This paper reviews and evaluates work on the structural complexity of the potential carbon dioxide storage sites in the North Sea, including the nature of the reservoir structures, the reservoir rocks, the presence of inter-layers, faults, and fractures, and how these factors influence carbon dioxide capacity. In particular, the review emphasises the significance of studying caprocks in detail, not just the reservoir rock’s carbon dioxide storage capacity. This work also particularly considers reservoir simulation work on North Sea sites and illustrates the importance of using fully coupled flow–geomechanical–geochemical modelling to ensure that complex feedback and synergistic effects are not missed. It includes comparisons with other sites where relevant. It also discusses recent challenges and controversies that have arisen from simulations of sequestration in North Sea reservoirs and the need for comprehensive field data to resolve these issues.
{"title":"Storage Sites for Carbon Dioxide in the North Sea and Their Particular Characteristics","authors":"Sean P. Rigby, Ali Alsayah","doi":"10.3390/en17010211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews and evaluates work on the structural complexity of the potential carbon dioxide storage sites in the North Sea, including the nature of the reservoir structures, the reservoir rocks, the presence of inter-layers, faults, and fractures, and how these factors influence carbon dioxide capacity. In particular, the review emphasises the significance of studying caprocks in detail, not just the reservoir rock’s carbon dioxide storage capacity. This work also particularly considers reservoir simulation work on North Sea sites and illustrates the importance of using fully coupled flow–geomechanical–geochemical modelling to ensure that complex feedback and synergistic effects are not missed. It includes comparisons with other sites where relevant. It also discusses recent challenges and controversies that have arisen from simulations of sequestration in North Sea reservoirs and the need for comprehensive field data to resolve these issues.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hasan Hamdan, S. Dol, Abdelrahman Hosny Gomaa, Aghyad B. Al Tahhan, Ahmad Al Ramahi, Haya Fares Turkmani, M. Alkhedher, R. Ajaj
This study combines experimental and numerical evaluations of Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbines (VBWTs) to understand their potential in renewable energy generation. The methodology employs Two-Way Fluid–Solid Interface (FSI) simulations, alongside real-world data, providing important insights into the turbine’s vibration dynamics and flow interactions during operation. Key findings include identifying optimal vibration frequencies and amplitudes that enhance energy harvesting and a clear advantage in power-generation estimations shown by one of the models used. The study reveals possible applications of VBWT in various settings like airport runways, highways, and buildings, indicating a promising avenue for incorporating such renewable-energy solutions. Discussions on the economic feasibility and environmental benefits of VBWT deployment are also presented, suggesting a need for further research and optimization in this area. A conceptual generator design and business model are introduced as part of a broader discussion on technology integration and energy storage. The research in this study encompasses experimental and numerical analysis, to achieve a broader understanding of the workings of a VBWT, realizing the feasibility of using such systems in lower-wind-speed conditions and upscaling to higher-wind-speed cases.
