Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009
R. Kant
The most sensitive and specific test to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome is to measure cortisol levels in the saliva between 11:00 P.M. and midnight. A sample of saliva is collected in a small plastic container and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In healthy people, cortisol levels are very low during this period of time. In contrast, patients with Cushing’s syndrome have high levels. Cortisol levels can also be measured in urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period. What is Cushing’s syndrome?
{"title":"Signs and Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome","authors":"R. Kant","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.21.10.E009","url":null,"abstract":"The most sensitive and specific test to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome is to measure cortisol levels in the saliva between 11:00 P.M. and midnight. A sample of saliva is collected in a small plastic container and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In healthy people, cortisol levels are very low during this period of time. In contrast, patients with Cushing’s syndrome have high levels. Cortisol levels can also be measured in urine that has been collected over a 24-hour period. What is Cushing’s syndrome?","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"105 3 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77659858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314
G. Himabindhu
Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Thyroid produces thyroid hormone (TSH), controls many activities in the body. When thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones, this condition is called as Hypothyroidism. If the thyroid produces more than the required hormones, this condition is called as Hyperthyroidism. Women are more likely to have thyroid disease more than in men.
{"title":"Thyroid and Its New Advances in Treatment","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.314","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Thyroid produces thyroid hormone (TSH), controls many activities in the body. When thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormones, this condition is called as Hypothyroidism. If the thyroid produces more than the required hormones, this condition is called as Hyperthyroidism. Women are more likely to have thyroid disease more than in men.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78784127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323
H. Gude
{"title":"Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Disease: A Short Note","authors":"H. Gude","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75419295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313
G. Himabindhu
SGLT2 is a low-affinity, and high capacity glucose transporter located in the kidneys (proximal tubule). It is responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption. Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to decrease in blood glucose due to increase in renal glucose excretion. The mechanism of action of this newest class of drugs also offers further glucose control by allowing increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose in the muscle cells, decreased gluconeogenesis and improved first phase insulin release from the beta cells.
{"title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors and Its Role in Diabetes","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.313","url":null,"abstract":"SGLT2 is a low-affinity, and high capacity glucose transporter located in the kidneys (proximal tubule). It is responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption. Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to decrease in blood glucose due to increase in renal glucose excretion. The mechanism of action of this newest class of drugs also offers further glucose control by allowing increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of glucose in the muscle cells, decreased gluconeogenesis and improved first phase insulin release from the beta cells.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82376260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312
Ashok Venkatanarasu
At follow up, three and a half months later there was resolution of macroglossia and all the other symptoms with restoration of euthyroid state (T3-103ng/dL, t410.7mcg/dL and TSH0.30 micro IU/mL). We report the rare presentation of primary hypothyroidism as macroglossia. Other causes of macroglossia include amyloidosis, acromegaly, Downs' syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Figure 1 & 2).
{"title":"Uncommon Presentation of A Common Disease","authors":"Ashok Venkatanarasu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.312","url":null,"abstract":"At follow up, three and a half months later there was resolution of macroglossia and all the other symptoms with restoration of euthyroid state (T3-103ng/dL, t410.7mcg/dL and TSH0.30 micro IU/mL). We report the rare presentation of primary hypothyroidism as macroglossia. Other causes of macroglossia include amyloidosis, acromegaly, Downs' syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Figure 1 & 2).","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79140686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311
G. Himabindhu
It is a condition in which immune system attacks your own body. Autoimmune diseases are chronic with asymptomatic preclinical period. Generally, immune system acts against the foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. In autoimmune disease, immune system attacks your body, like joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies which attack healthy cells in the body. Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Some are more common in certain ethnic groups like lupus affects more African-American and Hispanic people than Caucasians. First autoimmune diseases were described in early 1900s.
