Dina W Bashir, Maha M Rashad, Neven H Hassan, Mona K Galal, Yasmine H Ahmed
Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) pollute drinking water, aquatic ecosystems, and the food chain, destroying marine life. PS-NPs represent a significant risk to the environment and humans by contaminating soil and water, leading to cytotoxic effects on human health. This investigation aimed to ascertain whether PS-NPs could be hazardous to the thyroid and adrenal glands of male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group and five rats per cage. Group I received distilled water. Group II: PS-NPs (3 mg/kg body weight/day). Group III received daily doses of PS-NPs (10 mg/kg body weight). Samples of the thyroid and adrenal glands were obtained, processed, and tested biochemically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically. Results showed that both low and high doses of PS-NPs showed significantly elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and a significant reduction of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine(FT4). Biochemically, there was a significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity. Histopathological examination revealed nuclear pyknosis and slight hemorrhage in the cells of three zones of the adrenal gland cortex in a low dose of PS-NPs. Thyroid gland sections had a disrupted colloid secretion with altered histoarchitecture of follicular cells. There was downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 genes and upregulation of Cytochrome c genes. Cyclo-oxygenase-2, as an inflammatory marker, significantly increased in PS-NPs in low and high doses. We concluded that PS-NPs had adverse effects on the endocrine organs' structure and function.
{"title":"Histopathological, Biochemical and Molecular Investigations on the Potential Endocrine Disruption of Polystyrene Nanoparticles in Adult Male Albino Rats.","authors":"Dina W Bashir, Maha M Rashad, Neven H Hassan, Mona K Galal, Yasmine H Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/tox.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) pollute drinking water, aquatic ecosystems, and the food chain, destroying marine life. PS-NPs represent a significant risk to the environment and humans by contaminating soil and water, leading to cytotoxic effects on human health. This investigation aimed to ascertain whether PS-NPs could be hazardous to the thyroid and adrenal glands of male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group and five rats per cage. Group I received distilled water. Group II: PS-NPs (3 mg/kg body weight/day). Group III received daily doses of PS-NPs (10 mg/kg body weight). Samples of the thyroid and adrenal glands were obtained, processed, and tested biochemically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically. Results showed that both low and high doses of PS-NPs showed significantly elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and a significant reduction of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine(FT4). Biochemically, there was a significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity. Histopathological examination revealed nuclear pyknosis and slight hemorrhage in the cells of three zones of the adrenal gland cortex in a low dose of PS-NPs. Thyroid gland sections had a disrupted colloid secretion with altered histoarchitecture of follicular cells. There was downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 genes and upregulation of Cytochrome c genes. Cyclo-oxygenase-2, as an inflammatory marker, significantly increased in PS-NPs in low and high doses. We concluded that PS-NPs had adverse effects on the endocrine organs' structure and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145855045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing production and application of engineered nanoparticles have raised significant environmental and health concerns, particularly, regarding their potential release into aquatic ecosystems. Among these, multifunctional nanocomposites combining titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have garnered considerable attention due to their widespread use. This study examined the biological responses of the freshwater mussel Unio ravoisieri to TiZn nanocomposites at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L. In a subsequent phase, the potential protective effects of selenium (Se) against nanocomposite-induced toxicity were assessed using biochemical markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results demonstrated that exposure to TiZn nanocomposites alone induced oxidative stress in the digestive gland, with elevated levels of CAT, GST, AChE, GSH, and MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. However, selenium co-administration at 100 μg/L significantly mitigated these oxidative responses, highlighting its potential as a protective agent against nanocomposite-induced toxicity. These findings suggest promising avenues for the use of selenium in reducing nanoparticle-related environmental stress in aquatic organisms.
