Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5b78
Edward Gryspeerdt, Marc E J Stettler, Roger Teoh, Ulrike Burkhardt, Toni Delovski, Oliver G A Driver and David Painemal
Clouds produced by aircraft (known as contrails) contribute over half of the positive radiative forcing from aviation, but the size of this warming effect is highly uncertain. Their radiative effect is highly dependent on the microphysical properties and meteorological background state, varying strongly over the contrail lifecycle. In-situ observations have demonstrated an impact of aircraft and fuel type on contrail properties close to the aircraft, but there are few observational constraints at these longer timescales, despite these having a strong impact in high-resolution and global models. This work provides an observational quantification of these contrail controlling factors, matching air traffic data to satellite observations of contrails to isolate the role of the aircraft type in contrail properties and evolution. Investigating over 64 000 cases, a relationship between aircraft type and contrail formation is observed, with more efficient aircraft forming longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails more frequently, which could lead to a larger climate impact. This increase in contrail formation and lifetime is primarily driven by an increase in flight altitude. Business jets are also found to produce longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails despite their lower fuel flow, as they fly at higher altitudes. The increase in satellite-detected contrails behind more efficient aircraft suggests a trade-off between aircraft greenhouse gas emissions and the aviation climate impact through contrail production, due to differences in aircraft operation.
{"title":"Operational differences lead to longer lifetimes of satellite detectable contrails from more fuel efficient aircraft","authors":"Edward Gryspeerdt, Marc E J Stettler, Roger Teoh, Ulrike Burkhardt, Toni Delovski, Oliver G A Driver and David Painemal","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad5b78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5b78","url":null,"abstract":"Clouds produced by aircraft (known as contrails) contribute over half of the positive radiative forcing from aviation, but the size of this warming effect is highly uncertain. Their radiative effect is highly dependent on the microphysical properties and meteorological background state, varying strongly over the contrail lifecycle. In-situ observations have demonstrated an impact of aircraft and fuel type on contrail properties close to the aircraft, but there are few observational constraints at these longer timescales, despite these having a strong impact in high-resolution and global models. This work provides an observational quantification of these contrail controlling factors, matching air traffic data to satellite observations of contrails to isolate the role of the aircraft type in contrail properties and evolution. Investigating over 64 000 cases, a relationship between aircraft type and contrail formation is observed, with more efficient aircraft forming longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails more frequently, which could lead to a larger climate impact. This increase in contrail formation and lifetime is primarily driven by an increase in flight altitude. Business jets are also found to produce longer-lived satellite-detectable contrails despite their lower fuel flow, as they fly at higher altitudes. The increase in satellite-detected contrails behind more efficient aircraft suggests a trade-off between aircraft greenhouse gas emissions and the aviation climate impact through contrail production, due to differences in aircraft operation.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad3d6f
Isabel Baudish, Kajsa Resare Sahlin, Christophe Béné, Peter Oosterveer, Heleen Prins and Laura Pereira
The protein shift, or transition, entails a reduction in the production and consumption of animal-source foods, and an increase in plant-based foods and alternative proteins, at a global level. The shift is primarily motivated by the need to minimise the impact of the food system on social-ecological systems. We argue that rather than focusing singularly on transitioning a ‘protein gap’ in diets, redressing the ‘justice gap’ is a prerequisite for transformative change in food systems. In this context the justice gap is understood as the gap delineating those who have access to just food systems and those who do not. To substantiate our argument a justice lens is used to analyse the political–economic dimensions of such a transformation and to propose that the future of protein must engage with three core elements to be transformative—disruption, innovation and redistribution. Disruption entails challenging both the food trends that encourage the ‘meatification’ of diets, and the influence of ‘Big Meat’ in perpetuating these trends. Innovation emphasises that true novelty is found by designing justice into practices and processes, rather than by firing alternative protein silver bullets within existing food system paradigms. Redistribution stresses that food system redesign is predicated upon establishing fair shares for remaining protein budgets, using approaches anchored in contextual specificity and positionality. Through the application of a justice framework, we expose existing food system injustices related to production and consumption of protein, invite discussion on how such injustices can be addressed and reflect on implications for food system transformations. By reshaping the crux of the protein debate around the more salient concern of the justice gap, food system transformation can take shape.