{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of Novel Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbine with an Economic Feasibility Analysis and Investigation of Environmental Benefits","authors":"Hasan Hamdan, S. Dol, Abdelrahman Hosny Gomaa, Aghyad B. Al Tahhan, Ahmad Al Ramahi, Haya Fares Turkmani, M. Alkhedher, R. Ajaj","doi":"10.3390/en17010214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010214","url":null,"abstract":"This study combines experimental and numerical evaluations of Vortex Bladeless Wind Turbines (VBWTs) to understand their potential in renewable energy generation. The methodology employs Two-Way Fluid–Solid Interface (FSI) simulations, alongside real-world data, providing important insights into the turbine’s vibration dynamics and flow interactions during operation. Key findings include identifying optimal vibration frequencies and amplitudes that enhance energy harvesting and a clear advantage in power-generation estimations shown by one of the models used. The study reveals possible applications of VBWT in various settings like airport runways, highways, and buildings, indicating a promising avenue for incorporating such renewable-energy solutions. Discussions on the economic feasibility and environmental benefits of VBWT deployment are also presented, suggesting a need for further research and optimization in this area. A conceptual generator design and business model are introduced as part of a broader discussion on technology integration and energy storage. The research in this study encompasses experimental and numerical analysis, to achieve a broader understanding of the workings of a VBWT, realizing the feasibility of using such systems in lower-wind-speed conditions and upscaling to higher-wind-speed cases.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Warmiński, Klaudia Anna Jankowska, A. Bęś, M. Stolarski
As living standards improve worldwide, the demand for energy increases. However, climate changes and decreasing fossil fuel deposits have increased interest in renewable energy sources, including pellets produced from forest residues. This study aimed to compare changes in concentration of gases (CO, CO2, O2, volatile organic compounds—VOCs) in enclosed headspaces above pellets produced from deciduous (oak OA, birch BI) and coniferous (pine PI, spruce SP) dendromass and selected types of commercial pellets during their storage. The experiment measured the concentration of gas released from the pellets in storage daily for 14 days. The highest mean CO concentration was found for PI pellets (1194 ppm), and the lowest was for OA (63.3 ppm). Likewise, the highest CO2 concentration was noted for PI pellets (4650 ppm), and the lowest was for BI (1279 ppm). The largest VOC amount was released in the headspace above PI (88.8 ppm), and the smallest was above BI (4.6 ppm). The oxygen concentration was the lowest as measured for PI (minimum 16.1% v/v) and for SP (19.3% v/v). The threshold limit value (8 h) for CO was exceeded for all the pellets under analysis and, in the case of CO2, only for PI after day 10 of incubation. The study findings are extremely important from a scientific (but mainly from a practical) perspective because of the safety of storing and transporting wood pellets. The knowledge of autooxidation processes in those biofuels can help organize their logistics and storage and result in proper warehouse ventilation and monitoring of noxious gases.
{"title":"Off-Gassing and Oxygen Depletion in Headspaces of Solid Biofuels Produced from Forest Residue Biomass","authors":"K. Warmiński, Klaudia Anna Jankowska, A. Bęś, M. Stolarski","doi":"10.3390/en17010216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010216","url":null,"abstract":"As living standards improve worldwide, the demand for energy increases. However, climate changes and decreasing fossil fuel deposits have increased interest in renewable energy sources, including pellets produced from forest residues. This study aimed to compare changes in concentration of gases (CO, CO2, O2, volatile organic compounds—VOCs) in enclosed headspaces above pellets produced from deciduous (oak OA, birch BI) and coniferous (pine PI, spruce SP) dendromass and selected types of commercial pellets during their storage. The experiment measured the concentration of gas released from the pellets in storage daily for 14 days. The highest mean CO concentration was found for PI pellets (1194 ppm), and the lowest was for OA (63.3 ppm). Likewise, the highest CO2 concentration was noted for PI pellets (4650 ppm), and the lowest was for BI (1279 ppm). The largest VOC amount was released in the headspace above PI (88.8 ppm), and the smallest was above BI (4.6 ppm). The oxygen concentration was the lowest as measured for PI (minimum 16.1% v/v) and for SP (19.3% v/v). The threshold limit value (8 h) for CO was exceeded for all the pellets under analysis and, in the case of CO2, only for PI after day 10 of incubation. The study findings are extremely important from a scientific (but mainly from a practical) perspective because of the safety of storing and transporting wood pellets. The knowledge of autooxidation processes in those biofuels can help organize their logistics and storage and result in proper warehouse ventilation and monitoring of noxious gases.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Marchiori, Maria Vitoria Morais, André Studart, António Albuquerque, Luis Andrade Pais, Luis Ferreira Gomes, V. Cavaleiro
Geoenvironmental engineering involves defining solutions for complex problems, such as containment systems management, contaminant transport control, wastewater management, remediation of contaminated sites and valorization of geomaterials and wastes. In the last years, energy harvesting (EH)—or energy scavenging—methods and technologies have been developed to reduce the dependence on traditional energy sources, namely fossil fuels, and nuclear power, also responding to the increase in energy demands for human activities and to fulfill sustainable development goals. EH in geoenvironmental works and the surrounding soil and water environment includes a set of processes for capturing and accumulating energy from several sources considered wasted or unusable associated with soil dynamics; the stress and strain of geomaterials, hydraulic, vibrations, biochemical, light, heating and wind sources can be potential EH systems. Therefore, this work presents a review of the literature and critical analysis on the main opportunities for EH capturing, accumulating and use in geoenvironmental works, among basic electric concepts and mechanisms, analyzing these works in complex conditions involving biological-, chemical-, mechanical-, hydraulic- and thermal-coupled actions, concluding with the main investigation and challenges within geoenvironmental aspects for EH purposes.