工程纳米粒子的日益增加的生产和应用引起了重大的环境和健康问题，特别是它们可能释放到水生生态系统方面。其中，二氧化钛（TiO2）与氧化锌（ZnO）复合的多功能纳米复合材料因其广泛的应用而备受关注。本研究考察了10和100 μg/L TiZn纳米复合材料对淡水贻贝的生物学响应。在随后的阶段，使用生化标记，包括过氧化氢（H2O2）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、谷胱甘肽- s -转移酶（GST）、丙二醛（MDA）水平和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性，评估硒（Se）对纳米复合材料诱导的毒性的潜在保护作用。结果表明，单独暴露于TiZn纳米复合材料可诱导消化腺氧化应激，导致CAT、GST、AChE、GSH和MDA水平呈浓度依赖性升高。然而，100 μg/L的硒可显著减轻这些氧化反应，这突出了其作为纳米复合材料诱导毒性的保护剂的潜力。这些发现为利用硒减少水生生物中纳米颗粒相关的环境胁迫提供了有希望的途径。
{"title":"Protective Effects of Selenium Against TiZn Nanocomposite-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in the Freshwater Mussel Unio ravoisieri.","authors":"Oumaima Abidi, Abdelhafidh Khazri, Ali Mezni, Rihab Belgacem, Wafa Hajlaoui, Tamara García-Barrera, Ezzeddine Mahmoudi, Mohamed Dellali","doi":"10.1002/tox.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing production and application of engineered nanoparticles have raised significant environmental and health concerns, particularly, regarding their potential release into aquatic ecosystems. Among these, multifunctional nanocomposites combining titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have garnered considerable attention due to their widespread use. This study examined the biological responses of the freshwater mussel Unio ravoisieri to TiZn nanocomposites at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/L. In a subsequent phase, the potential protective effects of selenium (Se) against nanocomposite-induced toxicity were assessed using biochemical markers, including hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results demonstrated that exposure to TiZn nanocomposites alone induced oxidative stress in the digestive gland, with elevated levels of CAT, GST, AChE, GSH, and MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. However, selenium co-administration at 100 μg/L significantly mitigated these oxidative responses, highlighting its potential as a protective agent against nanocomposite-induced toxicity. These findings suggest promising avenues for the use of selenium in reducing nanoparticle-related environmental stress in aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145862532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concerns regarding inorganic arsenic pollution in the Sea of Marmara have recently grown. This study evaluated arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in four commonly consumed marine species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Solea solea) and assessed health risks for consumers. Arsenic concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Shrimp and common sole had higher iAs concentrations than anchovy and horse mackerel. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for all species exceeded the updated EFSA benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL05 = 0.06 μg/kg bw/day), suggesting a potential health concern under recommended consumption. Additionally, noncarcinogenic risks (THQ > 1) were identified for shrimp and common sole across all age groups. Carcinogenic risk assessments (TR > 1.0 × 10-4) showed significant risks for shrimp, excluding children aged 1-3 years. Common sole posed carcinogenic risks for individuals aged 18 and above, while anchovy and horse mackerel were only risky for those aged 65 and above. These findings highlight the need for reliable monitoring programs to ensure seafood safety during environmental stressors like mucilage. While pelagic seafood from the Sea of Marmara is generally safe, efforts should focus on risk reduction and guidelines for safe and sustainable consumption.
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic Exposure Through the Consumption of Four Marine Species From the Sea of Marmara.","authors":"Şafak Ulusoy,Hande Doğruyol,Nuray Erkan,Sühendan Mol,Özkan Özden,Didem Üçok,Şehnaz Yasemin Tosun,İdil Can Tunçelli,Eda Dağsuyu,Refiye Yanardağ","doi":"10.1002/tox.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns regarding inorganic arsenic pollution in the Sea of Marmara have recently grown. This study evaluated arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in four commonly consumed marine species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Solea solea) and assessed health risks for consumers. Arsenic concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Shrimp and common sole had higher iAs concentrations than anchovy and horse mackerel. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values for all species exceeded the updated EFSA benchmark dose lower limit (BMDL05 = 0.06 μg/kg bw/day), suggesting a potential health concern under recommended consumption. Additionally, noncarcinogenic risks (THQ > 1) were identified for shrimp and common sole across all age groups. Carcinogenic risk assessments (TR > 1.0 × 10-4) showed significant risks for shrimp, excluding children aged 1-3 years. Common sole posed carcinogenic risks for individuals aged 18 and above, while anchovy and horse mackerel were only risky for those aged 65 and above. These findings highlight the need for reliable monitoring programs to ensure seafood safety during environmental stressors like mucilage. While pelagic seafood from the Sea of Marmara is generally safe, efforts should focus on risk reduction and guidelines for safe and sustainable consumption.