{"title":"Power & protein—closing the ‘justice gap’ for food system transformation","authors":"Isabel Baudish, Kajsa Resare Sahlin, Christophe Béné, Peter Oosterveer, Heleen Prins and Laura Pereira","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad3d6f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3d6f","url":null,"abstract":"The protein shift, or transition, entails a reduction in the production and consumption of animal-source foods, and an increase in plant-based foods and alternative proteins, at a global level. The shift is primarily motivated by the need to minimise the impact of the food system on social-ecological systems. We argue that rather than focusing singularly on transitioning a ‘protein gap’ in diets, redressing the ‘justice gap’ is a prerequisite for transformative change in food systems. In this context the justice gap is understood as the gap delineating those who have access to just food systems and those who do not. To substantiate our argument a justice lens is used to analyse the political–economic dimensions of such a transformation and to propose that the future of protein must engage with three core elements to be transformative—disruption, innovation and redistribution. Disruption entails challenging both the food trends that encourage the ‘meatification’ of diets, and the influence of ‘Big Meat’ in perpetuating these trends. Innovation emphasises that true novelty is found by designing justice into practices and processes, rather than by firing alternative protein silver bullets within existing food system paradigms. Redistribution stresses that food system redesign is predicated upon establishing fair shares for remaining protein budgets, using approaches anchored in contextual specificity and positionality. Through the application of a justice framework, we expose existing food system injustices related to production and consumption of protein, invite discussion on how such injustices can be addressed and reflect on implications for food system transformations. By reshaping the crux of the protein debate around the more salient concern of the justice gap, food system transformation can take shape.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad661a
Peiyuan Li and Ashish Sharma
The vertical dimensions of urban morphology, specifically the heights of trees and buildings, exert significant influence on wind flow fields in urban street canyons and the thermal environment of the urban fabric, subsequently affecting the microclimate, noise levels, and air quality. Despite their importance, these critical attributes are less commonly available and rarely utilized in urban climate models compared to planar land use and land cover data. In this study, we explicitly mapped the height of trees and buildings (HiTAB) across the city of Chicago at 1 m spatial resolution using a data fusion approach. This approach integrates high-precision light detection and ranging (LiDAR) cloud point data, building footprint inventory, and multi-band satellite images. Specifically, the digital terrain and surface models were first created from the LiDAR dataset to calculate the height of surface objects, while the rest of the datasets were used to delineate trees and buildings. We validated the derived height information against the existing building database in downtown Chicago and the Meter-scale Urban Land Cover map from the Environmental Protection Agency, respectively. The co-investigation on trees and building heights offers a valuable initiative in the effort to inform urban land surface parameterizations using real-world data. Given their high spatial resolution, the height maps can be adopted in physical-based and data-driven urban models to achieve higher resolution and accuracy while lowering uncertainties. Moreover, our method can be extended to other urban regions, benefiting from the growing availability of high-resolution urban informatics globally. Collectively, these datasets can substantially contribute to future studies on hyper-local weather dynamics, urban heterogeneity, morphology, and planning, providing a more comprehensive understanding of urban environments.