{"title":"Energy Harvesting Opportunities in Geoenvironmental Engineering","authors":"L. Marchiori, Maria Vitoria Morais, André Studart, António Albuquerque, Luis Andrade Pais, Luis Ferreira Gomes, V. Cavaleiro","doi":"10.3390/en17010215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010215","url":null,"abstract":"Geoenvironmental engineering involves defining solutions for complex problems, such as containment systems management, contaminant transport control, wastewater management, remediation of contaminated sites and valorization of geomaterials and wastes. In the last years, energy harvesting (EH)—or energy scavenging—methods and technologies have been developed to reduce the dependence on traditional energy sources, namely fossil fuels, and nuclear power, also responding to the increase in energy demands for human activities and to fulfill sustainable development goals. EH in geoenvironmental works and the surrounding soil and water environment includes a set of processes for capturing and accumulating energy from several sources considered wasted or unusable associated with soil dynamics; the stress and strain of geomaterials, hydraulic, vibrations, biochemical, light, heating and wind sources can be potential EH systems. Therefore, this work presents a review of the literature and critical analysis on the main opportunities for EH capturing, accumulating and use in geoenvironmental works, among basic electric concepts and mechanisms, analyzing these works in complex conditions involving biological-, chemical-, mechanical-, hydraulic- and thermal-coupled actions, concluding with the main investigation and challenges within geoenvironmental aspects for EH purposes.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 54","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javier E. Santos-Ramos, Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, J. López-Lezama, N. Muñoz-Galeano, W. M. Villa-Acevedo
This paper addresses the protection coordination problem of microgrids combining unsupervised learning techniques, metaheuristic optimization and non-standard characteristics of directional over-current relays (DOCRs). Microgrids may operate under different topologies or operative scenarios. In this case, clustering techniques such as K-means, balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies (BIRCH), Gaussian mixture, and hierarchical clustering were implemented to classify the operational scenarios of the microgrid. Such scenarios were previously defined according to the type of generation in operation and the topology of the network. Then, four metaheuristic techniques, namely, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) were used to solve the coordination problem of every cluster of operative scenarios. Furthermore, non-standard characteristics of DOCRs were also used. The number of clusters was limited to the maximum number of setting setting groups within commercial DOCRs. In the optimization model, each relay is evaluated based on three optimization variables, namely: time multiplier setting (TMS), the upper limit of the plug setting multiplier (PSM), and the standard characteristic curve (SCC). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through various tests conducted on a benchmark test microgrid.