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluoride (F−), a common environmental contaminant resulting from both natural and human activities, poses a threat to animal and human health globally. Plant‐derived phytochemicals with pharmacological properties offer promising potential for mitigating various chemical toxicants. In this study, we explored the potential benefits of trans ‐chalcone (TC) in counteracting sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity in zebrafish models. The cytotoxic effects of NaF (0–5 mM) and TC (0–100 μM) were evaluated in Dr G cells using MTT and AB assays. The larvae and Dr G cells were treated with NaF alone and in combination with TC to evaluate for ROS generation, biochemical parameters, and the mRNA expression profiles of inflammatory genes ( cox‐2a , cox‐2b , tnf‐α , and il‐1β ) as well as apoptotic regulatory genes ( bcl‐2 , bax , p53 , and cas3 ). Mitochondrial membrane integrity in Dr G cells was analyzed using rhodamine 123. Additionally, the cardiac rate and tactile response were measured in zebrafish larvae. Our results demonstrated that TC mitigated the toxic effects of NaF by modulating cellular oxidant levels, preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity, and enhancing antioxidant responses in Dr G cells and larvae. Furthermore, TC restored the cardiac rate and tactile response in fluoride‐treated larvae and normalized the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic regulatory genes in response to NaF toxicity. Overall, our findings suggest that TC is a promising candidate for reducing cellular oxidant levels, inflammation, and apoptotic stress associated with NaF derived toxicity, utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches.
{"title":"Amelioration of Fluoride Induced Toxicity by trans ‐Chalcone in Zebrafish Larvae and Its Gill Cell Line: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach","authors":"Mohamed Jaffer Abdul Wazith, Gani Taju, Seepoo Abdul Majeed, Venkatesan Rajkumar, Sivaraj Mithra, Kumaraswamy Kanimozhi, Sathar Zaheer Ahmed, Azeez Sait Sahul Hameed","doi":"10.1002/tox.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70014","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoride (F−), a common environmental contaminant resulting from both natural and human activities, poses a threat to animal and human health globally. Plant‐derived phytochemicals with pharmacological properties offer promising potential for mitigating various chemical toxicants. In this study, we explored the potential benefits of <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic> ‐chalcone (TC) in counteracting sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity in zebrafish models. The cytotoxic effects of NaF (0–5 mM) and TC (0–100 μM) were evaluated in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells using MTT and AB assays. The larvae and <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells were treated with NaF alone and in combination with TC to evaluate for ROS generation, biochemical parameters, and the mRNA expression profiles of inflammatory genes ( <jats:italic>cox‐2a</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>cox‐2b</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>tnf‐α</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>il‐1β</jats:italic> ) as well as apoptotic regulatory genes ( <jats:italic>bcl‐2</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>bax</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>p53</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>cas3</jats:italic> ). Mitochondrial membrane integrity in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells was analyzed using rhodamine 123. Additionally, the cardiac rate and tactile response were measured in zebrafish larvae. Our results demonstrated that TC mitigated the toxic effects of NaF by modulating cellular oxidant levels, preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity, and enhancing antioxidant responses in <jats:italic>Dr</jats:italic> G cells and larvae. Furthermore, TC restored the cardiac rate and tactile response in fluoride‐treated larvae and normalized the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic regulatory genes in response to NaF toxicity. Overall, our findings suggest that TC is a promising candidate for reducing cellular oxidant levels, inflammation, and apoptotic stress associated with NaF derived toxicity, utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to food safety and human health, especially in rice‐consuming regions. This study aimed to identify rice cultivars with consistently low Cd accumulation and to establish a soil quality standard based on the bioconcentration factor (BCF) derived from field trials across 10 environments in central Taiwan. Fifteen rice cultivars were evaluated over four years (2020–2023), and BCF values were determined for each cultivar and environment. Genotypic and environmental effects on Cd accumulation were assessed using genotype plus genotype‐by‐environment (GGE) biplot analysis. The results indicated that environmental factors contributed the most to BCF variability (93.11%), followed by genotype–environment interaction (5.61%) and genotypic effect (1.28%). Several cultivars, including KH139 and TT30, exhibited stable and low BCF values across environments. Furthermore, the BCF values were used to construct a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curve fitted with the Burr Type III distribution, and the HC5 value was estimated for the derivation of food safety and health‐based Cd soil thresholds. The former's soil threshold was 0.7 mg/kg, while the latter's ranged from 4.5–6.0 mg/kg depending on gender. The results suggest that the soil Cd threshold can be maintained at the current Taiwan's soil pollution control standard of 5 mg/kg. These findings provide scientific evidence for the development of site‐specific, risk‐based soil management strategies and cultivar selection to mitigate Cd exposure from rice consumption.
