S. Yamasaki, Ryusei Yamakuchi, S. Yamanaka, Kazuto Manabe
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has been used as a model higher plant for the study of sex expression (Galun, 1961; Shifriss, 1961; Kubicki, 1969a; 1969b; Malepszy and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 1991). Sex expression in cucumber plants is genetically controlled by the F and M genes. These genes interact to produce four different sex phenotypes: gynoecious (M-F-), monoecious (M-ff), hermaphroditic (mmF-), and andromonoecious (mmff). Gynoecious cucumber plants produce only female flowers; monoecious plants produce both male and female flowers; hermaphroditic plants produce bisexual flowers with both staminate and pistillate organs; and andromonoecious plants produce bisexual and male flowers. Of these various sex phenotypes, monoecious is the most common type of sex expression in cucumber plants. Morphologically, all flower buds in monoecious cucumber plants contain both stamen and pistil primordia at the early stage of their differentiation, and later develop into male or female flowers. Pistil development is arrested in flower buds destined to become male flowers, whereas stamen development is arrested in flower buds that become female flowers (Kubicki, 1969c; Yamasaki et al., 2005). Sex differences are thus established by the selective arrest of sexual organ primordia in monoecious cucumber plants. In cucumber, sex expression can be regulated not only by the genetic loci described above, but also by plant hormones and environmental conditions (Atsmon and Galun, 1960; Shifriss and George, 1964; Frankel and Galun, 1977; Takahashi et al., 1983; Durand and Durand, 1984). In particular, production of the plant hormone ethylene is highly correlated with femaleness in cucumber plants, for example, gynoecious cucumber plants produce more ethylene than monoecious plants (George, 1971; Rudich et al., 1972; Trebitsh et al., 1987). In addition, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or ethylene action suppress the development of female flowers and induce male flowers (Beyer, 1976; Atsmon and Tabbak, 1979; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; Takahashi and Jaffe, 1984; Yamasaki et al., 2000; Yamasaki and Manabe, 2011). Furthermore, application of ethylene to monoecious cucumber plants promotes the formation of female flowers (MacMurray and Miller, 1968; Iwahori et al., 1970; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; 1982; Yamasaki et al., 2000). These physiological phenomena were confirmed at the molecular level. Two genes (CSACS1G and CS-ACS2) which encode a key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, were identified as being related to sex expression in cucumber plants. The CSACS1G gene, which exists in gynoecious cucumber plants but not in monoecious cucumber plants, was closely linked to the F gene (Trebitsh et al., 1997). The CS-ACS2 gene
黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)已被用作研究性别表达的模式高等植物(Galun, 1961;Shifriss, 1961;Kubicki, 1969;1969 b;Malepszy和Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 1991)。黄瓜植株的性表达受F和M基因的遗传控制。这些基因相互作用产生四种不同的性别表型:雌雄同株(M-F-)、雌雄同株(M-ff)、雌雄同体(mmF-)和雌雄同株(mmff)。雌雄同株的黄瓜植株只产生雌花;雌雄同株植物产生雄花和雌花;雌雄同体植物产生两性花，雄蕊器官和雌蕊器官都有;雌雄同株植物产生两性花和雄花。在这些不同的性别表型中，雌雄同株是黄瓜植物中最常见的性别表达类型。在形态上，雌雄同株黄瓜的花蕾在分化早期都含有雄蕊和雌蕊原基，然后发育成雄花或雌花。雌蕊发育在成为雄花的花蕾中受阻，而雄蕊发育在成为雌花的花蕾中受阻(Kubicki, 1969c;Yamasaki et al.， 2005)。因此，雌雄同株黄瓜植物的性器官原基的选择性阻滞建立了性别差异。在黄瓜中，性表达不仅受上述遗传位点的调控，还受植物激素和环境条件的调控(Atsmon和Galun, 1960;Shifriss和George, 1964;Frankel and Galun, 1977;Takahashi等人，1983;Durand and Durand, 1984)。特别是，在黄瓜植物中，植物激素乙烯的产生与雌性高度相关，例如，雌同株的黄瓜植物比雌雄同株的植物产生更多的乙烯(George, 1971;Rudich et al.， 1972;Trebitsh et al.， 1987)。此外，乙烯生物合成抑制剂或乙烯作用抑制雌花发育并诱导雄花(Beyer, 1976;Atsmon和Tabbak, 1979;Takahashi and Suge, 1980;Takahashi and Jaffe, 1984;Yamasaki et al.， 2000;Yamasaki and Manabe, 2011)。此外，在雌雄同株的黄瓜植株上施用乙烯可以促进雌花的形成(MacMurray and Miller, 1968;Iwahori et al.， 1970;Takahashi and Suge, 1980;1982;Yamasaki et al.， 2000)。这些生理现象在分子水平上得到了证实。在黄瓜中发现了两个编码乙烯合成途径关键酶-1 -氨基环丙烷-1羧酸合成酶的基因CSACS1G和CS-ACS2，这两个基因与黄瓜植物性别表达有关。CSACS1G基因存在于雌雄同株黄瓜中，而不存在于雌雄同株黄瓜中，与F基因有密切联系(Trebitsh et al.， 1997)。CS-ACS2基因