{"title":"Detailed height mapping of trees and buildings (HiTAB) in Chicago and its implications to urban climate studies","authors":"Peiyuan Li and Ashish Sharma","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad661a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad661a","url":null,"abstract":"The vertical dimensions of urban morphology, specifically the heights of trees and buildings, exert significant influence on wind flow fields in urban street canyons and the thermal environment of the urban fabric, subsequently affecting the microclimate, noise levels, and air quality. Despite their importance, these critical attributes are less commonly available and rarely utilized in urban climate models compared to planar land use and land cover data. In this study, we explicitly mapped the height of trees and buildings (HiTAB) across the city of Chicago at 1 m spatial resolution using a data fusion approach. This approach integrates high-precision light detection and ranging (LiDAR) cloud point data, building footprint inventory, and multi-band satellite images. Specifically, the digital terrain and surface models were first created from the LiDAR dataset to calculate the height of surface objects, while the rest of the datasets were used to delineate trees and buildings. We validated the derived height information against the existing building database in downtown Chicago and the Meter-scale Urban Land Cover map from the Environmental Protection Agency, respectively. The co-investigation on trees and building heights offers a valuable initiative in the effort to inform urban land surface parameterizations using real-world data. Given their high spatial resolution, the height maps can be adopted in physical-based and data-driven urban models to achieve higher resolution and accuracy while lowering uncertainties. Moreover, our method can be extended to other urban regions, benefiting from the growing availability of high-resolution urban informatics globally. Collectively, these datasets can substantially contribute to future studies on hyper-local weather dynamics, urban heterogeneity, morphology, and planning, providing a more comprehensive understanding of urban environments.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad6918
Yingxiao Sun, Qianrong Ma, Taichen Feng, Zhonghua Qian, Zhiwei Zhu, Chao Li and Guolin Feng
Climatic changes worsen concurrent extreme climate events. In July and August of 2022 and 2020, respectively, unexpected concurrent extreme events occurred in mid-latitude Asia. The sudden and severe consequences highlight the importance of a thorough understanding of the drivers of such extreme events, which is crucial for improving predictions and implementing preventive measures to mitigate future risks. By applying multi-scale window transform methodology, a unique mechanism of multi-scale zonal wind resonance is identified, which manifests as a quasi-stationary co-coupling with low-frequency zonal winds. This resonance leads to barotropic instability, triggering abnormal low-frequency Rossby wave behavior in the entrance and exit regions of the quasi-stationary jet stream. Simultaneously, the intensified meridional wind, coupled with adiabatic atmospheric warming, amplifies baroclinic instability, resulting in an enhanced wave pattern and the high concurrence events of 2022. Under long term future global warming levels of 4 °C, the concurrence, strengthened by multi-scale zonal wind resonance, is expected to persist. The mechanism evident in 2022 plays a broader and more significant role in concurrent events compared to the mechanism in 2020. Under the process of warming, resonance phenomena, as observed in 2022, are projected to become more frequent.
{"title":"Concurrent extremes in mid-latitude Asia triggered by resonance of multi-scale zonal wind","authors":"Yingxiao Sun, Qianrong Ma, Taichen Feng, Zhonghua Qian, Zhiwei Zhu, Chao Li and Guolin Feng","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad6918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6918","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic changes worsen concurrent extreme climate events. In July and August of 2022 and 2020, respectively, unexpected concurrent extreme events occurred in mid-latitude Asia. The sudden and severe consequences highlight the importance of a thorough understanding of the drivers of such extreme events, which is crucial for improving predictions and implementing preventive measures to mitigate future risks. By applying multi-scale window transform methodology, a unique mechanism of multi-scale zonal wind resonance is identified, which manifests as a quasi-stationary co-coupling with low-frequency zonal winds. This resonance leads to barotropic instability, triggering abnormal low-frequency Rossby wave behavior in the entrance and exit regions of the quasi-stationary jet stream. Simultaneously, the intensified meridional wind, coupled with adiabatic atmospheric warming, amplifies baroclinic instability, resulting in an enhanced wave pattern and the high concurrence events of 2022. Under long term future global warming levels of 4 °C, the concurrence, strengthened by multi-scale zonal wind resonance, is expected to persist. The mechanism evident in 2022 plays a broader and more significant role in concurrent events compared to the mechanism in 2020. Under the process of warming, resonance phenomena, as observed in 2022, are projected to become more frequent.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5f44
Wenying Liao, Vítor V Vasconcelos, Simon A Levin and Michael Oppenheimer
Risks, such as climate change, disease outbreak, geopolitical tension, may exacerbate food insecurity by negatively impacting crop yield. Additional agricultural nitrogen input may partly offset yield losses, with a corresponding increase in nitrogen pollution. The problems of food insecurity and nitrogen pollution are urgent and global but have not been addressed in an integrated fashion. Current efforts to combat food insecurity occur primarily through the United Nations’ World Food Program at the international level, and, at the local community level, through food banks. The international program to monitor and reduce global nitrogen pollution is in its early stage. Food provision and nitrogen pollution reduction from agriculture presents a dual challenge that requires an integrated solution. Here, we propose a cooperative food bank, where membership is a matter of choice and is not coerced. Membership requires participants to reduce nitrogen pollution in agriculture but creates a risk-buffering system, providing food compensation when participants are affected by risk factors. We delineate the structure of the cooperative food bank, its operation, from the short-term mobilization of resources to long-term capacity building. Lastly, we assess the feasibility of its implementation and highlight the potential major roadblocks to its implementation within the current socio-political context. The cooperative food bank showcases a novel solution that simultaneously tackles food insecurity and nitrogen pollution via governance. We hope this proposal will stimulate a research agenda and policy discussions focused on integrated approaches to effective governance regimes for linked socio-environmental problems.