{"title":"Screening of Stable Low‐Cadmium Rice Cultivars and Derivation of Soil Cd Threshold Based on Bioconcentration Factor and Multi‐Environment Analysis","authors":"Kai‐Wei Juang, Chien‐Hui Syu, Ting Tsai, Bo‐Ching Chen","doi":"10.1002/tox.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70016","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to food safety and human health, especially in rice‐consuming regions. This study aimed to identify rice cultivars with consistently low Cd accumulation and to establish a soil quality standard based on the bioconcentration factor (BCF) derived from field trials across 10 environments in central Taiwan. Fifteen rice cultivars were evaluated over four years (2020–2023), and BCF values were determined for each cultivar and environment. Genotypic and environmental effects on Cd accumulation were assessed using genotype plus genotype‐by‐environment (GGE) biplot analysis. The results indicated that environmental factors contributed the most to BCF variability (93.11%), followed by genotype–environment interaction (5.61%) and genotypic effect (1.28%). Several cultivars, including KH139 and TT30, exhibited stable and low BCF values across environments. Furthermore, the BCF values were used to construct a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curve fitted with the Burr Type III distribution, and the HC5 value was estimated for the derivation of food safety and health‐based Cd soil thresholds. The former's soil threshold was 0.7 mg/kg, while the latter's ranged from 4.5–6.0 mg/kg depending on gender. The results suggest that the soil Cd threshold can be maintained at the current Taiwan's soil pollution control standard of 5 mg/kg. These findings provide scientific evidence for the development of site‐specific, risk‐based soil management strategies and cultivar selection to mitigate Cd exposure from rice consumption.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arecoline is a major active alkaloid in <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case"> <jats:italic>Areca catechu</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> L. Currently, its biological toxicity has been extensively explored using multiple models, such as cell lines, animal embryos and representatives of rodent and non‐rodent species. However, the intergenerational impacts of this compound on aquatic invertebrate species remain still unclear. Thus, in this study, using <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case"> <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> as the model insect, we evaluated the toxicity of arecoline to the larvae and its subsequent effects on the developmental parameters of the parental ( <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> ) and offspring ( <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> ) generations. Arecoline exhibited a high toxicity to <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case"> <jats:italic>A. aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> larvae with the LC <jats:sub>50</jats:sub> value of 72.68 μg/mL via acute exposure for 48 h. As a result, the cumulative pupation rate of <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> decreased significantly by ranging from 12.96% to 38.50% with the increase of arecoline concentration from 51.63 to 63.27 μg/mL as compared with that of the blank control. Similarly, the <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> cumulative emergence rate and the average egg number per female exhibited reductions of 15.30%–43.88% and 26.32%–45.10%, respectively. Meanwhile, leg deformities of <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> adults were observed as the main visible morphological defects with a maximum rate value of 11.89% at 63.27 μg/mL of arecoline. In contrast, the lifecycle parameters for <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> mentioned above were not significantly affected in the <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> generation. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the transcriptome data demonstrated that arecoline‐induced leg deformities were associated with extracellular chitin‐related biological processes. Furthermore, five chitin synthesis pathway genes ( <jats:italic>G6PI</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>GFAT</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>GNPNA</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>UAP</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CHS</jats:italic> ) of F <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> adults were significantly down‐regulated with ranging from 1.62 to 7.80 folds of the control adults. Correspondingly, the activity of chitin synthetase was significantly inhibited by 72.88% after arecoline exposure. As expected, the chitin contents of leg‐deformed adults and their legs were also evidently reduced by 61.13% and 65.44%, respectively. These results imply that acute exposure of arecoline is of high toxicity to <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case"> <jats:italic>A. aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> larvae and affected the subsequent intergenerat