{"title":"Potential Involvement of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in the Arrest of Stamen Development of Female Flowers During Sex Expression in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","authors":"S. Yamasaki, Ryusei Yamakuchi, S. Yamanaka, Kazuto Manabe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.105","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has been used as a model higher plant for the study of sex expression (Galun, 1961; Shifriss, 1961; Kubicki, 1969a; 1969b; Malepszy and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 1991). Sex expression in cucumber plants is genetically controlled by the F and M genes. These genes interact to produce four different sex phenotypes: gynoecious (M-F-), monoecious (M-ff), hermaphroditic (mmF-), and andromonoecious (mmff). Gynoecious cucumber plants produce only female flowers; monoecious plants produce both male and female flowers; hermaphroditic plants produce bisexual flowers with both staminate and pistillate organs; and andromonoecious plants produce bisexual and male flowers. Of these various sex phenotypes, monoecious is the most common type of sex expression in cucumber plants. Morphologically, all flower buds in monoecious cucumber plants contain both stamen and pistil primordia at the early stage of their differentiation, and later develop into male or female flowers. Pistil development is arrested in flower buds destined to become male flowers, whereas stamen development is arrested in flower buds that become female flowers (Kubicki, 1969c; Yamasaki et al., 2005). Sex differences are thus established by the selective arrest of sexual organ primordia in monoecious cucumber plants. In cucumber, sex expression can be regulated not only by the genetic loci described above, but also by plant hormones and environmental conditions (Atsmon and Galun, 1960; Shifriss and George, 1964; Frankel and Galun, 1977; Takahashi et al., 1983; Durand and Durand, 1984). In particular, production of the plant hormone ethylene is highly correlated with femaleness in cucumber plants, for example, gynoecious cucumber plants produce more ethylene than monoecious plants (George, 1971; Rudich et al., 1972; Trebitsh et al., 1987). In addition, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or ethylene action suppress the development of female flowers and induce male flowers (Beyer, 1976; Atsmon and Tabbak, 1979; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; Takahashi and Jaffe, 1984; Yamasaki et al., 2000; Yamasaki and Manabe, 2011). Furthermore, application of ethylene to monoecious cucumber plants promotes the formation of female flowers (MacMurray and Miller, 1968; Iwahori et al., 1970; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; 1982; Yamasaki et al., 2000). These physiological phenomena were confirmed at the molecular level. Two genes (CSACS1G and CS-ACS2) which encode a key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, were identified as being related to sex expression in cucumber plants. The CSACS1G gene, which exists in gynoecious cucumber plants but not in monoecious cucumber plants, was closely linked to the F gene (Trebitsh et al., 1997). The CS-ACS2 gene","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82764220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuta Miyoshi, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is one of the most important environmental factors in crop production. Within the range of suitable CO2 concentration for crops, an increase of CO2 concentration results in an increase in net crop photosynthesis (Cure and Acock, 1986; Keutgen et al., 1997) and thereby promotes photosynthate translocation, which directly controls the crop yield and quality (Troughton and Currie, 1977; David et al., 2014). Therefore, in greenhouse horticulture, CO2 enrichment is commonly used to realize high crop productivity (Kawashima et al., 2008). In strawberry production, CO2 enrichment has been practiced since the 1970s (Kato et al., 2015), and is used widely today in strawberry-cultivation greenhouses (Wada et al., 2010). In areas of scant solar radiation during the winter season, daytime enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 40% (Kawashima, 1991), while in areas of abundant solar radiation, early morning enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 16% (Shigeno et al., 2001). The effect of CO2 enrichment on increasing yield is well established; however, a normative CO2 enrichment strategy has