IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133725

Yu Yang, Reo Kai, Hiroaki Watanabe

Formaldehyde (HCHO), typically known as an industrial waste gas, can be recycled to generate syngas. Our study focuses on the high-temperature and high-pressure treatment of formaldehyde, including pyrolysis, oxidation, and supercritical H₂O/CO₂ (scH₂O/scCO₂) co-pyrolysis via reactive molecular dynamics. Results showed that in the pyrolysis, the primary final products are H₂ and CO. The formation of CO occurs through the double dehydrogenation of HCHO, and H-abstraction reaction leads to the formation of H₂. In the oxidation, scH₂O and scCO₂ co-pyrolysis systems, the corresponding global reactions vary. HCHO can be oxidized to HCOOH, ultimately producing CO₂. Another pathway for CO₂ generation involves the formation of the COOH radical from CO. Oxidative treatment is more powerful in handling formaldehyde pollutants, while the supercritical condition is more effective in producing syngas. The order of carbon emission is oxidation > scH₂O > pyrolysis. In the scCO₂ system, scCO₂ participates in the reaction, increasing CO production. Moreover, reaction kinetics models are proposed and agree well with experimental results. Under high-temperature conditions, the reaction rate in the oxidation system is the highest. Based on the activation energy for formaldehyde consumption and the energy barriers of the sub-reactions, the pyrolysis process is the easiest, whereas the oxidation process is the most difficult.

甲醛（HCHO）是一种典型的工业废气，可以回收利用生成合成气。我们的研究重点是通过反应分子动力学对甲醛进行高温高压处理，包括热解、氧化和超临界 H2O/CO2 （scH2O/scCO2）共热解。结果表明，在热解过程中，主要的最终产物是 H2 和 CO。CO 是通过 HCHO 的双脱氢反应生成的，H-萃取反应则导致 H2 的生成。在氧化、scH2O 和 scCO2 共热解系统中，相应的全局反应各不相同。HCHO 可氧化成 HCOOH，最终生成 CO2。产生 CO2 的另一个途径是由 CO 生成 COOH 自由基。氧化处理在处理甲醛污染物方面更为有效，而超临界条件在生产合成气方面更为有效。碳排放的顺序是氧化> scH2O >热解。在 scCO2 系统中，scCO2 参与反应，增加了 CO 的产生。此外，还提出了反应动力学模型，并与实验结果吻合。在高温条件下，氧化体系的反应速率最高。根据甲醛消耗的活化能和子反应的能量障碍，热解过程最简单，而氧化过程最困难。

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引用次数: 0

Research on CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers with different relative permeability considering CO2 phase conditions 考虑二氧化碳相条件的不同相对渗透率含盐含水层中的二氧化碳封存研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133739

Yiyang Zhou , Ligen Tang , Zhiyong Song , Bin Pan , Ming Yue , Jinzi Liu , Hongqing Song

Saline aquifers are the most feasible potential site for the storage of CO₂. The behavior of CO₂ in different phase states may significantly affect the flow properties and sequestration efficiency. It is important to understand and predict the effects of different CO₂ phases. This study conducted relative permeability tests under two experimental conditions with CO₂ in different phases. Incorporating experimental data into reservoir-scale simulations to analyze the effects of different phases of CO₂ on structural, solubility, and residual sequestration mechanisms, and to predict CO₂ behavior in saline aquifers. The results show that the CO₂ relative permeability and residual CO₂ saturation are high under supercritical conditions. It is more favorable to consider the relative permeability and hysteresis effects on the supercritical CO₂ results, with a more dispersed distribution of CO₂ at the bottom of the reservoir. There was a significant difference in residual sequestration, with the gaseous group showing a 14.16 % reduction in residual sequestration and a 4.27 % reduction in total sequestration compared to the supercritical group. The ratio of structural sequestration, solubility sequestration, and residual sequestration in the total sequestration in this study is about 50 %:30 %:20 %.