本文结合无监督学习技术、元搜索优化和定向过流继电器（DOCR）的非标准特性，探讨了微电网的保护协调问题。微电网可能在不同的拓扑结构或运行场景下运行。在这种情况下，采用 K 均值、平衡迭代还原和分层聚类（BIRCH）、高斯混合和分层聚类等聚类技术来对微电网的运行场景进行分类。这些情景是根据运行中的发电类型和网络拓扑结构预先确定的。然后，使用四种元启发式技术，即遗传算法（GA）、粒子群优化（PSO）、入侵杂草优化（IWO）和人工蜂群（ABC）来解决每个运行场景聚类的协调问题。此外，还使用了 DOCR 的非标准特征。群组的数量被限制在商用 DOCR 设置组的最大数量。在优化模型中，每个继电器都根据三个优化变量进行评估，即：时间乘数设置（TMS）、插头设置乘数上限（PSM）和标准特性曲线（SCC）。通过在基准测试微电网上进行的各种测试，证明了所提方法的有效性。
{"title":"Microgrid Protection Coordination Considering Clustering and Metaheuristic Optimization","authors":"Javier E. Santos-Ramos, Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, J. López-Lezama, N. Muñoz-Galeano, W. M. Villa-Acevedo","doi":"10.3390/en17010210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010210","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the protection coordination problem of microgrids combining unsupervised learning techniques, metaheuristic optimization and non-standard characteristics of directional over-current relays (DOCRs). Microgrids may operate under different topologies or operative scenarios. In this case, clustering techniques such as K-means, balanced iterative reducing and clustering using hierarchies (BIRCH), Gaussian mixture, and hierarchical clustering were implemented to classify the operational scenarios of the microgrid. Such scenarios were previously defined according to the type of generation in operation and the topology of the network. Then, four metaheuristic techniques, namely, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) were used to solve the coordination problem of every cluster of operative scenarios. Furthermore, non-standard characteristics of DOCRs were also used. The number of clusters was limited to the maximum number of setting setting groups within commercial DOCRs. In the optimization model, each relay is evaluated based on three optimization variables, namely: time multiplier setting (TMS), the upper limit of the plug setting multiplier (PSM), and the standard characteristic curve (SCC). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through various tests conducted on a benchmark test microgrid.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The capability of the standard SST k-ω turbulence model for the prediction of jet impingement cooling characteristics using a coarse mesh is investigated. The discussion is based on a sensitivity study with five computational grids, differing from each other in topology and resolution. The analysis considers a hexagonal configuration of turbulent jets at the inlet Reynolds number equal to 20,000, with the distance between the nozzle and target plates equal to four nozzle diameters. The results of steady RANS simulations are validated against the time-averaged LES results and data from experiments. The mean heat transfer characteristics of turbulent impinging jets have been successfully reproduced with all tested grids, which indicates that for a rather accurate mean heat transfer prediction, it is not necessary to resolve all the small-scale flow features of impinging jets above the target plate.
研究了标准 SST k-ω 湍流模型使用粗网格预测射流撞击冷却特性的能力。讨论基于对拓扑结构和分辨率各不相同的五个计算网格的敏感性研究。分析考虑了入口雷诺数等于 20,000 时湍流射流的六边形配置，喷嘴和靶板之间的距离等于四个喷嘴直径。稳定 RANS 模拟结果与时间平均 LES 结果和实验数据进行了验证。所有测试网格都成功地再现了湍流撞击射流的平均传热特性，这表明要获得相当精确的平均传热预测，并不需要解决靶板上方撞击射流的所有小尺度流动特征。
{"title":"Prediction of Mean Heat Transfer Characteristics of Multiple Impinging Jets with Steady RANS Simulation Using a Coarse Mesh","authors":"M. Draksler, M. Tekavčič","doi":"10.3390/en17010196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010196","url":null,"abstract":"The capability of the standard SST k-ω turbulence model for the prediction of jet impingement cooling characteristics using a coarse mesh is investigated. The discussion is based on a sensitivity study with five computational grids, differing from each other in topology and resolution. The analysis considers a hexagonal configuration of turbulent jets at the inlet Reynolds number equal to 20,000, with the distance between the nozzle and target plates equal to four nozzle diameters. The results of steady RANS simulations are validated against the time-averaged LES results and data from experiments. The mean heat transfer characteristics of turbulent impinging jets have been successfully reproduced with all tested grids, which indicates that for a rather accurate mean heat transfer prediction, it is not necessary to resolve all the small-scale flow features of impinging jets above the target plate.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Zubair Asif Bhatti, A. Siddique, Waseem Aslam, Shahid Atiq
This research article presents a comprehensive investigation into the design, optimization, and performance analysis of a hybrid stand-alone microgrid for an industrial facility in Iraq at coordinates 36.51 and 43.99. The system consists of photovoltaic (PV) modules, inverters, a battery energy storage system (BESS), a generator, and AC loads. Leveraging the capabilities of PVsyst version 7.3.1, HOMER Pro version 3.14.2 and SAM version 2022.11.21 software tools, this study assesses the feasibility and functionality of the hybrid stand-alone microgrid. In this study, PVsyst software is used for detailed designing and analysis of a PV plant, and the PVsyst design file is then used in HOMER Pro software to optimize and design the proposed hybrid stand-alone microgrid, and for detailed performance analysis SAM software is employed. This paper also investigates the impact of ground clearance and ground albedo on the annual generation of bifacial PV modules at various tilt angles. Key findings include a promising normalized production rate of 4.53 kWh/kWp/day with a performance ratio of 0.815 and annual energy production estimates of 84.31 MWh (P50), 79.57 MWh (P90), and 78.24 MWh (P95) for monofacial PV modules, highlighting the system’s potential for renewable energy generation. Notably, this research demonstrates the hybrid stand-alone microgrid’s capacity to significantly reduce CO2 emissions, saving approximately 1811.6 tons over a 30-year period, thus contributing to sustainability and environmental conservation goals. Additionally, this study reveals operational challenges during the winter months, necessitating generator support to meet load demands. The successful installation and experimental validation of the hybrid stand-alone microgrid underscore its practical viability and its role in advancing clean energy solutions. This research provides valuable insights into hybrid stand-alone microgrid design, emphasizing its importance in ensuring reliable power supply and environmental stewardship.
