 12.39%。随着放电倍率的升高和环境温度的降低，单芯电池的最大温升也随之升高，其影响比放电倍率的升高更为明显。
{"title":"Numerical Study on Heat Generation Characteristics of Charge and Discharge Cycle of the Lithium-Ion Battery","authors":"Yuxuan Tan, Yue Li, Yueqing Gu, Wenjie Liu, Juan Fang, Chongchao Pan","doi":"10.3390/en17010178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010178","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries are the backbone of novel energy vehicles and ultimately contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system. Taking a 5 Ah ternary lithium-ion battery as an example, a two-dimensional axisymmetric electrochemical–thermal coupling model is developed via COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 in this study and then is validated with the experimental data. The proportion of different types of heat generation in a 26,650 ternary lithium-ion battery during the charge/discharge cycle is investigated numerically. Moreover, the impact of essential factors such as charge/discharge multiplier and ambient temperature on the reaction heat, ohmic heat, and polarization heat are analyzed separately. The numerical results indicate that the total heat generated by the constant discharge process is the highest in the charging and discharging cycle of a single battery. The maximum heat production per unit volume is 67,446.99 W/m3 at 2 C multiplier discharge. Furthermore, the polarization heat presents the highest percentage in the charge/discharge cycle, reaching up to 58.18% at 0 C and 1 C multiplier discharge. In a high-rate discharge, the proportion of the reaction heat decreases from 34.31% to 12.39% as the discharge rate increases from 0.5 C to 2 C. As the discharge rate rises and the ambient temperature falls, the maximum temperature increase of the single-cell battery also rises, with a more pronounced impact compared to increasing the discharge rate.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cesar A. Vega Penagos, Jan L. Diaz, Omar F. Rodriguez-Martinez, Fabio Andrade, Adriana C. Luna
This article provides a comprehensive review of power grid resilience, including current metrics and definitions, as well as the procedures used to ensure and improve the resilience of a system. We also describe the different strategies used by users to ensure their own resilience. Additionally, this article highlights areas for future research and opportunities for the integration of emerging technologies such as computer vision. The main objective of this study was to explore the metrics and strategies used in power grids and for the users to improve and ensure resilience in case of events.
{"title":"Metrics and Strategies Used in Power Grid Resilience","authors":"Cesar A. Vega Penagos, Jan L. Diaz, Omar F. Rodriguez-Martinez, Fabio Andrade, Adriana C. Luna","doi":"10.3390/en17010168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010168","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive review of power grid resilience, including current metrics and definitions, as well as the procedures used to ensure and improve the resilience of a system. We also describe the different strategies used by users to ensure their own resilience. Additionally, this article highlights areas for future research and opportunities for the integration of emerging technologies such as computer vision. The main objective of this study was to explore the metrics and strategies used in power grids and for the users to improve and ensure resilience in case of events.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"34 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：