{"title":"A Brief Account on Autoimmune Disorders","authors":"G. Himabindhu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.311","url":null,"abstract":"It is a condition in which immune system attacks your own body. Autoimmune diseases are chronic with asymptomatic preclinical period. Generally, immune system acts against the foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. In autoimmune disease, immune system attacks your body, like joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies which attack healthy cells in the body. Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Some are more common in certain ethnic groups like lupus affects more African-American and Hispanic people than Caucasians. First autoimmune diseases were described in early 1900s.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83990313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003
I. Fennoy
{"title":"Endocrine Oncology: Special Issue","authors":"I. Fennoy","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81649016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001
R. Kant
Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome is an Open Access, rapid peer-reviewed journal that publishes in the areas related to the field such as biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them
{"title":"An Editorial Note on Successful Journey of Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"R. Kant","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.E001","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome is an Open Access, rapid peer-reviewed journal that publishes in the areas related to the field such as biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86389238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.310
Elias Mulat, T. Gebremariam, Yohannes Markos, Belay Zawdie, Tilahun Alemayehu Nigatu, Nuredin Abduselam, Mengistu Welde, Shewatatek Gedamu
Background: Physical inactivity has major negative health consequences throughout the lifespan and physical exercise is an important component of a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Yet, many patients with type two Diabetes Mellitus are often overweight or obese and do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity. Objective: To assess cardiovascular risk in correlation with physical activity level and body mass index among type 2 diabetic patients in some selected hospitals in Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Six Diabetes Clinics in major hospitals in Ethiopia. Sample size was determined using single population proportion formula. Questionnaire was used for assessment of demographic information and medical record review was also done. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and blood sugar measurements were undertaken. SPSS version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 415 (98.3%) of Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients responded to the questionnaire among whom 232 (55.9%) were men, while 183 (44.1%) were women. The age of the respondents ranged from 25 to 86 years with mean age and standard deviation of 48.88 + 11.29 year. The average estimate of total weekly physical activity was 25.39(SD=+0.117) MET. There were significant differences in the total Cholesterol F (3, 411)=6.956, P=.000, Triglycerides f (3)=67.353, P=.000, HDL F (3)=102.223, P=.000, LDL F (3)=89.081, P=.000, Systolic Blood Pressure F (3)=32.515, P=.000, and HbA1c F (3)=969, P=.000, between underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese participants. Conclusion: Majority of the Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients did not engage in regular physical activity. Both risk factors (physical inactivity and dyslipidemia) were highly prevalent in Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, their risk of developing CVDs is very high.
背景:缺乏身体活动会在整个生命周期中对健康产生重大负面影响，体育锻炼是预防慢性疾病和促进健康的综合方法的重要组成部分。然而，许多2型糖尿病患者往往超重或肥胖，没有达到建议的身体活动水平。目的:评价埃塞俄比亚部分医院2型糖尿病患者的心血管风险与身体活动水平和体重指数的相关性。方法:在埃塞俄比亚主要医院的6个糖尿病诊所进行了基于机构的横断面研究。样本量采用单种群比例公式确定。采用调查问卷对人口统计信息进行评估，并对病案进行审查。进行了人体测量、血压和血糖测量。采用SPSS 20.0版本进行统计分析。结果:共有415例(98.3%)2型糖尿病患者参与问卷调查，其中男性232例(55.9%)，女性183例(44.1%)。受访者年龄25 ~ 86岁，平均年龄和标准差为48.88 + 11.29岁。每周总体力活动的平均估计值为25.39 MET (SD=+0.117)。总胆固醇F (3,411)=6.956, P=。000，甘油三酯f (3)=67.353, P=。000, HDL f (3)=102.223, p =。000, LDL f (3)=89.081, p =。000，收缩压F (3)=32.515, P=。HbA1c F (3)=969, P=。在体重过轻、正常体重、超重和肥胖的参与者之间。结论:绝大多数2型糖尿病患者缺乏规律的体育锻炼。这两种危险因素(缺乏运动和血脂异常)在埃塞俄比亚的2型糖尿病患者中都非常普遍。因此，他们患心血管疾病的风险非常高。
{"title":"Cardiovascular Risk in Correlation with Physical Activity Level and Body Mass Index among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ethiopia","authors":"Elias Mulat, T. Gebremariam, Yohannes Markos, Belay Zawdie, Tilahun Alemayehu Nigatu, Nuredin Abduselam, Mengistu Welde, Shewatatek Gedamu","doi":"10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-1017.20.9.310","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Physical inactivity has major negative health consequences throughout the lifespan and physical exercise is an important component of a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Yet, many patients with type two Diabetes Mellitus are often overweight or obese and do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity. Objective: To assess cardiovascular risk in correlation with physical activity level and body mass index among type 2 diabetic patients in some selected hospitals in Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Six Diabetes Clinics in major hospitals in Ethiopia. Sample size was determined using single population proportion formula. Questionnaire was used for assessment of demographic information and medical record review was also done. Anthropometric, blood pressure, and blood sugar measurements were undertaken. SPSS version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 415 (98.3%) of Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients responded to the questionnaire among whom 232 (55.9%) were men, while 183 (44.1%) were women. The age of the respondents ranged from 25 to 86 years with mean age and standard deviation of 48.88 + 11.29 year. The average estimate of total weekly physical activity was 25.39(SD=+0.117) MET. There were significant differences in the total Cholesterol F (3, 411)=6.956, P=.000, Triglycerides f (3)=67.353, P=.000, HDL F (3)=102.223, P=.000, LDL F (3)=89.081, P=.000, Systolic Blood Pressure F (3)=32.515, P=.000, and HbA1c F (3)=969, P=.000, between underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese participants. Conclusion: Majority of the Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients did not engage in regular physical activity. Both risk factors (physical inactivity and dyslipidemia) were highly prevalent in Type two Diabetes Mellitus patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, their risk of developing CVDs is very high.","PeriodicalId":11670,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79216867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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