{"title":"Evaluation of the Intergenerational Effects of Arecoline on Aedes aegypti via Acute Exposure and Its Role in Inducing the Leg Deformities Involved in Chitin Synthesis Inhibition","authors":"Yuejie Wu, Fei Wang, Longxiang Gao, Yunfei Zhang, Lanying Wang, Yanping Luo","doi":"10.1002/tox.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70013","url":null,"abstract":"Arecoline is a major active alkaloid in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Areca catechu</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> L. Currently, its biological toxicity has been extensively explored using multiple models, such as cell lines, animal embryos and representatives of rodent and non‐rodent species. However, the intergenerational impacts of this compound on aquatic invertebrate species remain still unclear. Thus, in this study, using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> as the model insect, we evaluated the toxicity of arecoline to the larvae and its subsequent effects on the developmental parameters of the parental ( <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> ) and offspring ( <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> ) generations. Arecoline exhibited a high toxicity to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>A. aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> larvae with the LC <jats:sub>50</jats:sub> value of 72.68 μg/mL via acute exposure for 48 h. As a result, the cumulative pupation rate of <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> decreased significantly by ranging from 12.96% to 38.50% with the increase of arecoline concentration from 51.63 to 63.27 μg/mL as compared with that of the blank control. Similarly, the <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> cumulative emergence rate and the average egg number per female exhibited reductions of 15.30%–43.88% and 26.32%–45.10%, respectively. Meanwhile, leg deformities of <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> adults were observed as the main visible morphological defects with a maximum rate value of 11.89% at 63.27 μg/mL of arecoline. In contrast, the lifecycle parameters for <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> mentioned above were not significantly affected in the <jats:italic>F</jats:italic> <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> generation. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the transcriptome data demonstrated that arecoline‐induced leg deformities were associated with extracellular chitin‐related biological processes. Furthermore, five chitin synthesis pathway genes ( <jats:italic>G6PI</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>GFAT</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>GNPNA</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>UAP</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CHS</jats:italic> ) of F <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> adults were significantly down‐regulated with ranging from 1.62 to 7.80 folds of the control adults. Correspondingly, the activity of chitin synthetase was significantly inhibited by 72.88% after arecoline exposure. As expected, the chitin contents of leg‐deformed adults and their legs were also evidently reduced by 61.13% and 65.44%, respectively. These results imply that acute exposure of arecoline is of high toxicity to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>A. aegypti</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> larvae and affected the subsequent intergenerat","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical control remains a preferred choice among the farmers for pest management, with tolfenpyrad and emamectin benzoate popularly used in vegetable crops. To ensure consumer safety and assess the potential risks of these pesticides to human health, a field experiment was conducted for the estimation of residues of the combination product of tolfenpyrad and emamectin benzoate (Tolfenpyrad 18.75% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.94% W/W SC) in cauliflower and brinjal following SANTE (2021) guidelines. The extraction of residues was done using modified QuEChERS, and residues were estimated using Liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole processor. The average recovery of tolfenpyrad in cauliflower and brinjal was 86.17%–106.19% and 85.53%–106.16%, respectively, whereas the average recovery of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower was 92.33%–102.00% and in brinjal it was 93.36%–99.44%. The dissipation studies for tolfenpyrad revealed that the half‐life at X and 1.25X was 0.94 and 1.25 days, and 1.96 and 1.92 days in cauliflower and brinjal, respectively. The half‐life of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower and brinjal at X and 1.25X was 1.25 and 1.48 days, and 1.08 and 1.17, respectively. The pre‐harvest interval (PHI) of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower and brinjal was 4.66–5.51 days and 8.68–10.64 days, respectively, which was less than the PHI of tolfenpyrad with values of 8.03–11.13 days and 12.85–13.07 days in cauliflower and brinjal, respectively. Dietary risk assessment revealed a Hazard quotient of less than 1, indicating negligible risk to human health when used according to the recommended dose and PHI.