{"title":"Cooperative food bank: a collective insurance regime to govern food insecurity and nitrogen pollution under risk","authors":"Wenying Liao, Vítor V Vasconcelos, Simon A Levin and Michael Oppenheimer","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad5f44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5f44","url":null,"abstract":"Risks, such as climate change, disease outbreak, geopolitical tension, may exacerbate food insecurity by negatively impacting crop yield. Additional agricultural nitrogen input may partly offset yield losses, with a corresponding increase in nitrogen pollution. The problems of food insecurity and nitrogen pollution are urgent and global but have not been addressed in an integrated fashion. Current efforts to combat food insecurity occur primarily through the United Nations’ World Food Program at the international level, and, at the local community level, through food banks. The international program to monitor and reduce global nitrogen pollution is in its early stage. Food provision and nitrogen pollution reduction from agriculture presents a dual challenge that requires an integrated solution. Here, we propose a cooperative food bank, where membership is a matter of choice and is not coerced. Membership requires participants to reduce nitrogen pollution in agriculture but creates a risk-buffering system, providing food compensation when participants are affected by risk factors. We delineate the structure of the cooperative food bank, its operation, from the short-term mobilization of resources to long-term capacity building. Lastly, we assess the feasibility of its implementation and highlight the potential major roadblocks to its implementation within the current socio-political context. The cooperative food bank showcases a novel solution that simultaneously tackles food insecurity and nitrogen pollution via governance. We hope this proposal will stimulate a research agenda and policy discussions focused on integrated approaches to effective governance regimes for linked socio-environmental problems.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d0b
Michael Gomez, Caitlin Grady, Lisa Wainger, Raj Cibin, David Abler, Darrell Bosch, Jason Kaye
Excessive nitrogen (N) pollution in the Chesapeake Bay is threatening ecological health. This study presents a multilayer N flow network model where each network layer represents a stage in the production step from raw agricultural commodities such as corn to final products such as packaged meat. We use this model to assess the impacts of alternative future agricultural production and land use changes on multiple pathways of N pollution within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). We analyzed N loss via all pathways under multiple future scenarios, considering crop-specific projections based on empirical data and US Department of Agriculture projections. We found two model parameters, fertilizer nitrogen application rate (FNAR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), to be particularly important for seeing measurable N loss reductions in the Bay. Our results indicate a large increase in N loss under the business-as-usual trajectory in geographic locations with intensive agricultural production. We found that numerous management scenarios including improvements in FNAR and FCR, N losses fall short of the 25% total maximum daily load targets. Our work suggests that achieving the CBW N loss reduction goals will necessitate large deviations from business as usual. Our model also highlights substantial regional variations in nitrogen loss across the U.S., with central regions like the Corn Belt and Central Valley of California experiencing the highest losses from crop-related stages, while eastern areas such as the Chesapeake Bay exhibit major losses from live animal production, underscoring the need for region-specific management strategies. Thus, implementation of effective N management strategies, combined with improved crop residue management, remains pivotal in mitigating N pollution in the Chesapeake Bay.