含盐含水层是封存二氧化碳最可行的潜在地点。二氧化碳在不同相态下的行为可能会极大地影响其流动特性和封存效率。了解和预测不同二氧化碳相态的影响非常重要。本研究在两种实验条件下对不同相态的二氧化碳进行了相对渗透性测试。将实验数据纳入储层尺度模拟，分析不同相态的二氧化碳对结构、溶解度和剩余封存机制的影响，并预测二氧化碳在含盐含水层中的行为。结果表明，在超临界条件下，二氧化碳相对渗透率和残余二氧化碳饱和度较高。考虑相对渗透率和滞后效应对超临界二氧化碳结果更有利，储层底部的二氧化碳分布更分散。与超临界组相比，气态组的剩余固碳量减少了 14.16%，总固碳量减少了 4.27%。在这项研究中，结构螯合、溶解螯合和残余螯合在总螯合中的比例约为 50%：30%：20%。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal expansion planning of a self-healing distribution system considering resiliency investment alternatives 考虑弹性投资备选方案的自愈配电系统优化扩展规划

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133625

Ahmad Mohammadi Pour , Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar , Miadreza Shafie-khah , Zita Vale

This paper proposes a three-stage optimization framework for the expansion planning of a self-healing distribution system that determines the optimal characteristics of distributed generation, energy storage systems, electric vehicle charging stations, and sectionalizing switches for the planning horizon. The main contribution of this model is that the proposed model considers the resilient investment alternatives in the expansion planning exercise to reduce the system's vulnerability against external shocks. The mobile energy storage system commitment in contingent conditions is another contribution of this paper. In the first stage, the optimal location, capacity, and time of installation of the electricity facilities are calculated. Then, the optimal allocation of sectionalizing switches is performed in the second stage. The third stage consists of three levels. In the first and second levels, the optimal normal and contingent operational scheduling are determined, respectively. The system is sectionalized into multi-microgrid systems in contingent conditions. Finally, the resilient investment alternatives for the designed system are evaluated. The proposed model utilizes a self-healing index and resilient expansion planning index to assess the impacts of resilient investment alternatives on the operational scheduling conditions. The proposed model was evaluated using the IEEE 123-bus system. The proposed method reduced the estimated average value of the worst-case energy not supplied by 50.52 % for the 5th year of the planning horizon concerning the no-resiliency investment case. Further, the proposed resilience investment method increased the self-healing index by about 9.32 % concerning the no-resiliency investment case.

本文为自愈式配电系统的扩建规划提出了一个三阶段优化框架，以确定规划期限内分布式发电、储能系统、电动汽车充电站和分段开关的最佳特性。该模型的主要贡献在于，所提出的模型在扩展规划工作中考虑了弹性投资备选方案，以降低系统在外部冲击面前的脆弱性。应急条件下的移动储能系统承诺是本文的另一个贡献。在第一阶段，计算出电力设施的最佳安装位置、容量和时间。然后，在第二阶段进行分段开关的优化分配。第三阶段包括三个层次。在第一和第二阶段，分别确定最佳正常运行调度和应急运行调度。在应急条件下，将系统划分为多微网系统。最后，对设计系统的弹性投资备选方案进行评估。建议的模型利用自愈指数和弹性扩展规划指数来评估弹性投资替代方案对运行调度条件的影响。利用 IEEE 123 总线系统对拟议模型进行了评估。与无复原力投资情况相比，建议的方法将规划期限第 5 年最坏情况下未供应能源的估计平均值降低了 50.52%。此外，与无韧性投资情况相比，建议的韧性投资方法将自愈指数提高了约 9.32%。

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引用次数: 0

Atomistic insight into the interfacial reaction and evolution between FeCr alloys and supercritical CO2 with impurities 从原子论角度洞察铁铬合金与含有杂质的超临界二氧化碳之间的界面反应和演变过程