{"title":"Residue Analysis, Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Tolfenpyrad and Emamectin Benzoate in Cauliflower and Brinjal Using LC / MS and TQ","authors":"Sapna Katna, Tanuja Banshtu, Nisha Devi, Arvind Kumar, Shubhra Singh, Isha Sharma, Sakshi Sharma, Deeksha Sharma","doi":"10.1002/tox.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70012","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical control remains a preferred choice among the farmers for pest management, with tolfenpyrad and emamectin benzoate popularly used in vegetable crops. To ensure consumer safety and assess the potential risks of these pesticides to human health, a field experiment was conducted for the estimation of residues of the combination product of tolfenpyrad and emamectin benzoate (Tolfenpyrad 18.75% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.94% W/W SC) in cauliflower and brinjal following SANTE (2021) guidelines. The extraction of residues was done using modified QuEChERS, and residues were estimated using Liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole processor. The average recovery of tolfenpyrad in cauliflower and brinjal was 86.17%–106.19% and 85.53%–106.16%, respectively, whereas the average recovery of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower was 92.33%–102.00% and in brinjal it was 93.36%–99.44%. The dissipation studies for tolfenpyrad revealed that the half‐life at X and 1.25X was 0.94 and 1.25 days, and 1.96 and 1.92 days in cauliflower and brinjal, respectively. The half‐life of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower and brinjal at X and 1.25X was 1.25 and 1.48 days, and 1.08 and 1.17, respectively. The pre‐harvest interval (PHI) of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower and brinjal was 4.66–5.51 days and 8.68–10.64 days, respectively, which was less than the PHI of tolfenpyrad with values of 8.03–11.13 days and 12.85–13.07 days in cauliflower and brinjal, respectively. Dietary risk assessment revealed a Hazard quotient of less than 1, indicating negligible risk to human health when used according to the recommended dose and PHI.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eatemad A. Awadalla, Souad H. M. Bekheet, Yahia A. Amin, Samia A. Gbr, Zeinab Ebrahim, Amna H. M. Nour
Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely studied due to their unique properties and diverse applications. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used in paints, plastics, ceramics, and magnetic products. However, concerns over their potential toxicity have led to increased interest in safer, environmentally friendly synthesis methods. This study evaluates the toxicological effects of green‐synthesized AgNPs using Aloe vera extract compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs on vital organs (liver, kidney, spleen, and testis) in male mice. Twenty‐eight healthy adult male mice were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group I (control) received 0.9% NaCl; Group II received Aloe vera extract (5 mg/kg); Group III received chemically synthesized AgNPs; and Group IV received green‐synthesized AgNPs with Aloe vera . Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), urea, and creatinine. Tissue samples were examined for oxidative stress markers such as total oxidative stress (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and underwent histological and histochemical analysis. Results showed that the AgNPs and AgNPs ( Aloe vera ) groups exhibited significant increases in TOS, GOT, GPT, urea, and creatinine, with a concurrent reduction in TAC. However, only the chemically synthesized AgNPs group displayed marked histological damage in the liver, kidney, and testis, manifested as necrosis, inflammation, collagen deposition, and cellular degeneration. These changes were absent in the green‐synthesized AgNPs group. It can be concluded that AgNPs synthesized using Aloe vera exhibit fewer harmful health effects compared to those synthesized chemically, making green synthesis a safer and more reliable method.