本研究文章介绍了对坐标为 36.51 和 43.99 的伊拉克工业设施的混合独立微电网的设计、优化和性能分析的综合研究。该系统由光伏（PV）模块、逆变器、电池储能系统（BESS）、发电机和交流负载组成。本研究利用 PVsyst 7.3.1 版、HOMER Pro 3.14.2 版和 SAM 2022.11.21 版软件工具的功能，评估了混合独立微电网的可行性和功能性。本研究使用 PVsyst 软件对光伏电站进行详细设计和分析，然后在 HOMER Pro 软件中使用 PVsyst 设计文件对拟议的混合独立微电网进行优化和设计，并使用 SAM 软件进行详细的性能分析。本文还研究了不同倾角下地面间隙和地面反照率对双面光伏组件年发电量的影响。主要研究结果包括：单面光伏组件的归一化生产率为 4.53 千瓦时/千瓦时/天，性能比为 0.815；年发电量估计为 84.31 兆瓦时（P50）、79.57 兆瓦时（P90）和 78.24 兆瓦时（P95），凸显了该系统在可再生能源发电方面的潜力。值得注意的是，本研究证明了混合独立微电网能够显著减少二氧化碳排放，在 30 年内可节省约 1811.6 吨二氧化碳，从而有助于实现可持续发展和环境保护目标。此外，这项研究还揭示了冬季的运行挑战，需要发电机支持以满足负载需求。混合独立微电网的成功安装和实验验证强调了其实际可行性及其在推进清洁能源解决方案中的作用。这项研究为混合独立微电网设计提供了宝贵的见解，强调了其在确保可靠供电和环境管理方面的重要性。
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Stand-Alone Microgrid","authors":"Muhammad Zubair Asif Bhatti, A. Siddique, Waseem Aslam, Shahid Atiq","doi":"10.3390/en17010200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010200","url":null,"abstract":"This research article presents a comprehensive investigation into the design, optimization, and performance analysis of a hybrid stand-alone microgrid for an industrial facility in Iraq at coordinates 36.51 and 43.99. The system consists of photovoltaic (PV) modules, inverters, a battery energy storage system (BESS), a generator, and AC loads. Leveraging the capabilities of PVsyst version 7.3.1, HOMER Pro version 3.14.2 and SAM version 2022.11.21 software tools, this study assesses the feasibility and functionality of the hybrid stand-alone microgrid. In this study, PVsyst software is used for detailed designing and analysis of a PV plant, and the PVsyst design file is then used in HOMER Pro software to optimize and design the proposed hybrid stand-alone microgrid, and for detailed performance analysis SAM software is employed. This paper also investigates the impact of ground clearance and ground albedo on the annual generation of bifacial PV modules at various tilt angles. Key findings include a promising normalized production rate of 4.53 kWh/kWp/day with a performance ratio of 0.815 and annual energy production estimates of 84.31 MWh (P50), 79.57 MWh (P90), and 78.24 MWh (P95) for monofacial PV modules, highlighting the system’s potential for renewable energy generation. Notably, this research demonstrates the hybrid stand-alone microgrid’s capacity to significantly reduce CO2 emissions, saving approximately 1811.6 tons over a 30-year period, thus contributing to sustainability and environmental conservation goals. Additionally, this study reveals operational challenges during the winter months, necessitating generator support to meet load demands. The successful installation and experimental validation of the hybrid stand-alone microgrid underscore its practical viability and its role in advancing clean energy solutions. This research provides valuable insights into hybrid stand-alone microgrid design, emphasizing its importance in ensuring reliable power supply and environmental stewardship.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"73 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuseppe Di Luca, G. Di Blasio, A. Gimelli, D. Misul
The transport sector is tackling the challenge of reducing vehicle pollutant emissions and carbon footprints by means of a shift to electrified powertrains, i.e., battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, electrified vehicles pose new issues associated with the design and energy management for the efficient use of onboard energy storage systems (ESSs). Thus, strong attention should be devoted to ensuring the safety and efficient operation of the ESSs. In this framework, a dedicated battery management system (BMS) is required to contemporaneously optimize the battery’s state of charge (SoC) and to increase the battery’s lifespan through tight control of its state of health (SoH). Despite the advancements in the modern onboard BMS, more detailed data-driven algorithms for SoC, SoH, and fault diagnosis cannot be implemented due to limited computing capabilities. To overcome such limitations, the conceptualization and/or implementation of BMS in-cloud applications are under investigation. The present study hence aims to produce a new and comprehensive review of the advancements in battery management solutions in terms of functionality, usability, and drawbacks, with specific attention to cloud-based BMS solutions as well as SoC and SoH prediction and estimation. Current gaps and challenges are addressed considering V2X connectivity to fully exploit the latest cloud-based solutions.