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133726

Tingshan Guo, Zhiyuan Liang, Huaishuang Shao, Qinxin Zhao

The supercritical CO₂ cycle offers high thermal efficiency and flexibility, enhancing energy conversion efficiency and utilization. As the commercialization of supercritical CO₂ cycles advances, the stability of the metal-CO₂ interface is the key to ensure the safety of this power cycle. In this paper the interfacial reactions between FeCr alloys and CO₂ with impurities were investigated using the oxidation thermodynamics and molecular dynamics. With the increase of Cr content in FeCr alloy, the adsorption stability of SO₂ and CO₂ molecules on the surface of FeCr alloy became stronger, in which CO₂ molecules were adsorbed and decomposed in two ways. When the C-O bond was broken, the detached O atom was in a free state or reorganized into O₂ molecule, while the CO molecule would be separated from the CO₂ molecule. In the initial oxidation stage, adding appropriate amount of H₂S in CO₂ environment could reduce the diffusion of O atoms from the CO₂ molecule to Fe20Cr alloy, and the stress in the oxide film would not increase. The early oxidation behavior of Fe20Cr alloy in CO₂ with H₂S impurity gas may prove to be an effective method for enhancing its oxidation resistance of Fe20Cr alloy.

超临界二氧化碳循环具有热效率高、灵活性强等特点，可提高能源转换效率和利用率。随着超临界二氧化碳循环商业化的推进，金属-二氧化碳界面的稳定性是确保这种动力循环安全的关键。本文利用氧化热力学和分子动力学研究了含杂质的铁铬合金与 CO2 之间的界面反应。随着铁铬合金中铬含量的增加，SO2 和 CO2 分子在铁铬合金表面的吸附稳定性增强，其中 CO2 分子的吸附和分解有两种方式。当 C-O 键断裂时，分离的 O 原子处于自由状态或重组为 O2 分子，而 CO 分子则从 CO2 分子中分离出来。在氧化初期，在 CO2 环境中加入适量的 H2S 可减少 O 原子从 CO2 分子向 Fe20Cr 合金的扩散，氧化膜中的应力不会增加。加入 H2S 杂质气体的 Fe20Cr 合金在 CO2 中的早期氧化行为可能被证明是提高 Fe20Cr 合金抗氧化性的有效方法。

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引用次数: 0

Fault detection research on novel transfer learning-based method for cross-condition, cross-system and cross-operation in public building HVAC sensors 基于新型迁移学习方法的公共建筑暖通空调传感器跨工况、跨系统和跨运行故障检测研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133704

Boyan Zhang , Yacine Rezgui , Zhiwen Luo , Tianyi Zhao

Transfer learning (TL) has the inspiring potential for artificial intelligence in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system with insufficient data labels. However, traditional TL-based methods are limited when applied across different conditions, systems, and operations.Unfortunately, public building HVAC systems encounter challenges related to data acquisition and richness, making it difficult to obtain data from similar HVAC systems conditions, scenarios and operations. It proposes a novel TL-based method that combines energy and mass balance constraint equation (EBCe) to diagnose the sensor faults in HVAC systems across different systems, conditions and operations.Firstly, it utilizes laboratory data as the source domain data and constructes EBCe based on the common physical laws of HVAC system to reduce the data differences between laboratory and public buildings. Then, an laplacian kernel domain-adaptive neural network (LkDaNN) is proposed to generalize more efficiently feature differences between the source domain data and target domain data. Finally, experiment analyzes the non-fault and four control-sensors fault under both cross-operation and non-cross operation conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that the EBCe-LkDaNN method achieves satisfactory fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) performance.The overall FDD accuracy of porposed method can reach 90.72 % and 88.64 % under different cross-operation, respectively. Practical application of the EBCe-LkDaNN strategy for HVAC sensor FDD are discussed at last.