{"title":"Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Aloe vera Extract Have Lower Toxicity Than Chemically Synthesized Forms on Hepatic, Renal, Oxidative/Antioxidative Profiles, and Histopathological Damage in Male Mice","authors":"Eatemad A. Awadalla, Souad H. M. Bekheet, Yahia A. Amin, Samia A. Gbr, Zeinab Ebrahim, Amna H. M. Nour","doi":"10.1002/tox.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70010","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely studied due to their unique properties and diverse applications. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used in paints, plastics, ceramics, and magnetic products. However, concerns over their potential toxicity have led to increased interest in safer, environmentally friendly synthesis methods. This study evaluates the toxicological effects of green‐synthesized AgNPs using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aloe vera</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> extract compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs on vital organs (liver, kidney, spleen, and testis) in male mice. Twenty‐eight healthy adult male mice were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group I (control) received 0.9% NaCl; Group II received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aloe vera</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> extract (5 mg/kg); Group III received chemically synthesized AgNPs; and Group IV received green‐synthesized AgNPs with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aloe vera</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> . Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), urea, and creatinine. Tissue samples were examined for oxidative stress markers such as total oxidative stress (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and underwent histological and histochemical analysis. Results showed that the AgNPs and AgNPs ( <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aloe vera</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> ) groups exhibited significant increases in TOS, GOT, GPT, urea, and creatinine, with a concurrent reduction in TAC. However, only the chemically synthesized AgNPs group displayed marked histological damage in the liver, kidney, and testis, manifested as necrosis, inflammation, collagen deposition, and cellular degeneration. These changes were absent in the green‐synthesized AgNPs group. It can be concluded that AgNPs synthesized using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> <jats:italic>Aloe vera</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> exhibit fewer harmful health effects compared to those synthesized chemically, making green synthesis a safer and more reliable method.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"127 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Ximena Martínez‐Escutia, Estefany I. Medina‐Reyes, Eduardo Delgado‐Armenta, Yolanda I. Chirino
Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), used as a food additive (labeled E171 in Europe), was withdrawn from the European market in 2022. The E171 toxicity mechanism involves its uptake, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation. It has been hypothesized that the TiO 2 accumulation nanoparticles (NPs) or E171 triggers tissue damage, and some studies have quantified titanium (Ti) concentration in several organs. Still, the accumulation pattern and toxicokinetics remain unknown. We aimed to systematically review the Ti accumulation in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and colon as these tissues have been reported to accumulate the highest Ti levels. We defined the search terms, and the literature search yielded 418 records. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 58 records that quantified Ti after exposure to TiO 2 NPs or E171 by five variants of inductively coupled plasma methods were considered for the analysis. A comparison of the sex of the animal model, the doses, type of titanium dioxide tested, and the administration route was performed. Based on this systematic review, we conclude that Ti accumulation in the tissues analyzed is unrelated to dose, administration route, exposure time, or animal model. Additionally, we found that the sample collection and digestion processes for biological samples analyzed varied among the studies, and the impact of these variations on Ti detection is unknown.
{"title":"Titanium Detected in Liver, Kidney, Spleen, and Intestine Is Not Related to Dose, Time, or Route of Exposure to Titanium Dioxide: A Systematic Review","authors":"Carmen Ximena Martínez‐Escutia, Estefany I. Medina‐Reyes, Eduardo Delgado‐Armenta, Yolanda I. Chirino","doi":"10.1002/tox.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70011","url":null,"abstract":"Titanium dioxide (TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ), used as a food additive (labeled E171 in Europe), was withdrawn from the European market in 2022. The E171 toxicity mechanism involves its uptake, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation. It has been hypothesized that the TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> accumulation nanoparticles (NPs) or E171 triggers tissue damage, and some studies have quantified titanium (Ti) concentration in several organs. Still, the accumulation pattern and toxicokinetics remain unknown. We aimed to systematically review the Ti accumulation in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and colon as these tissues have been reported to accumulate the highest Ti levels. We defined the search terms, and the literature search yielded 418 records. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 58 records that quantified Ti after exposure to TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> NPs or E171 by five variants of inductively coupled plasma methods were considered for the analysis. A comparison of the sex of the animal model, the doses, type of titanium dioxide tested, and the administration route was performed. Based on this systematic review, we conclude that Ti accumulation in the tissues analyzed is unrelated to dose, administration route, exposure time, or animal model. Additionally, we found that the sample collection and digestion processes for biological samples analyzed varied among the studies, and the impact of these variations on Ti detection is unknown.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Glanet Durom,V A Aneesha,Nerella Venkata Pavan Kumar,M Karikalan,Meemansha Sharma,Madhu C Lingaraju,Subhashree Parida,Manjit Panigrahi,Avinash G Telang,Thakur Uttam Singh