not been determined (Mizukami et al., 2011). Moreover, a previous study revealed the ineffectiveness of industrystandard methods for enriching CO2 (Miyoshi et al., 2013). At our experimental site in the northern Kyushu area during the winter strawberry production season, CO2 was generally enriched in the greenhouse using a fuel-burning CO2 generator only early in the morning. CO2 concentrations inside the greenhouse began to increase with the beginning of CO2 enrichment and reached a maximum of approximately 2,000 ppm. However, beginning greenhouse ventilation to cool the greenhouse rapidly decreases the CO2 concentration inside the greenhouse. Consequently, the CO2 concentration decreases to outdoor levels before noon, when photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) becomes sufficient for strawberry crop photosynthesis. Thus, greenhouse ventilation renders CO2 enrichment ineffective with regard to increasing photosynthesis in the strawberry crop. In this study, we propose a new local CO2 enrichment system. The system enriches CO2 in close proximity to the crops and thereby enables efficient control of CO2 concentration even when the greenhouse ventilation system is active. We applied the system to a strawberry greenhouse with ventilation windows to examine the effect of this local CO2 enrichment. We also examined the effects of CO2 enrichment system on physiological functions such as photo-
二氧化碳(CO2)浓度是作物生产中最重要的环境因子之一。在作物适宜的CO2浓度范围内，CO2浓度的增加导致作物净光合作用的增加(Cure and Acock, 1986;Keutgen et al.， 1997)，从而促进光合作用转运，直接控制作物的产量和品质(Troughton and Currie, 1977;David et al.， 2014)。因此，在温室园艺中，通常采用CO2富集来实现作物高产(Kawashima et al.， 2008)。在草莓生产中，CO2富集自20世纪70年代以来一直在实践(Kato等人，2015)，并且今天在草莓栽培温室中广泛使用(Wada等人，2010)。在冬季太阳辐射不足的地区，白天CO2的富集可使作物产量增加40% (Kawashima, 1991)，而在太阳辐射充足的地区，清晨CO2的富集可使作物产量增加16% (Shigeno et al.， 2001)。CO2富集对提高产量的作用已得到证实;然而，规范的CO2富集策略尚未确定(Mizukami et al.， 2011)。此外，先前的一项研究揭示了富集CO2的行业标准方法的有效性(Miyoshi et al.， 2013)。在我们位于九州北部地区的试验点，在冬季草莓生产季节，温室内通常只在清晨使用燃料燃烧CO2发生器富集CO2。随着CO2富集的开始，温室内的CO2浓度开始增加，最高达到约2000 ppm。然而，开始温室通风使温室降温会迅速降低温室内的二氧化碳浓度。因此，在中午之前，当光合光子通量密度(PPFD)达到草莓作物光合作用所需时，CO2浓度降低到室外水平。因此，温室通风使二氧化碳富集在增加草莓作物光合作用方面无效。在本研究中，我们提出了一种新的局部CO2富集系统。该系统在靠近作物的地方富集二氧化碳，因此即使在温室通风系统处于激活状态时也能有效地控制二氧化碳浓度。我们将该系统应用于一个带有通风窗的草莓温室，以检验这种局部二氧化碳富集的效果。我们还研究了CO2富集系统对光合作用等生理功能的影响
{"title":"Effects of Local CO2 Enrichment on Strawberry Cultivation during the Winter Season","authors":"Yuta Miyoshi, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.165","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is one of the most important environmental factors in crop production. Within the range of suitable CO2 concentration for crops, an increase of CO2 concentration results in an increase in net crop photosynthesis (Cure and Acock, 1986; Keutgen et al., 1997) and thereby promotes photosynthate translocation, which directly controls the crop yield and quality (Troughton and Currie, 1977; David et al., 2014). Therefore, in greenhouse horticulture, CO2 enrichment is commonly used to realize high crop productivity (Kawashima et al., 2008). In strawberry production, CO2 enrichment has been practiced since the 1970s (Kato et al., 2015), and is used widely today in strawberry-cultivation greenhouses (Wada et al., 2010). In areas of scant solar radiation during the winter season, daytime enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 40% (Kawashima, 1991), while in areas of abundant solar radiation, early morning enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 16% (Shigeno et al., 2001). The effect of CO2 enrichment on increasing yield is well established; however, a normative CO2 enrichment strategy has not been determined (Mizukami et al., 2011). Moreover, a previous study revealed the ineffectiveness of industrystandard methods for enriching CO2 (Miyoshi et al., 2013). At our experimental site in the northern Kyushu area during the winter strawberry production season, CO2 was generally enriched in the greenhouse using a fuel-burning CO2 generator only early in the morning. CO2 concentrations inside the greenhouse began to increase with the beginning of CO2 enrichment and reached a maximum of approximately 2,000 ppm. However, beginning greenhouse ventilation to cool the greenhouse rapidly decreases the CO2 concentration inside the greenhouse. Consequently, the CO2 concentration decreases to