迁移学习（TL）在数据标签不足的供热通风与空调（HVAC）系统中具有令人鼓舞的人工智能潜力。然而，传统的基于 TL 的方法在应用于不同条件、系统和操作时受到限制。不幸的是，公共建筑暖通空调系统在数据获取和丰富性方面遇到了挑战，很难从类似的暖通空调系统条件、场景和操作中获取数据。首先，它利用实验室数据作为源域数据，并根据暖通空调系统的共同物理定律构建 EBCe，以减少实验室和公共建筑之间的数据差异。然后，提出了一种拉普拉斯核域自适应神经网络（LkDaNN），以更有效地概括源域数据和目标域数据之间的特征差异。最后，实验分析了交叉运行和非交叉运行条件下的非故障和四个控制传感器故障。实验结果表明，EBCe-LkDaNN 方法取得了令人满意的故障检测与诊断（FDD）性能。最后讨论了 EBCe-LkDaNN 策略在暖通空调传感器故障检测与诊断中的实际应用。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evaluation of the CO2-based mixture CO2/C6F6 in a recuperated transcritical cycle 以二氧化碳为基础的 CO2/C6F6 混合物在换热式跨临界循环中的实验评估

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133713

Viktoria Carmen Illyés , Gioele Di Marcoberardino , Andreas Werner , Markus Haider , Giampaolo Manzolini

Zeotropic CO₂-based mixtures as working fluids in the power block have the potential to enhance concentrated solar power (CSP) plants and other high-temperature heat source applications. One promising working fluid is the CO₂/C₆F₆ mixture, which enables condensation at 50 °C – a necessity when dry cooling with ambient air. Given the many theoretical studies on topics such as potential, optimized performance, or economic assessments, an experimental validation and a reality-check in a facility of significant size is required to vindicate further research. The experimental campaign was performed on pure CO₂ and the CO₂/C₆F₆ mixture in two compositions in a test facility (recuperated transcritical cycle). The long-term test (170h) revealed no operational issues, including no signs of thermal degradation. However, a composition shift - an effect previously regarded as an issue in closed cycles with zeotropic mixtures - affected the conditions at the vapor-liquid-equilibrium in the systems tank but also self-stabilizes the system to remain condensing, even at higher ambient air temperatures. The successful proof-of-concept at cycle temperatures of up to 500 °C – significantly higher than earlier studies on mixtures reported (<300 °C) – justifies further research in this area.

各向同性二氧化碳混合物作为动力块中的工作流体，有可能提高聚光太阳能发电厂（CSP）和其他高温热源应用的效率。二氧化碳/C6F6 混合物是一种很有前景的工作流体，它能在 50 °C 温度下凝结，这是用环境空气进行干式冷却时的必要条件。鉴于有许多关于潜力、优化性能或经济评估等主题的理论研究，因此需要在大型设施中进行实验验证和实际检查，以证明进一步的研究是正确的。实验活动是在一个测试设备（换热式跨临界循环）中对纯 CO2 和两种成分的 CO2/C6F6 混合物进行的。长期测试（170 小时）没有发现任何运行问题，包括热降解迹象。然而，成分偏移--以前被认为是各向同性混合物封闭循环中的一个问题--影响了系统罐中的汽液平衡条件，但也使系统自我稳定，即使在较高的环境空气温度下也能保持冷凝。在高达 500 °C 的循环温度下成功进行的概念验证（远高于之前对混合物进行的研究（300 °C ））证明了在该领域开展进一步研究的合理性。

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引用次数: 0

High gain Bi-directional KY converter for low power EV applications 用于低功率电动汽车应用的高增益双向 KY 转换器

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133718

K Mounika Nagabushanam, Tarkeshwar Mahto, Somesh Vinayak Tewari, Ramanjaneya Reddy Udumula

In electric vehicles (EVs), the type of electric motor and converter technology have a significant impact on regulating the operational characteristics of the vehicle. Therefore, in this work, the modified bi-directional KY converter (BKYC) is proposed for EV applications. The main contributions of the proposed converter are high step-up/step-down conversion gain, bi-directional power flow, simplified control structure, continuous current, common ground, low volume, and high efficiency. An inductor on either side of the converter ensures continuous current flow and passive components are arranged to operate in series to offer high step-up/step-down conversion. The charging and discharging operations, steady-state analysis, and design process of the proposed converter are discussed in detail and compared with similar bi-directional converter topologies. Further, the efficiency analysis of the proposed converter is presented and found that the efficacy of 95.51 % in charging operation and 96.52 % in discharging operation of operation. The simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Further, a prototype of a modified bi-directional KY converter is implemented with a TMS320F28335 processor and validated with theoretical and simulation counterparts.