Ethion is a commonly used OP (Organophosphate) pesticide. The present study evaluated the transgenerational reproductive effects of prenatal ethion exposure in rats. Different doses of ethion were orally administered to pregnant rats from gestational day (GD) 6-19, at doses of 0.86, 1.7, 3.43, and 6.9 mg/kg in groundnut oil. On post-natal day (PND) 1, body weight, crown-rump length (CRL), anogenital distance (AGD), tail length, and physical status of pups were evaluated. Post-natal survival was assessed by weekly monitoring of body weight, day of pinna detachment, teeth eruption, fur development, and eye and ear opening. Pubertal onset and oestrus cycle duration were recorded in female and male offspring and they were sacrificed on PND 60, and 75 respectively. Sperm parameters and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, mRNA expression of 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), DNA fragmentation, and histology of reproductive organs were evaluated. Lower ethion doses increased body weights, CRL, AGD, and tail lengths in pups. However, the highest dose showed significant weight reduction. Ethion delayed all postnatal developmental milestones in Filial (F1) offspring. In females, ethion-exposed groups showed prolonged oestrus cycle duration. MDA levels were elevated in the uterus, ovary, and testis. The uterus of ethion groups showed marked papillary projections and severe myometrial degeneration. The ovary showed disrupted ovarian stroma architecture and fewer developing and matured follicles in the ethion groups. mRNA expression of the 3βHSD gene revealed decreased fold change except in the 1.7 mg/kg group where an increase in the fold change was recorded. Ethion advanced the testis descent and delayed pubertal onset in males. It also reduced sperm count, motility, intact acrosome percentage, and increased sperm abnormalities. Ethion caused severe testicular degeneration with necrosis of spermatogonial cells and the formation of giant cells. It caused a decrease in the fold change of mRNA expression of the 3βHSD gene in the ovary and testis. No DNA fragmentation was observed. The findings indicate that prenatal ethion exposure induced marked transgenerational reproductive toxicity in rats.
{"title":"Prenatal Ethion Exposure Disrupts Reproductive Health in First-Generation Rats.","authors":"Elizabeth Glanet Durom,V A Aneesha,Nerella Venkata Pavan Kumar,M Karikalan,Meemansha Sharma,Madhu C Lingaraju,Subhashree Parida,Manjit Panigrahi,Avinash G Telang,Thakur Uttam Singh","doi":"10.1002/tox.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.70008","url":null,"abstract":"Ethion is a commonly used OP (Organophosphate) pesticide. The present study evaluated the transgenerational reproductive effects of prenatal ethion exposure in rats. Different doses of ethion were orally administered to pregnant rats from gestational day (GD) 6-19, at doses of 0.86, 1.7, 3.43, and 6.9 mg/kg in groundnut oil. On post-natal day (PND) 1, body weight, crown-rump length (CRL), anogenital distance (AGD), tail length, and physical status of pups were evaluated. Post-natal survival was assessed by weekly monitoring of body weight, day of pinna detachment, teeth eruption, fur development, and eye and ear opening. Pubertal onset and oestrus cycle duration were recorded in female and male offspring and they were sacrificed on PND 60, and 75 respectively. Sperm parameters and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, mRNA expression of 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), DNA fragmentation, and histology of reproductive organs were evaluated. Lower ethion doses increased body weights, CRL, AGD, and tail lengths in pups. However, the highest dose showed significant weight reduction. Ethion delayed all postnatal developmental milestones in Filial (F1) offspring. In females, ethion-exposed groups showed prolonged oestrus cycle duration. MDA levels were elevated in the uterus, ovary, and testis. The uterus of ethion groups showed marked papillary projections and severe myometrial degeneration. The ovary showed disrupted ovarian stroma architecture and fewer developing and matured follicles in the ethion groups. mRNA expression of the 3βHSD gene revealed decreased fold change except in the 1.7 mg/kg group where an increase in the fold change was recorded. Ethion advanced the testis descent and delayed pubertal onset in males. It also reduced sperm count, motility, intact acrosome percentage, and increased sperm abnormalities. Ethion caused severe testicular degeneration with necrosis of spermatogonial cells and the formation of giant cells. It caused a decrease in the fold change of mRNA expression of the 3βHSD gene in the ovary and testis. No DNA fragmentation was observed. The findings indicate that prenatal ethion exposure induced marked transgenerational reproductive toxicity in rats.","PeriodicalId":11756,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号