Energy最新文献

{"title":"Next-generation LNG regasification: Natural draft ambient air vaporizer with buoyancy-driven convection for enhanced performance and reduced cost/footprint","authors":"Xiaoxiao Li ,&nbsp;Qian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Que ,&nbsp;Qibin Li ,&nbsp;Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Junjie Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefied natural gas, a crucial transition fuel, demands efficient and low-carbon regasification. Conventional ambient air vaporizers face critical limitations, including low air-side heat transfer coefficients (&lt;10 W m⁻² K⁻¹) and large footprints, due to reliance on natural convection. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel Natural Draft-Integrated Ambient Air Vaporizer (NDAAV). Inspired by natural draft dry cooling towers, the NDAAV reconfigures air-side heat transfer to buoyancy-driven forced convection via a hyperbolic tower structure that harnesses stack effects. Comprehensive 1-D and 3-D modeling validates the concept, demonstrating a 485% enhancement in the air-side convective heat transfer coefficient (55.78 W m⁻² K⁻¹) and a 477% increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient under dry design conditions. Sensitivity analysis confirms robust off-design performance during ambient and LNG parameter fluctuations. Furthermore, while frost formation under high humidity can degrade performance by impeding the buoyancy-driven flow, the NDAAV maintains a significant thermal advantage over conventional AAVs across most operating scenarios. Multi-objective optimization identifies an optimal tower aspect ratio of 1.33, enabling simultaneous footprint reduction (64–70%) and capital cost savings (35–38%) across capacities of 100,000–500,000 Nm³ h⁻¹. This combustion-free, water-independent technology demonstrates the conceptual viability of a scalable, low-carbon pathway for distributed LNG regasification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140414"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the evolution in physiochemical properties of soot from ammonia/diesel engines along the after-treatment devices in the exhaust process","authors":"Junfeng Huang ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Meng ,&nbsp;Jianbing Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Wang ,&nbsp;Yunge Zhao ,&nbsp;Mingxu Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the changes of soot emissions from ammonia/diesel engines in the exhaust process is essential for developing specialized emission control strategies. This study investigates the evolution pattern in physiochemical properties of soot from ammonia/diesel engines along the after-treatment devices. The results show that the C-H and C-N functional groups are formed after soot passing through diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), while the catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF) facilitates the decomposition of C-H groups and the conversion of C-N to C=N functional groups. The degree of soot graphitization gradually increases in the exhaust process, with DOC exhibiting the significant effects on the D1 carbon component, while the CDPF mainly acts on the D3 and D4 carbon components. DOC reduces the degree of soot agglomeration, causing a slight shift in the particle size distribution towards small diameter. In contrast, diesel particulate filter (DPF) or CDPF enhances the soot agglomeration. The orderliness of soot nanostructure increases in the exhaust process, and the length of microcrystals shifts towards large microcrystalline size, accompanied by soot edge oxidation affected by CDPF. The DOC and DPF reduce the content of C=O functional groups, while the CDPF promotes the generation of oxygen-containing groups. In addition, the nitrogen-containing groups such as pyridine structure compounds (N-6), pyrrole structure compounds (N-5) and nitrogen oxides (N-O_<em>x</em>) gradually decrease during the exhaust.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140359"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humidity-triggered autothermal regulation of lithium-ion batteries via liquid metal-PCM composites for enhanced cold-environment performance","authors":"Sihong He ,&nbsp;Rukun Liu ,&nbsp;Shahid Ali Khan ,&nbsp;Kejian Dong ,&nbsp;Song Ni ,&nbsp;Dongxu Ji ,&nbsp;Jiyun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature operation degrades lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance and safety. We report a humidity-responsive composite that combines eutectic gallium-indium-coated aluminum (LM@Al), active carbon, and phase-change microcapsules (PCMs) to enable rapid, controllable preheating and sustained thermal buffering without the need for external electronics. LM@Al releases exothermic heat through Al-water redox while liquid metal forms a catalytic, thermally conductive shell; activated carbon accelerates moisture transport; and PCM absorbs peak heat, prolonging insulation. SEM-EDX confirms core-shell LM@Al particles and LM microdroplet formation during reaction. Systematic tests on 18,650 cells identify an optimal composition (LM:Al:PCM = 10:1:2 with 10% fixed active carbon) and a 3 mm composite thickness, achieving heating rates of up to 4.9 °C/min and a safe peak temperature of 29 °C at an ambient temperature range of −10 to 