outdoor levels before noon, when photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) becomes sufficient for strawberry crop photosynthesis. Thus, greenhouse ventilation renders CO2 enrichment ineffective with regard to increasing photosynthesis in the strawberry crop. In this study, we propose a new local CO2 enrichment system. The system enriches CO2 in close proximity to the crops and thereby enables efficient control of CO2 concentration even when the greenhouse ventilation system is active. We applied the system to a strawberry greenhouse with ventilation windows to examine the effect of this local CO2 enrichment. We also examined the effects of CO2 enrichment system on physiological functions such as photo-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83992892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sedum species are the most commonly used vegetative plants in extensive green roofs worldwide. Green roof technology provides several environmental benefits, for example, cooling and insulation of buildings (Wong et al., 2003; Sailor, 2008), mitigation of the urban heat-island effect (Susca et al., 2011), stormwater management (Villarreal and Bengtsson, 2005; Getter et al., 2007; Rowe, 2011), carbon sequestration and reduction of air pollution (Yang et al., 2008; Getter et al., 2009), and habitat provision for other organisms (Kadas, 2006). These benefits result from the presence of living plants and growth medium on green roofs. Studying the physiological traits of green roof plants is the key to understanding the environmental benefits of green roofs. Sedum species use the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway, which plays a crucial role in their growth under drought conditions (Yamori et al., 2014; Way and Yamori, 2014). In addition, several Sedum species have been described as “inducible” CAM plants (Lee and Griffiths, 1987; Gravatt and Martin, 1992). They are actually C3 plants with an ability to switch their carbon metabolism to the CAM pathway in response to drought stress (Sayed, 2001). This suggests that the physiological responses of Sedum species to soil water regimes severely affect the carbon sequestration and the cooling effect of a Sedum green roof. However, the investigation of Sedum species in green roofs has tended to focus primarily on their drought tolerance (Monterusso et al., 2005; VanWoert et al., 2005; Nagase and Dunnett, 2010; Thuring et al., 2010), and less attention has been paid to their physiological traits in wet conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses of three Sedum species to different soil water regimes, and compare their photosynthetic and transpiration rates with those of two other commonly used green roof plants. In addition, we discuss the influence of soil water regimes on the environmental benefits of the Sedum green roofs.
景天属植物是世界范围内绿化屋顶中最常用的营养植物。绿色屋顶技术提供了一些环境效益，例如，建筑物的冷却和绝缘(Wong等人，2003;赛勒，2008年)，缓解城市热岛效应(Susca等人，2011年)，雨水管理(比利亚雷亚尔和Bengtsson, 2005年;Getter等人，2007;Rowe, 2011)，碳固存和减少空气污染(Yang et al.， 2008;Getter等人，2009)，以及为其他生物提供栖息地(Kadas, 2006)。这些好处来自于绿色屋顶上存在的活植物和生长介质。研究屋顶绿化植物的生理特性是了解屋顶绿化环境效益的关键。景天属植物通过天冬酸代谢(CAM)光合途径在干旱条件下的生长中起着至关重要的作用(Yamori et al.， 2014;Way和Yamori, 2014)。此外，一些景天属植物被描述为“可诱导的”CAM植物(Lee和Griffiths, 1987;Gravatt和Martin, 1992)。它们实际上是C3植物，能够将碳代谢转换为CAM途径以应对干旱胁迫(Sayed, 2001)。这表明景天植物对土壤水分状况的生理反应严重影响了景天绿化屋顶的固碳和降温效果。然而，对绿色屋顶上景天属植物的调查往往主要集中在它们的耐旱性上(Monterusso et al.， 2005;VanWoert et al.， 2005;Nagase and Dunnett, 2010;Thuring et al.， 2010)，而对其在潮湿条件下的生理特性关注较少。本研究的目的是研究三种景天植物对不同土壤水分状况的生理反应，并将其光合速率和蒸腾速率与另外两种常用的屋顶绿化植物进行比较。此外，我们还讨论了土壤水分状况对景天绿化屋顶环境效益的影响。
{"title":"Photosynthetic and Transpiration Rates of Three Sedum Species Used for Green Roofs","authors":"Takanori Kuronuma, Hitoshi Watanabe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.137","url":null,"abstract":"Sedum species are the most commonly used vegetative plants in extensive green roofs worldwide. Green roof technology provides several environmental benefits, for example, cooling and insulation of buildings (Wong et al., 2003; Sailor, 2008), mitigation of the urban heat-island effect (Susca et al., 2011), stormwater management (Villarreal and Bengtsson, 2005; Getter et al., 2007; Rowe, 2011), carbon sequestration and reduction of air pollution (Yang et al., 2008; Getter et al., 2009), and habitat provision