{"title":"Impacts of future scenarios on the nitrogen loss from agricultural supply chains in the Chesapeake Bay","authors":"Michael Gomez, Caitlin Grady, Lisa Wainger, Raj Cibin, David Abler, Darrell Bosch, Jason Kaye","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d0b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d0b","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive nitrogen (N) pollution in the Chesapeake Bay is threatening ecological health. This study presents a multilayer N flow network model where each network layer represents a stage in the production step from raw agricultural commodities such as corn to final products such as packaged meat. We use this model to assess the impacts of alternative future agricultural production and land use changes on multiple pathways of N pollution within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). We analyzed N loss via all pathways under multiple future scenarios, considering crop-specific projections based on empirical data and US Department of Agriculture projections. We found two model parameters, fertilizer nitrogen application rate (FNAR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), to be particularly important for seeing measurable N loss reductions in the Bay. Our results indicate a large increase in N loss under the business-as-usual trajectory in geographic locations with intensive agricultural production. We found that numerous management scenarios including improvements in FNAR and FCR, N losses fall short of the 25% total maximum daily load targets. Our work suggests that achieving the CBW N loss reduction goals will necessitate large deviations from business as usual. Our model also highlights substantial regional variations in nitrogen loss across the U.S., with central regions like the Corn Belt and Central Valley of California experiencing the highest losses from crop-related stages, while eastern areas such as the Chesapeake Bay exhibit major losses from live animal production, underscoring the need for region-specific management strategies. Thus, implementation of effective N management strategies, combined with improved crop residue management, remains pivotal in mitigating N pollution in the Chesapeake Bay.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d05
Sara Meerow, Ladd Keith, Malini Roy, Shaylynn Trego
Escalating impacts from climate change and urban heat are increasing the urgency for communities to equitably plan for heat resilience. Cities in the desert Southwest are among the hottest and fastest warming in the U.S., placing them on the front lines of heat planning. Urban heat resilience requires an integrated planning approach that coordinates strategies across the network of plans that shape the built environment and risk patterns. To date, few studies have assessed cities’ progress on heat planning. This research is the first to combine two emerging plan evaluation approaches to examine how networks of plans shape urban heat resilience through case studies of Tempe and Tucson, Arizona. The first methodology, Plan Quality Evaluation for Heat Resilience, adapts existing plan quality assessment approaches to heat. We assess whether plans meet 56 criteria across seven principles of high-quality planning and the types of heat strategies included in the plans. The second methodology, the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard™ (PIRS™) for Heat, focuses on plan policies that could influence urban heat hazards. We categorize policies by policy tool and heat mitigation strategy and score them based on their heat impact. Scored policies are then mapped to evaluate their spatial distribution and the net effect of the plan network. The resulting PIRS™ for Heat scorecard is compared with heat vulnerability indicators to assess policy alignment with risks. We find that both cities are proactively planning for heat resilience using similar plan and strategy types, however, there are clear and consistent opportunities for improvement. Combining these complementary plan evaluation methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of how plans address heat and a generalizable approach that communities everywhere could use to identify opportunities for improved heat resilience planning.
气候变化和城市高温造成的影响日益加剧，使社区更加迫切需要公平地制定防暑降温规划。西南沙漠地区的城市是美国最热和变暖速度最快的地区之一，因此它们处于防暑规划的最前沿。城市的抗热能力需要采用综合规划方法，在形成建筑环境和风险模式的规划网络中协调战略。迄今为止，很少有研究对城市供热规划的进展情况进行评估。本研究首次将两种新兴的规划评估方法结合起来，通过对亚利桑那州坦佩市和图森市的案例研究，考察规划网络如何塑造城市抗热能力。第一种方法是 "抗热规划质量评估"，它将现有的规划质量评估方法应用于抗热规划。我们对规划是否符合高质量规划的七项原则中的 56 项标准以及规划中包含的供热战略类型进行评估。第二种方法是 "抗热规划整合记分卡™"（PIRS™），重点关注可能影响城市热危害的规划政策。我们按照政策工具和热量缓解策略对政策进行分类，并根据其对热量的影响进行评分。然后对已评分的政策进行映射，以评估其空间分布和规划网络的净效应。得出的 PIRS™ for Heat 计分卡与热脆弱性指标进行比较，以评估政策与风险的一致性。我们发现，这两个城市都在使用类似的计划和战略类型积极规划抗热能力，但也存在明显且一致的改进机会。将这些互补的计划评估方法结合起来，可以更全面地了解计划如何解决高温问题，并提供一种可推广的方法，各地社区可利用这种方法确定改进抗高温规划的机会。