{"title":"Review on Battery State Estimation and Management Solutions for Next-Generation Connected Vehicles","authors":"Giuseppe Di Luca, G. Di Blasio, A. Gimelli, D. Misul","doi":"10.3390/en17010202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010202","url":null,"abstract":"The transport sector is tackling the challenge of reducing vehicle pollutant emissions and carbon footprints by means of a shift to electrified powertrains, i.e., battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, electrified vehicles pose new issues associated with the design and energy management for the efficient use of onboard energy storage systems (ESSs). Thus, strong attention should be devoted to ensuring the safety and efficient operation of the ESSs. In this framework, a dedicated battery management system (BMS) is required to contemporaneously optimize the battery’s state of charge (SoC) and to increase the battery’s lifespan through tight control of its state of health (SoH). Despite the advancements in the modern onboard BMS, more detailed data-driven algorithms for SoC, SoH, and fault diagnosis cannot be implemented due to limited computing capabilities. To overcome such limitations, the conceptualization and/or implementation of BMS in-cloud applications are under investigation. The present study hence aims to produce a new and comprehensive review of the advancements in battery management solutions in terms of functionality, usability, and drawbacks, with specific attention to cloud-based BMS solutions as well as SoC and SoH prediction and estimation. Current gaps and challenges are addressed considering V2X connectivity to fully exploit the latest cloud-based solutions.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139143347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the continuous promotion of digital transformation in the field of power transformation, the diversification of application scenarios, and the scale of pilot construction, the real-time, concurrency, and security requirements for data fusion and application support of the power monitoring system, management information system, and other business platforms are getting higher and higher, and this paper puts forward a high concurrency and availability “cloud-side-end collaboration” based on edge computing. This paper proposes a high concurrency and availability “cloud, edge and end collaboration” architecture based on edge computing for substation operation support systems. First, this paper summarizes the development status of domestic substation operation support systems and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various technical architectures. Then, a “cloud-side-end cooperative” substation operation support system architecture with “high real-time, high concurrency, high security and high stability” is proposed, which focuses on remote inspection, remote operation, and remote safety control of substation businesses from the perspective of engineering applications. It realizes transparent monitoring of equipment operation, unified management of operation data, and integration of production command and decision-making; solves the problems of dispersed coexistence of multiple systems for dispatching, monitoring, analysis, management, and other businesses, switching between multiple systems, and insufficient real-time and stability of the system; and controls the risks of the grid, reduces the potential safety hazards, and solves the contradiction between the continuous growth of the grid equipment and the shortage of production personnel. The results of engineering application examples show that the proposed architecture compared with the existing system architecture has greater advantages and can meet the requirements of large-scale access to the substation, with feasible popularization and application.