for other organisms (Kadas, 2006). These benefits result from the presence of living plants and growth medium on green roofs. Studying the physiological traits of green roof plants is the key to understanding the environmental benefits of green roofs. Sedum species use the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway, which plays a crucial role in their growth under drought conditions (Yamori et al., 2014; Way and Yamori, 2014). In addition, several Sedum species have been described as “inducible” CAM plants (Lee and Griffiths, 1987; Gravatt and Martin, 1992). They are actually C3 plants with an ability to switch their carbon metabolism to the CAM pathway in response to drought stress (Sayed, 2001). This suggests that the physiological responses of Sedum species to soil water regimes severely affect the carbon sequestration and the cooling effect of a Sedum green roof. However, the investigation of Sedum species in green roofs has tended to focus primarily on their drought tolerance (Monterusso et al., 2005; VanWoert et al., 2005; Nagase and Dunnett, 2010; Thuring et al., 2010), and less attention has been paid to their physiological traits in wet conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses of three Sedum species to different soil water regimes, and compare their photosynthetic and transpiration rates with those of two other commonly used green roof plants. In addition, we discuss the influence of soil water regimes on the environmental benefits of the Sedum green roofs.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81518686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chihiro Urairi, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi
{"title":"Optimization of Light-Dark Cycles of Lactuca sativa L. in Plant Factory","authors":"Chihiro Urairi, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.55.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.55.85","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87993503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
level of ruminants with considerable probability. There is a possibility to use forage chicory as the material for removing the extra K in the soil, not for the feed crops. However, reports on the potassium uptake capacity of witloof chicory is limited and detailed information is necessary for using witloof chicory as a K-scavenger. The present study describes the efforts to examine the plant growth and K absorption capacity of witloof chicory and the change of soil chemical profiles during growing pe-riods. The witloof type chicory was considered, comparing to forage type chicory, under K 2 O rich conditions, growing with a modelled K 2 O accumulated soils that were made by excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Experimental forcing cultures were also conducted in order to verify the influence of stress caused by K 2 O rich conditions on the yield and quality of the edible part of witloof chicory. Under a high-K stressful condition in a greenhouse pot cultivation, the biomass production and the K absorption capacity of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) were compared with forage chicory. The root biomass of witloof chicory was greater than that of forage chicory among all treatments, indicating that witloof chicory has a certain level of tolerance against high K stressful conditions. As K 2 O application increased, the biomass, in top and root, tended to decrease in both types, however, there was not a significant negative impact on the yield or quality of the obtained roots in witloof type at the treatments under 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 level. The K-uptake amount per plant of witloof chicory was 40% to 58% greater comparing forage chicory, at the K 2 O treatments from 1,000 to 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . The quality of the etiolated heads, obtained after the forcing culture, could be kept at the same level of the commercially available fresh products when the K 2 O application was lower than 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . Through this experiment, witloof chicory showed its potential to be utilized as a remedy for K accumulated soils, concurrently, obtaining an agricultural income from the forcing culture by using roots which absorbed K from soils.