{"title":"Plan evaluation for heat resilience: complementary methods to comprehensively assess heat planning in Tempe and Tucson, Arizona","authors":"Sara Meerow, Ladd Keith, Malini Roy, Shaylynn Trego","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d05","url":null,"abstract":"Escalating impacts from climate change and urban heat are increasing the urgency for communities to equitably plan for heat resilience. Cities in the desert Southwest are among the hottest and fastest warming in the U.S., placing them on the front lines of heat planning. Urban heat resilience requires an integrated planning approach that coordinates strategies across the network of plans that shape the built environment and risk patterns. To date, few studies have assessed cities’ progress on heat planning. This research is the first to combine two emerging plan evaluation approaches to examine how networks of plans shape urban heat resilience through case studies of Tempe and Tucson, Arizona. The first methodology, Plan Quality Evaluation for Heat Resilience, adapts existing plan quality assessment approaches to heat. We assess whether plans meet 56 criteria across seven principles of high-quality planning and the types of heat strategies included in the plans. The second methodology, the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard™ (PIRS™) for Heat, focuses on plan policies that could influence urban heat hazards. We categorize policies by policy tool and heat mitigation strategy and score them based on their heat impact. Scored policies are then mapped to evaluate their spatial distribution and the net effect of the plan network. The resulting PIRS™ for Heat scorecard is compared with heat vulnerability indicators to assess policy alignment with risks. We find that both cities are proactively planning for heat resilience using similar plan and strategy types, however, there are clear and consistent opportunities for improvement. Combining these complementary plan evaluation methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of how plans address heat and a generalizable approach that communities everywhere could use to identify opportunities for improved heat resilience planning.","PeriodicalId":11747,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research Letters","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141867252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5d08
Linqing Yang, Asko Noormets
The phenological cycles of terrestrial ecosystems have shifted with the changing climate, and the altered timings of biogeochemical fluxes may also exert feedback on the climate system. As regulators of land carbon balance, relative shifts in photosynthetic and respiratory phenology under climate change are of great importance. However, the relative seasonal dynamics of these individual processes and their sensitivity to climate factors as well as the implications for carbon cycling are not well understood. In this study, we examined the relationship in the seasonality of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) as well as their temperature sensitivities and the implications for carbon uptake with around 1500 site-years’ of data from FLUXNET 2015 and Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) at 212 sites. The results showed that RE started earlier in the spring and ended later in the autumn than GPP over most biomes. Furthermore, the flux phenology metrics responded differently to temperature: GPP phenology was more sensitive to changes during the spring temperature than RE phenology, and less sensitive to autumn temperature than RE. We found large BEPS-observation discrepancies in seasonality metrics and their apparent temperature sensitivity. The site-based BEPS projections did not capture the observed seasonal metrics and temperature sensitivities in either GPP or RE seasonality metrics. Improved understanding of the asynchrony of GPP and RE as well as different sensitivity of environmental factors are of great significance for reliable future carbon balance projections.
陆地生态系统的物候周期随着气候的变化而变化，生物地球化学通量时间的改变也可能对气候系统产生反馈作用。作为陆地碳平衡的调节器，气候变化下光合作用和呼吸作用物候的相对变化非常重要。然而，人们对这些单个过程的相对季节动态及其对气候因素的敏感性以及对碳循环的影响还不甚了解。在这项研究中，我们利用 FLUXNET 2015 和北方生态系统生产力模拟器（BEPS）在 212 个地点的约 1500 个地点年的数据，研究了总初级生产量（GPP）和生态系统呼吸作用（RE）的季节性关系及其对温度的敏感性以及对碳吸收的影响。结果表明，在大多数生物群落中，RE 比 GPP 更早开始于春季，更晚结束于秋季。此外，通量物候指标对温度的反应也不同：与 RE 表观相比，GPP 表观对春季温度变化更为敏感，而对秋季温度的敏感性则低于 RE。我们发现，在季节性指标及其明显的温度敏感性方面，BEPS 与观测结果之间存在巨大差异。基于站点的 BEPS 预测并没有捕捉到观测到的 GPP 或 RE 季节性指标中的季节性指标和温度敏感性。更好地理解 GPP 和 RE 的非同步性以及环境因素的不同敏感性对于可靠的未来碳平衡预测具有重要意义。
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Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad60df
Ni Lu, Lin Zhang, Xiaolin Wang, Zehui Liu, Danyang Li, Jiayu Xu, Haiyue Tan, Mi Zhou, Daven K Henze
While China’s clean air actions implemented since 2013 have been effective in mitigating PM2.5 air pollution, the large emission reductions during the COVID-19 lockdown period in early 2020 did not similarly alleviate PM2.5 pollution in North China, reflecting a distinct nonlinear chemical response of PM2.5 formation to emission changes. Here we apply emission-concentration relationships for PM2.5 diagnosed using the adjoint approach to quantitatively assess how chemical nonlinearity affects PM2.5 over Beijing in February 2020 in response to two emission reduction scenarios: the COVID-19 lockdown and 2013–2017 emission controls. We find that, in the absence of chemical nonlinearity, the COVID-19 lockdown would decrease PM2.5 in Beijing by 17.9 μg m–3, and the 2013–2017 emission controls resulted in a larger decrease of 54.2 μg m–3 because of greater reductions of SO2 and primary aerosol emissions. Chemical nonlinearity offset the decrease for Beijing PM2.5 by 3.4 μg m–3 during the lockdown due to enhanced sensitivity of aerosol nitrate to NOx emissions, but enhanced the efficiency of 2013–2017 emission controls by 11.9 μg m–3 due to the weakened heterogeneous reaction of sulfate. Such nonlinear chemical effects are important to estimate and consider when designing or assessing air pollution control strategies.