在电动汽车（EV）中，电机类型和转换器技术对调节车辆的运行特性有重大影响。因此，本研究针对电动汽车应用提出了改进型双向 KY 转换器（BKYC）。该转换器的主要优点是升压/降压转换增益高、双向功率流、控制结构简化、连续电流、共地、体积小和效率高。转换器两侧的电感器可确保电流连续流动，无源元件串联工作，从而实现高升/降压转换。本文详细讨论了拟议转换器的充放电操作、稳态分析和设计过程，并与类似的双向转换器拓扑结构进行了比较。此外，还对所提出的转换器进行了效率分析，发现其充电效率为 95.51%，放电效率为 96.52%。模拟使用 MATLAB/Simulink 环境进行。此外，还利用 TMS320F28335 处理器实现了改进型双向 KY 转换器的原型，并通过理论和仿真进行了验证。

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引用次数: 0

Applicability assessment of equivalent circuit-thermal coupling models on LiFePO4 batteries operated under wide-temperature and high-rate pulse discharge conditions 等效电路-热耦合模型在宽温和高速脉冲放电条件下运行的磷酸铁锂电池上的适用性评估

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133709

Chen Zhou , Xing Zhou , Yu Wang , Yukang Xiao , Yajie Liu

In military scenario, high-power lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are frequently used under wide-temperature and high-rate pulse discharge conditions. An accurate electro-thermal coupling model (ETCM) is crucial for the safe operations. Equivalent circuit-thermal coupling model (ECTCM), which combines equivalent circuit model (ECM) and lumped thermal model, is the most widely used type of ETCM in applications. However, the applicability of ECTCM under wide-temperature and high-rate pulse discharge conditions is not clear. To assess the applicability of ECTCM under these special conditions, this study establishes six typical ECTCMs and accurately identify their corresponding model parameters. Then, these models are tested under high-rate pulse discharge conditions from −40 °C to 50 °C. The results indicate that ECTCMs are effective for pulse discharge at ambient and high temperatures, but not suitable for low-temperature conditions below 0 °C. When the temperature is below 0 °C, the pulse discharge voltage of the batteries can not be accurately simulated by ECTCMs. This work provides guidance for electro-thermal coupling modeling under high-rate pulse discharge conditions, and also points out the direction for the development of high-precision ETCM capable of handling wide-temperature and high-rate pulse discharge in the future.

在军事领域，大功率磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池经常在宽温和高速脉冲放电条件下使用。精确的电热耦合模型（ETCM）对安全运行至关重要。等效电路-热耦合模型（ECTCM）结合了等效电路模型（ECM）和块状热模型，是应用最广泛的 ETCM 类型。然而，ECTCM 在宽温和高速脉冲放电条件下的适用性并不明确。为了评估 ECTCM 在这些特殊条件下的适用性，本研究建立了六种典型的 ECTCM，并准确确定了其相应的模型参数。然后，在 -40 °C 至 50 °C 的高速脉冲放电条件下对这些模型进行了测试。结果表明，ECTCM 对常温和高温下的脉冲放电有效，但不适用于 0 °C 以下的低温条件。当温度低于 0 °C 时，ECTCM 无法准确模拟电池的脉冲放电电压。这项工作为高倍率脉冲放电条件下的电热耦合建模提供了指导，也为未来开发能够处理宽温和高倍率脉冲放电的高精度 ETCM 指明了方向。

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引用次数: 0

Asymmetric relationship between carbon market and energy markets 碳市场与能源市场之间的不对称关系

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133656

Emmanuel Joel Aikins Abakah , David Xuefeng Shao , Aviral Kumar Tiwari , Chien-Chiang Lee

This paper examines the asymmetric returns spillovers and time-frequency causality between the carbon emissions market and the energy market. To this end, we apply the time-varying asymmetry spillovers and Granger causality over the spectrum approaches. This research uses daily price indices of natural gas, gasoline, gas oil, heating oil, crude oil, coal, petroleum, kerosene, propane, and diesel to denote the energy market and the European Union Emissions Trading System (i.e., certificate prices for CO2 emissions) to represent the carbon market. Using historical time-series data from May 18, 2011, to September 23, 2020, the study reveals interesting and convincing empirical results showing that the carbon and energy markets are dynamically and asymmetrically connected. Further results show that the carbon market predominantly explains positive or negative returns in the energy market. Regarding volatility transmission, the study demonstrates that the carbon market is a primary net receiver of good or bad volatility transmitted from the energy market, such as crude oil, petroleum, heating oil, diesel, and kerosene.