反刍动物的水平有相当大的可能性。有一种可能性是使用饲料菊苣作为去除土壤中多余钾的材料，而不是用于饲料作物。然而，关于菊苣的钾吸收能力的报道有限，对菊苣作为钾清除剂的使用需要详细的资料。本文研究了菊苣的生长和钾吸收能力，以及不同生育期土壤化学特征的变化。与草食型菊苣相比，研究了菊苣在富钾条件下，在过量施用化肥造成的模拟钾积累土壤中生长的情况。为验证富钾胁迫对菊苣可食部分产量和品质的影响，进行了强制培养试验。在温室盆栽高钾胁迫条件下，比较了菊苣与饲用菊苣的生物量产量和吸钾能力。各处理中菊苣根生物量均大于饲用菊苣根生物量，说明菊苣对高钾胁迫具有一定的耐受性。随着钾肥施用量的增加，两种类型的顶部和根部生物量都有下降的趋势，但在2000 kg ha (cid:4) 1水平下，无根型处理对根系产量和质量没有显著的负面影响。在1,000 ~ 2,000 kg hm2的k2o处理下，无食菊苣单株吸钾量比饲用菊苣高40% ~ 58% (cid:4) 1。当k2o用量低于2000 kg / ha (cid:4) 1时，强制培养后黄化头的质量可与市售新鲜产品保持相同水平。通过本试验，菊苣显示了其作为钾积累土壤补救剂的潜力，同时，利用从土壤中吸收钾的根从强迫栽培中获得农业收入。
{"title":"The Effect of Excessive Application of K2O during Root Production on Plant Growth, Mineral Concentration and Yield of Edible Part in Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)","authors":"T. Kumano, H. Araki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.147","url":null,"abstract":"level of ruminants with considerable probability. There is a possibility to use forage chicory as the material for removing the extra K in the soil, not for the feed crops. However, reports on the potassium uptake capacity of witloof chicory is limited and detailed information is necessary for using witloof chicory as a K-scavenger. The present study describes the efforts to examine the plant growth and K absorption capacity of witloof chicory and the change of soil chemical profiles during growing pe-riods. The witloof type chicory was considered, comparing to forage type chicory, under K 2 O rich conditions, growing with a modelled K 2 O accumulated soils that were made by excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Experimental forcing cultures were also conducted in order to verify the influence of stress caused by K 2 O rich conditions on the yield and quality of the edible part of witloof chicory. Under a high-K stressful condition in a greenhouse pot cultivation, the biomass production and the K absorption capacity of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) were compared with forage chicory. The root biomass of witloof chicory was greater than that of forage chicory among all treatments, indicating that witloof chicory has a certain level of tolerance against high K stressful conditions. As K 2 O application increased, the biomass, in top and root, tended to decrease in both types, however, there was not a significant negative impact on the yield or quality of the obtained roots in witloof type at the treatments under 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 level. The K-uptake amount per plant of witloof chicory was 40% to 58% greater comparing forage chicory, at the K 2 O treatments from 1,000 to 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . The quality of the etiolated heads, obtained after the forcing culture, could be kept at the same level of the commercially available fresh products when the K 2 O application was lower than 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . Through this experiment, witloof chicory showed its potential to be utilized as a remedy for K accumulated soils, concurrently, obtaining an agricultural income from the forcing culture by using roots which absorbed K from soils.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76616717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The photosynthetic rate is one of the most important and fundamental aspects for plant growth. In many studies this rate is measured, evaluated, and compared among the leaves of plants cultivated under different conditions. The measured rates are also used to calculate other photosynthesis-related indices, such as photosynthetic light-, water-, and nitrogen-use efficiencies. In agricultural and horticultural researches, the effectiveness of treatments is sometimes discussed based on the measured photosynthetic rates and calculated indices. A number of researches have reported that the relative spectral photon flux density (PFD) distribution (i.e. the spectral distribution normalized to the peak or mean value) of light used for measurement (i.e. measuring light or actinic light) affects leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) (e.g. McCree, 1972; Inada, 1976). To eliminate this direct effect from the comparison, Pn is usually measured under a common spectral distribution of measuring light irrespective of growth conditions in agricultural and horticultural studies. One of the most widely-used measuring lights is a mixture of blue and red light (BR-light) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) installed in commercial photosynthesis analysis systems (e.g. LI-6400, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA; GFS-3000, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany). The