Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009
R. Kant
The most sensitive and specific test to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome is to measure cortisol levels in the saliva between 11:00 P.M. and midnight. A sample of saliva is collected in a small plastic container and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In healthy people, cortisol levels are very low during this period of time. In contrast, patients with Cushing’s syndrome have high levels. Cortisol levels can also be measured in urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period. What is Cushing’s syndrome?
{"title":"Signs and Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome","authors":"R. Kant","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009","url":null,"abstract":"The most sensitive and specific test to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome is to measure cortisol levels in the saliva between 11:00 P.M. and midnight. A sample of saliva is collected in a small plastic container and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In healthy people, cortisol levels are very low during this period of time. In contrast, patients with Cushing’s syndrome have high levels. Cortisol levels can also be measured in urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period. What is Cushing’s syndrome?","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"105 3 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77659858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314
G. Himabindhu
Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Thyroid produces thyroid hormone (TSH), controls many activities in the body. When thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones, this condition is called as Hypothyroidism. If the thyroid produces more than the required hormones, this condition is called as Hyperthyroidism. Women are more likely to have thyroid disease more than in men.
{"title":"Thyroid and Its New Advances in Treatment","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Thyroid produces thyroid hormone (TSH), controls many activities in the body. When thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones, this condition is called as Hypothyroidism. If the thyroid produces more than the required hormones, this condition is called as Hyperthyroidism. Women are more likely to have thyroid disease more than in men.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78784127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323
H. Gude
{"title":"Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Disease: A Short Note","authors":"H. Gude","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75419295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313
G. Himabindhu
SGLT2 is a low-affinity, and high capacity glucose transporter located in the kidneys (proximal tubule). It is responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption. Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to decrease in blood glucose due to increase in renal glucose excretion. The mechanism of action of this newest class of drugs also offers further glucose control by allowing increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose in the muscle cells, decreased gluconeogenesis and improved first phase insulin release from the beta cells.
{"title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors and Its Role in Diabetes","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313","url":null,"abstract":"SGLT2 is a low-affinity, and high capacity glucose transporter located in the kidneys (proximal tubule). It is responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption. Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to decrease in blood glucose due to increase in renal glucose excretion. The mechanism of action of this newest class of drugs also offers further glucose control by allowing increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose in the muscle cells, decreased gluconeogenesis and improved first phase insulin release from the beta cells.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82376260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312
Ashok Venkatanarasu
At follow up, three and a half months later there was resolution of macroglossia and all the other symptoms with restoration of euthyroid state (T3-103ng/dL, t410.7mcg/dL and TSH0.30 micro IU/mL). We report the rare presentation of primary hypothyroidism as macroglossia. Other causes of macroglossia include amyloidosis, acromegaly, Downs' syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Figure 1 & 2).
{"title":"Uncommon Presentation of A Common Disease","authors":"Ashok Venkatanarasu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312","url":null,"abstract":"At follow up, three and a half months later there was resolution of macroglossia and all the other symptoms with restoration of euthyroid state (T3-103ng/dL, t410.7mcg/dL and TSH0.30 micro IU/mL). We report the rare presentation of primary hypothyroidism as macroglossia. Other causes of macroglossia include amyloidosis, acromegaly, Downs' syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Figure 1 & 2).","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79140686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311
G. Himabindhu
It is a condition in which immune system attacks your own body. Autoimmune diseases are chronic with asymptomatic preclinical period. Generally, immune system acts against the foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. In autoimmune disease, immune system attacks your body, like joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies which attack healthy cells in the body. Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Some are more common in certain ethnic groups like lupus affects more African-American and Hispanic people than Caucasians. First autoimmune diseases were described in early 1900s.