0 °C. Humidity control strategies tune heat release to match discharge rates, balancing rapid preheating and material consumption. At extreme −20 °C, performance is limited by water freezing. The continuous 90% RH supply approach converts pulsed humidity-triggered heat into uniform, mild thermal output, improving low-temperature discharge capacity and mitigating capacity fade, offering a promising passive BTMS solution for cold-climate battery applications. Future work should address challenges related to scale-up, long-term cycling, and integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140351"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of liquid droplet injection in steam turbine blades: Loss reduction, droplet size control, and performance enhancement","authors":"Shoubing Zhang,&nbsp;Zunlong Jin,&nbsp;Guojie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In steam turbines, particularly in the low-pressure section, liquid droplet injection (LDI) is recognized as an advanced technique for regulating condensation. Instead of allowing large droplets to form, this method encourages condensation on the injected droplets, leading to finer and more uniform droplet formation. The purpose of this research is to minimize the occurrence of sudden, large droplets by promoting smaller, evenly distributed ones. To achieve this, the study investigates the droplet injection technique in detail and employs the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to find the best injection strategy. The evaluation is based on several criteria, including mass flow rate, different entropy contributions (thermal, frictional, and phase change), total pressure loss coefficient (TPLC), droplet radius, liquid mass fraction (LMF), and kinetic energy. Results demonstrate that droplet injection has a strong influence on droplet radius, pressure losses, and phase change entropy. While the technique successfully decreases droplet size in certain cases, it consistently increases the liquid phase production across all tested scenarios. Injecting <span><math><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>18</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> 1/kg droplets with a mass fraction of 0.1% results in significant changes in various parameters: the average droplet radius at the output drops by 44.1%, phase change entropy falls by 76.1%, and the TPLC is reduced by 29.15%. Thermal entropy production and mass flow rate decrease by 10.96% and 2.8%, respectively, while the LMF at the outlet rises by 9.61%. Kinetic energy and frictional entropy production experience increases of 2.38% and 5.96%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140384"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compression scheme comparison for a carbon dioxide energy storage system","authors":"Xintao Fu ,&nbsp;Yuwei Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas-liquid type compressed carbon dioxide energy storage is an emerging potential energy storage technology to stable the renewable power output. The trying improvements that this paper is focused on are effective realization of the gas-liquid conversion of the high pressure CO₂ without utilizing extra cold sources and efficient allocating the pressure ratio in the compression/expansion lines. Two self-condensing systems with qual pressure ratio and equal outlet temperature arrangements are proposed and evaluated. Numerical simulations to the considered systems are conducted on an in-house code that is compiled with the established energy, exergy and economic mathematical models. Results indicate that the equal outlet temperature system is more suggested due to its lower levelized cost of storage at the optimized operating conditions, being 0.11329 $/kWh when the high-pressure cooler cold-side temperature difference is 11 °C, liquid CO₂ temperature is 16 °C and throttling pressure is 7.8 MPa. In the component level, the gas holder and liquid CO₂ tank constitute the highest portion to the overall system purchase cost. The compressors, turbines, evaporator and condenser account for the largest share of thermodynamic inefficiencies in sequence. The pinch temperature difference of the condenser and evaporator should not be higher than 8 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140298"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable and physics-constrained PV power prediction via a hybrid framework Integrating secondary decomposition and improved Transformer-LSTM","authors":"Jiahao Zou,&nbsp;Zhaocai Wang,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Zhu,&nbsp;Zuowen Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic power generation (PVPG) is susceptible to meteorological conditions, exhibiting significant randomness and volatility. Therefore, accurate and reliable PVPG prediction is crucial for enhancing grid stability. However, existing data-driven prediction methods often overlook the system's inherent physical mechanism, which can lead to prediction results that violate actual operating laws. This study presents a physics-constrained hybrid model, integrating Transformer and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with a secondary decomposition strategy, for the multi-step short-term forecasting of PVPG. Initially, a Seasonal and Trend Decomposition using Loess (STL) method is utilized to