use of artificial light sources enables precise control of the spectral distribution of measuring light on the leaf, and therefore, ensures reproducibility and reliability among experiments. Walters (2005) noted that photosynthetic rates measured with a relative spectral distribution of light different from that of the growth light do not necessarily reflect the functioning of photosynthesis under the actual growth conditions. Indeed, we have demonstrated this problem in Pn measurements in our recent experiment (Murakami et al., 2016). In that experiment, cucumber seedlings were grown under white LED (300 mol m 2 s ) without and with supplemental far-red (FR) LED light (70 mol m 2 s ) (W and WFR, respectively), and the Pn of the leaves was subsequently compared under BR-light and under light with a relative spectral distribution approximating to that of sunlight (‘artificial’ sunlight) at a photosynthetic PFD (PPFD) of 300 mol m 2 s . The mean Pn of W-grown-leaves (mean ± SE: 12.2 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s ) was 36% greater than that of WFR-grown-leaves (8.9 ± 0.7 mol m 2 s ) under BR-light (95% confident interval: +0.6 to +5.9, P = 0.027), while the mean value of W-grown-leaves (10.1 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s 1 ) were comparable to or 3% smaller than that of WFR-grown-leaves (10.4 ± 0.3 mol m 2 s ) under the artificial sunlight (95% confident interval: –1.9 to +1.3, P = 0.65) (Murakami et al., 2016). Based on the results obtained from measurement under BR-light, the prospective leaf photosynthetic rate (i.e. leaf photosynthetic rates after the measurements) of WFR-grown-plants may
光合速率是植物生长最重要和最基本的方面之一。在许多研究中，测量、评估和比较了在不同条件下栽培的植物叶片的这一比率。测量的速率也用于计算其他与光合作用有关的指数，如光合作用的光、水和氮利用效率。在农业和园艺研究中，有时根据测量的光合速率和计算的指数来讨论处理的有效性。许多研究报道了用于测量(即测量光或光化光)的光的相对光谱光子通量密度(PFD)分布(即归一化到峰值或平均值的光谱分布)影响叶片净光合速率(Pn)(例如McCree, 1972;Inada, 1976)。为了从比较中消除这种直接影响，在农业和园艺研究中，通常在测量光的共同光谱分布下测量Pn，而不考虑生长条件。最广泛使用的测量灯之一是安装在商业光合作用分析系统(例如LI-6400, LI-COR Inc.， Lincoln, NE, USA;GFS-3000, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich，德国)。人工光源的使用可以精确控制叶片上测量光的光谱分布，从而确保实验的再现性和可靠性。Walters(2005)指出，用不同于生长光的相对光谱分布测量的光合速率并不一定能反映实际生长条件下光合作用的功能。事实上，我们在最近的实验中已经在Pn测量中证明了这个问题(Murakami et al.， 2016)。在该实验中，黄瓜幼苗在白光LED (300 mol m 2 s)下生长，无远红(FR) LED (70 mol m 2 s) (W和WFR分别)下生长，随后比较br光和相对光谱分布接近阳光(“人造”阳光)下光合PFD (PPFD)为300 mol m 2 s的光下叶片的Pn。的平均Pn W-grown-leaves(意味着±SE: 12.2±0.5摩尔m 2 s)是36%比WFR-grown-leaves(8.9±0.7摩尔m 2 s) BR-light(95%置信区间:+ 0.6 + 5.9,P = 0.027),尽管W-grown-leaves的平均值(10.1±0.5摩尔m 2 s 1)类似于或小于3%的WFR-grown-leaves(10.4±0.3摩尔m 2 s)人工阳光下(95%置信区间:-1.9 + 1.3,P = 0.65)(村上et al ., 2016)。根据br光下的测量结果，可以预测wfr生长植物的未来叶片光合速率(即测量后的叶片光合速率)
{"title":"A Basis for Selecting Light Spectral Distribution for Evaluating Leaf Photosynthetic Rates of Plants Grown under Different Light Spectral Distributions","authors":"K. Murakami, R. Matsuda, K. Fujiwara","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.1","url":null,"abstract":"The photosynthetic rate is one of the most important and fundamental aspects for plant growth. In many studies this rate is measured, evaluated, and compared among the leaves of plants cultivated under different conditions. The measured rates are also used to calculate other photosynthesis-related indices, such as photosynthetic light-, water-, and nitrogen-use efficiencies. In agricultural and horticultural researches, the effectiveness of treatments is sometimes discussed based on the measured photosynthetic rates and calculated indices. A number of researches have reported that the relative spectral photon flux density (PFD) distribution (i.e. the spectral distribution normalized to the peak or mean value) of light used for measurement (i.e. measuring light or actinic light) affects leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) (e.g. McCree, 1972; Inada, 1976). To eliminate this direct effect from the comparison, Pn is usually measured under a common spectral distribution of measuring light irrespective of growth conditions in agricultural and horticultural studies. One of the most widely-used measuring lights is a mixture of blue and red light (BR-light) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) installed in commercial photosynthesis analysis systems (e.g. LI-6400, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA; GFS-3000, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany). The use of artificial light sources enables precise control of the spectral distribution of measuring light on the leaf, and therefore, ensures reproducibility and reliability among experiments. Walters (2005) noted