{"title":"A Brief Account on Autoimmune Disorders","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311","url":null,"abstract":"It is a condition in which immune system attacks your own body. Autoimmune diseases are chronic with asymptomatic preclinical period. Generally, immune system acts against the foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. In autoimmune disease, immune system attacks your body, like joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies which attack healthy cells in the body. Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Some are more common in certain ethnic groups like lupus affects more African-American and Hispanic people than Caucasians. First autoimmune diseases were described in early 1900s.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83990313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001
R. Kant
Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome is an Open Access, rapid peer-reviewed journal that publishes in the areas related to the field such as biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them
{"title":"An Editorial Note on Successful Journey of Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"R. Kant","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome is an Open Access, rapid peer-reviewed journal that publishes in the areas related to the field such as biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86389238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003
I. Fennoy
{"title":"Endocrine Oncology: Special Issue","authors":"I. Fennoy","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81649016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.321
B. Santosh, R. Boddula, Ashok Venkatanarasu, Aditya Hegde, Chimutai Chinte, Vidya Tickoo
Introduction Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder characterised by symptoms and signs of chronic excessive tissue exposure to glucocorticoids, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. The excess cortisol state can result from a number of etiologies- both exogenous and endogenous. It can present with varied and non-specific clinical features. Hence having a high clinical suspicion is important and it can be challenging to arrive at an exact diagnosis, which is very important to initiate appropriate treatment. Here, we present a spectrum of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different etiologies, who presented to us at different age groups and different clinical features. Description of Cases The main aim of this article is to understand the different symptoms and signs with which the patients with Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome present, the knowledge required to suspect it even in a non-typical presentation, the extensive and laborious work-up done at arriving the diagnosis and localizing the cause, and then finally initiating appropriate treatment. We randomly chose 8 cases of Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different presentation and etiology, who presented to our Hospital. We had patients whose age ranged from 13 years to 60 years; patients presenting with typical features of Cushing’s syndrome to non-specific features and even being asymptomatic. All the cases underwent appropriate and elaborate work-up to arrive at a diagnosis and also to localize the exact lesion. They then underwent appropriate treatment either in the form of surgery (excision of the lesion responsible for the cortisol excess) or medical therapy. The outcome of the patients was good in 6 of these patients, they achieved remission during follow-up. However, 2 patients, one with Adrenocortical carcinoma and another with Ectopic adreno-cortico tropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome due to Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of left lung, died due to the severity of underlying diseases. Conclusion Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, though rare, is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. A high degree of suspicion and a good clinical examination is required to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome especially in nonflorid cases and those with nonspecific features. A systematic, orderly evaluation is required to establish the correct diagnosis and to localize the cause, which will help in planning of appropriate treatment.
{"title":"Endogenous Cushing Syndrome- A Spectrum of Cases","authors":"B. Santosh, R. Boddula, Ashok Venkatanarasu, Aditya Hegde, Chimutai Chinte, Vidya Tickoo","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.321","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder characterised by symptoms and signs of chronic excessive tissue exposure to glucocorticoids, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. The excess cortisol state can result from a number of etiologies- both exogenous and endogenous. It can present with varied and non-specific clinical features. Hence having a high clinical suspicion is important and it can be challenging to arrive at an exact diagnosis, which is very important to initiate appropriate treatment. Here, we present a spectrum of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different etiologies, who presented to us at different age groups and different clinical features. Description of Cases The main aim of this article is to understand the different symptoms and signs with which the patients with Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome present, the knowledge required to suspect it even in a non-typical presentation, the extensive and laborious work-up done at arriving the diagnosis and localizing the cause, and then finally initiating appropriate treatment. We randomly chose 8 cases of Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome of different presentation and etiology, who presented to our Hospital. We had patients whose age ranged from 13 years to 60 years; patients presenting with typical features of Cushing’s syndrome to non-specific features and even being asymptomatic. All the cases underwent appropriate and elaborate work-up to arrive at a diagnosis and also to localize the exact lesion. They then underwent appropriate treatment either in the form of surgery (excision of the lesion responsible for the cortisol excess) or medical therapy. The outcome of the patients was good in 6 of these patients, they achieved remission during follow-up. However, 2 patients, one with Adrenocortical carcinoma and another with Ectopic adreno-cortico tropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome due to Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of left lung, died due to the severity of underlying diseases. Conclusion Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, though rare, is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. A high degree of suspicion and a good clinical examination is required to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome especially in nonflorid cases and those with nonspecific features. A systematic, orderly evaluation is required to establish the correct diagnosis and to localize the cause, which will help in planning of appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84848616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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