decompose the original dataset. Subsequently, variational mode decomposition (VMD), optimized by an improved Dream Optimization Algorithm (DOA), is utilized to decompose the residual term. Subsequently, the decomposed components and the screened features are fed into a hybrid Transformer-LSTM model, with its hyperparameter optimized by an improved Dream Optimization Algorithm, to complete the final power prediction. To ensure the predictions adhere to the physical principles of photovoltaic power generation, the model utilizes a designed physics-constrained loss function specifically. On the Australian dataset, the proposed model is evaluated and is observed to achieve better performance than other methods in both prediction accuracy and robustness. Specifically, on Site 1, the R-squared and RMSE for the overall prediction performance are 0.9423 and 0.2326, respectively, demonstrating superior prediction performance. Moreover, it also exhibits superior prediction capability across different datasets, seasons, and weather conditions. Finally, explainability analysis was conducted using SHAP method. This multi-step short-term PVPG prediction method has the potential to enhance grid stability and the stable regulation of energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140314"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot-scale investigation and simulation-based optimization of MDEA/PZ for post-combustion CO2 capture","authors":"Haoqin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yindi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shadrack Adjei Takyi ,&nbsp;Jianrong Lv ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Lei ,&nbsp;Yue Xin ,&nbsp;Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikuld","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) is extensively applied in CO₂ capture processes owing to its low energy consumption and high capacity, with its absorption performance significantly enhanced when blended with piperazine (PZ). To lower the energy consumption of post-combustion capture processes (PCC), this study integrates pilot-scale experiments with process simulation to investigate energy-saving optimizations. Using an aqueous solution of piperazine-activated MDEA (35% MDEA, 3.5% PZ, and 61.5% H₂O by mass) as the absorbent, investigating the CO₂ removal efficiency and regeneration energy consumption under different L/G ratios on a pilot-scale plant. Based on this, a process model was established using HYSYS software, and an improved decarbonization process, termed “semi-lean solution reflux + lean solution waste heat utilization + mechanical vapor recompression (SLR + WHU + MVR),\" was proposed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the influence of semi-lean solution flow rate, lean solution flow rate, semi-lean solution split ratio, and vapor pressure on the regeneration energy consumption of the modified process. RSM optimization yielded optimal parameters: semi-lean solution flow rate of 0.0012 m³/h, lean solution flow rate of 0.004 m³/h, semi-lean solution reflux ratio of 0.13, and vapor pressure of 728.117 kPa. The regeneration energy consumption of the improved process under these parameters was 5.545 MJ/kg, which is a 10.3% reduction compared to the base model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140387"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and simulation analysis of the optical, electrical, and daylighting performance of the asymmetric concentrating photovoltaic/daylighting system","authors":"Qingdong Xuan ,&nbsp;Ziyi Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Jiang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao ,&nbsp;Guiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Gang Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid growth of the construction industry, energy consumption and environmental pollution have become critical challenges. Reducing building energy use and advancing renewable energy adoption are key solutions to these problems. To address this issue, a novel asymmetric lens-walled concentrating photovoltaic/daylighting control (LACPC-PV/D) system is proposed in this study, designed for south-facing building walls. The LACPC-PV/D system is mainly derived from the truncation of its core component, i.e., the asymmetric lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator (LACPC) with a truncation length of 20.2 mm, achieving a final geometric concentration ratio of 2.22 × . This system optimizes daylighting performance while maintaining high optical efficiency and electrical output. Ray-tracing simulations and indoor experiments were conducted to investigate the optical, electrical, and daylighting performance of the LACPC-PV/D system. Prototypes of the LACPC-PV/D module (with daylighting) and a reference LACPC-PV module (without daylighting) were fabricated and tested under standard conditions using a solar simulator. Results showed that the LACPC-PV/D module enhanced the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and maximum power by 1.59 × , 4.7%, and 1.78 × , respectively, while the reference LACPC-PV module achieved improvements of 1.66 × , 3.8%, and 1.82 × , respectively. These findings indicate minimal impact on optical concentration performance while achieving a daylighting efficiency of 10% within incidence angles of 0–60°. Additionally, the