{"title":"Research on Edge-Computing-Based High Concurrency and Availability “Cloud, Edge, and End Collaboration” Substation Operation Support System and Applications","authors":"Yun Long, Yude Bao, Linjun Zeng","doi":"10.3390/en17010194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010194","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous promotion of digital transformation in the field of power transformation, the diversification of application scenarios, and the scale of pilot construction, the real-time, concurrency, and security requirements for data fusion and application support of the power monitoring system, management information system, and other business platforms are getting higher and higher, and this paper puts forward a high concurrency and availability “cloud-side-end collaboration” based on edge computing. This paper proposes a high concurrency and availability “cloud, edge and end collaboration” architecture based on edge computing for substation operation support systems. First, this paper summarizes the development status of domestic substation operation support systems and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various technical architectures. Then, a “cloud-side-end cooperative” substation operation support system architecture with “high real-time, high concurrency, high security and high stability” is proposed, which focuses on remote inspection, remote operation, and remote safety control of substation businesses from the perspective of engineering applications. It realizes transparent monitoring of equipment operation, unified management of operation data, and integration of production command and decision-making; solves the problems of dispersed coexistence of multiple systems for dispatching, monitoring, analysis, management, and other businesses, switching between multiple systems, and insufficient real-time and stability of the system; and controls the risks of the grid, reduces the potential safety hazards, and solves the contradiction between the continuous growth of the grid equipment and the shortage of production personnel. The results of engineering application examples show that the proposed architecture compared with the existing system architecture has greater advantages and can meet the requirements of large-scale access to the substation, with feasible popularization and application.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"160 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi-ming Yan, Jiangfeng Wang, Jianying Lan, Keyu Li
The efficiency of supersonic combustion is largely dependent on inlet and injection parameters. Additional energy input is required in some off-design conditions, and nanosecond discharge actuation can be a solution. In the present study, a phenomenological model of a nanosecond-pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge (NS-SDBD) actuator was developed to analyze the combustion enhancement effect for a supersonic combustor with transverse H2 injection. A seven-reaction H2–air combustion model was adopted for the numerical simulation. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) was employed to acquire temperature perturbation in spatial and temporal domains. The results show that the actuator provides additional temperature-increment and species transportation through compression waves. The combustion enhancement effect is mainly attributed to the flow perturbation in the shear layer, which promotes the turbulent diffusion of fuel. Given the same power input, the combustion efficiency at the shockwave reflection point is increased by 17.5%, and the flame height is increased by 15.4% at its maximum.
{"title":"A Numerical Investigation of Supersonic Combustion Flow Control by Nanosecond-Pulsed Actuations","authors":"Yi-ming Yan, Jiangfeng Wang, Jianying Lan, Keyu Li","doi":"10.3390/en17010201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010201","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of supersonic combustion is largely dependent on inlet and injection parameters. Additional energy input is required in some off-design conditions, and nanosecond discharge actuation can be a solution. In the present study, a phenomenological model of a nanosecond-pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge (NS-SDBD) actuator was developed to analyze the combustion enhancement effect for a supersonic combustor with transverse H2 injection. A seven-reaction H2–air combustion model was adopted for the numerical simulation. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) was employed to acquire temperature perturbation in spatial and temporal domains. The results show that the actuator provides additional temperature-increment and species transportation through compression waves. The combustion enhancement effect is mainly attributed to the flow perturbation in the shear layer, which promotes the turbulent diffusion of fuel. Given the same power input, the combustion efficiency at the shockwave reflection point is increased by 17.5%, and the flame height is increased by 15.4% at its maximum.","PeriodicalId":11557,"journal":{"name":"Energies","volume":"104 s1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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