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Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad64e9
Wendi Qu, Guangxuan Han, Josep Penuelas, Xiaoyue Wang and Baohua Xie
Coastal wetlands remarkably influence terrestrial carbon (C) stock by serving as natural reservoirs for ‘blue carbon’. Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment shapes the dynamics of soil and plant communities, consequently affecting the C balance and ecosystem functions. The impacts of various levels of N enrichment on CO2 sequestration in coastal wetlands, however, remain elusive. Here we conducted a long-term field study of N fertilization in a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China, to investigate N effects on soil properties, indicators of plant dynamics, and fluxes of ecosystem CO2. The results indicated that moderate N enrichment (5 g N m−2 y−1) stimulated C fluxes with increases in gross primary productivity (+26.4%), ecosystem respiration (+23.3%), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE, +31.5%) relative to the control. High (10 g N m−2 y−1) and extreme (20 g N m−2 y−1) amounts of N enrichment, however, had relatively minor impacts on these CO2 fluxes. Overall, we observed a decrease in soil electrical conductivity (−24.6%) and increases in soil organic C (+25.2%) and microbial biomass C (+369.3%) for N enrichment. N enrichment also altered the composition of plant species, with a higher proportion of a local dominant species (Phragmites australis), and affected root biomass distribution, with more biomass near the soil surface. Structural equation modeling explained 65.2% of the variance of NEE and supported the assumption that N enrichment could alter the dynamics of soil properties and plant conditions and accelerate ecosystem CO2 sequestration. These findings have important implications for forecasting the C cycle with increasing N deposition in coastal wetlands, contributing to the projections of the global C budget.
沿海湿地是天然的 "蓝碳库"，对陆地碳（C）存量有着显著影响。人为的氮（N）富集会影响土壤和植物群落的动态，从而影响碳平衡和生态系统功能。然而，不同程度的氮富集对沿海湿地二氧化碳封存的影响仍然难以捉摸。在此，我们对中国黄河三角洲的滨海湿地进行了长期的氮肥施用实地研究，探讨氮肥对土壤性质、植物动态指标和生态系统二氧化碳通量的影响。结果表明，与对照组相比，中等氮肥浓度（5 g N m-2 y-1）刺激了碳通量，总初级生产力（+26.4%）、生态系统呼吸作用（+23.3%）和生态系统净交换量（NEE，+31.5%）均有所增加。然而，高浓度（10 g N m-2 y-1）和极高浓度（20 g N m-2 y-1）的氮对这些二氧化碳通量的影响相对较小。总体而言，我们观察到土壤电导率下降（-24.6%），土壤有机碳（+25.2%）和微生物生物量碳（+369.3%）增加。氮富集还改变了植物物种的组成，当地优势物种（Phragmites australis）的比例增加，并影响了根部生物量的分布，土壤表面附近的生物量增加。结构方程模型解释了 65.2% 的 NEE 方差，支持了氮富集可改变土壤性质和植物状况的动态变化并加速生态系统二氧化碳固存的假设。这些发现对预测沿海湿地氮沉积增加时的碳循环具有重要意义，有助于预测全球碳预算。
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