本文研究了碳排放市场与能源市场之间的非对称收益溢出效应和时频因果关系。为此，我们采用了时变非对称性溢出效应和格兰杰因果关系谱方法。本研究使用天然气、汽油、燃气油、取暖油、原油、煤炭、石油、煤油、丙烷和柴油的每日价格指数来表示能源市场，使用欧盟排放交易系统（即二氧化碳排放证书价格）来表示碳市场。研究使用了从 2011 年 5 月 18 日到 2020 年 9 月 23 日的历史时间序列数据，揭示了有趣且令人信服的实证结果，表明碳市场和能源市场具有动态和非对称的联系。进一步的结果表明，碳市场主要解释了能源市场的正或负收益。在波动传导方面，研究表明，碳市场是原油、石油、取暖油、柴油和煤油等能源市场传导的好或坏波动的主要净接收者。

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic assessment of decentralized low-carbon power plants based on solid oxide fuel cell equipped with calcium looping carbon capture 基于配备钙循环碳捕集的固体氧化物燃料电池的分散式低碳发电厂的技术经济评估

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133720

Sajjad Arefdehghani , Alireza Rostamzadeh Khosroshahi , Navid Kousheshi , Ali Saberi Mehr , Hossein Nami

Integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with carbon capture technologies aligns with the intention to decarbonize the electricity sector. This study explores two configurations of SOFCs combined with calcium looping (CaL) carbon capture technology (SOFC/CaL): one with auxiliary heaters and another with additional fuel to supply the energy required for the carbon capture process. Results indicate that the electrical efficiency of the SOFC/CaL system is approximately 26 % lower than that of a standalone SOFC, though the overall efficiency (considering both electricity and heat as products) remains comparable. However, CO₂ emission is 314.7 kg/MWh for standalone SOFC, 125.8 kg/MWh for SOFC/CaL equipped with auxiliary heaters, and 22.4 kg/MWh for SOFC/CaL retrofitted with additional fuel. The scale of the SOFC and the fuel price significantly affect the carbon capture economy and the required CO₂ tax for cost parity. For a 10 MW plant with a fuel cost of 10 USD/GJ, the levelized cost of electricity is estimated at 66.7 USD/MWh for the standalone SOFC and 82.5 USD/MWh for the SOFC/CaL. A CO₂ tax of 39–53 USD/tCO₂ is necessary to achieve cost parity.

将固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）与碳捕集技术相结合符合电力行业去碳化的意图。本研究探讨了 SOFC 与钙循环（CaL）碳捕集技术（SOFC/CaL）相结合的两种配置：一种是辅助加热器，另一种是额外燃料，以提供碳捕集过程所需的能量。结果表明，SOFC/CaL 系统的电能效率比独立 SOFC 低约 26%，但总体效率（将电能和热能都视为产品）仍然相当。然而，独立 SOFC 的二氧化碳排放量为 314.7 千克/兆瓦时，配备辅助加热器的 SOFC/CaL 为 125.8 千克/兆瓦时，加装额外燃料的 SOFC/CaL 为 22.4 千克/兆瓦时。SOFC 的规模和燃料价格对碳捕集经济性和实现成本平价所需的二氧化碳税有很大影响。对于燃料成本为 10 美元/千焦的 10 兆瓦电厂，独立 SOFC 的平准化电力成本估计为 66.7 美元/兆瓦时，SOFC/CaL 为 82.5 美元/兆瓦时。要实现成本均等，必须征收 39-53 美元/吨 CO2 的二氧化碳税。

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引用次数: 0

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