daylighting performance of the LACPC-PV/D system was compared with conventional semi-transparent PV windows. Ray-tracing simulations demonstrated that, within incidence angles of 15°–85°, the LACPC-PV/D system delivered superior daylighting uniformity, reducing the average coefficient of variation (<em>CV</em>) for illuminance distribution from 4.06 to 2.02. To further evaluate economic performance, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Simple Payback Period (SPB) were compared between the conventional flat PV system and the LACPC-PV/D system. The LACPC-PV/D system achieves an LCOE of 0.04342 USD/kWh and an SPB of 5.3511 years, compared to 0.04376 USD/kWh and 5.3928 years for the conventional system. Furthermore, its module cost per watt-peak (Wp) is approximately 9.33% lower, demonstrating a comprehensive economic benefit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140263"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial hydrogen demand response for adaptive robust operation of electric hydrogen integrated energy systems","authors":"Peng Ren ,&nbsp;Yingchao Dong ,&nbsp;Hongli Zhang ,&nbsp;Cong Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaochao Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electric hydrogen integrated energy system (EHIES) enables coordinated multi-energy management and offers significant decarbonization benefits, making it a promising energy management paradigm for sectors including manufacturing and transportation. This study examines the operational characteristics of EHIES and proposes a two-layer optimization framework tailored to the hydrogen consumption process requirements of industrial applications. An industrial demand response (DR) model is formulated through an analysis of the temporal coupling among heterogeneous energy-consuming equipment across workshops within the hydrogen industry value chain. Based on industrial hydrogen utilization processes, corresponding DR rules are then defined. To address the forecast errors in wind and solar power output during the day-ahead operation phase of the EHIES, a robust optimization (RO) approach is adopted to construct an uncertainty optimization model. To mitigate the conservativeness of the conventional RO, a new adaptive RO (NARO) method is introduced, enabling decision-makers to balance conservatism and risk more effectively. Additionally, an intra-day rolling operation model is established to validate the effectiveness of the day-ahead scheduling decisions. Case study simulations verify the economic efficiency, low-carbon performance, and operational effectiveness of the proposed industrial DR model and NARO method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140353"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic-environmental analysis of a PVT-based solar combined cooling, heating, and power system","authors":"Jeremias E. Castro ,&nbsp;Andreas V. Olympios ,&nbsp;Asmaa A. Harraz ,&nbsp;Bryce S. Richards ,&nbsp;Jingyuan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing adoption of solar energy in the residential sector plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainable energy practices, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and enhancing energy independence. This study examines a solar combined cooling, heating, and power (S-CCHP) system incorporating photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) technology and assesses its performance alongside alternative photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) configurations. A transient model is developed, together with economic and environmental assessments, to simulate overall energy performance, including the use of thermal energy from the PVT system to support summer cooling via a diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) cycle without using electricity during summer months. All system configurations are analysed under different layouts, both with and without battery storage. As a case study, the system is designed for application in Berlin, Germany, and the results show that the PVT-based system can supply 68% of domestic hot water demand and 48% of appliance electricity use, but only 12% of space heating due to the limited temperature output of the PVT collectors. Importantly, while the DAR system achieves full coverage of space cooling demand in summer, it relies heavily on auxiliary thermal energy input, underscoring a key area for system improvement. The economic analysis indicates net present values of approximately €7800 for PVT, €11,300 for ST, and €23,600 for PV, with corresponding payback periods of 21.0, 16.5, and 6.9 years. In terms of environmental performance, the PVT-based system achieves the highest carbon dioxide emission reduction at 2658 kg/year, followed by the PV (1904 kg/year) and ST (1781 kg/year) systems. The sensitivity analysis highlights the critical role of battery integration, especially under high grid electricity prices. In conclusion, the PVT-based S-CCHP system demonstrates strong economic and environmental potential in urban environments, while the DAR integration offers a compelling pathway for electricity-free cooling, revealing significant opportunities for optimisation and future development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140313"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}