that photosynthetic rates measured with a relative spectral distribution of light different from that of the growth light do not necessarily reflect the functioning of photosynthesis under the actual growth conditions. Indeed, we have demonstrated this problem in Pn measurements in our recent experiment (Murakami et al., 2016). In that experiment, cucumber seedlings were grown under white LED (300 mol m 2 s ) without and with supplemental far-red (FR) LED light (70 mol m 2 s ) (W and WFR, respectively), and the Pn of the leaves was subsequently compared under BR-light and under light with a relative spectral distribution approximating to that of sunlight (‘artificial’ sunlight) at a photosynthetic PFD (PPFD) of 300 mol m 2 s . The mean Pn of W-grown-leaves (mean ± SE: 12.2 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s ) was 36% greater than that of WFR-grown-leaves (8.9 ± 0.7 mol m 2 s ) under BR-light (95% confident interval: +0.6 to +5.9, P = 0.027), while the mean value of W-grown-leaves (10.1 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s 1 ) were comparable to or 3% smaller than that of WFR-grown-leaves (10.4 ± 0.3 mol m 2 s ) under the artificial sunlight (95% confident interval: –1.9 to +1.3, P = 0.65) (Murakami et al., 2016). Based on the results obtained from measurement under BR-light, the prospective leaf photosynthetic rate (i.e. leaf photosynthetic rates after the measurements) of WFR-grown-plants may","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86552493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Suwitchayanon, K. Kunasakdakul, H. Kato‐Noguchi
Allelopathy is a phenomenon of chemical interactions among plants, and allelochemicals are chemicals released from one plant into the environment via volatilization, root exudation, leachates, and plant decomposition. The allelochemicals influence the germination and growth of neighboring plants in either an inhibitory or stimulatory manner (Rice, 1984). In recent years, allelochemicals have been studied and tested as bioherbicides for weed control. Medicinal plants have been widely studied in the search for potential natural active compounds (Batish et al., 2007; Gilani et al., 2010). The allelopathic activity of 239 medicinal plants was evaluated and 223 were found to have allelopathic activities (Fujii et al., 2003). The allelopathic activity of numerous medicinal plants has also been reported (Syed et al., 2014; Synowiec and Nowicka-Po e , 2016). Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and has a tropical climate, resulting in a wide diversity of plant species. About 80% of at least 10,000 forest tree and herbal plant species in Thailand are recognized for their medicinal properties (Thitiprasert et al., 2007). Many of the species dominate and form colonies with few or no other plant species around them. Their strong ability to garner natural resources such as nutrients and water may allow them to establish colonies. Their allelopathic ability may also be involved in establishing colonies. The selected 14 Thai medicinal plants in this study are common plants in northern Thailand and grow as colonies in nature. All of them have important medicinal properties, but rarely study in allelopathic activity. The present study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the allelopathic activity of 14 Thai medicinal plants on the seedling growth of lettuce for the purpose of developing natural herbicides in the future.
化感作用是植物间化学相互作用的一种现象，化感物质是指植物通过挥发、根渗出、渗滤液和植物分解释放到环境中的化学物质。化感物质以抑制或刺激的方式影响邻近植物的发芽和生长(Rice, 1984)。近年来，人们对化感化学物质作为生物除草剂进行了研究和试验。药用植物已被广泛研究以寻找潜在的天然活性化合物(Batish et al.， 2007;Gilani et al.， 2010)。对239种药用植物进行了化感作用评价，发现223种具有化感作用(Fujii et al.， 2003)。许多药用植物的化感作用也有报道(Syed et al.， 2014;Synowiec and Nowicka-Po e, 2016)。泰国位于东南亚，属热带气候，植物种类繁多。在泰国，至少10,000种森林树木和草本植物中约有80%被认为具有药用价值(Thitiprasert et al.， 2007)。许多物种占据主导地位，并形成殖民地，周围很少或没有其他植物物种。它们获取自然资源(如养分和水)的能力很强，这可能使它们能够建立殖民地。它们的化感作用能力也可能与建立殖民地有关。本研究选取的14种泰国药用植物是泰国北部常见的植物，在自然界中以群体形式生长。它们都具有重要的药用价值，但在化感作用方面的研究很少。因此，本研究旨在评价14种泰国药用植物对生菜幼苗生长的化感作用，为今后开发天然除草剂提供依据。
{"title":"Screening the Allelopathic Activity of 14 Medicinal Plants from Northern Thailand","authors":"P. Suwitchayanon, K. Kunasakdakul, H. Kato‐Noguchi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.143","url":null,"abstract":"Allelopathy is a phenomenon of chemical interactions among plants, and allelochemicals are chemicals released from one plant into the environment via volatilization, root exudation, leachates, and plant decomposition. The allelochemicals influence the germination and growth of neighboring plants in either an inhibitory or stimulatory manner (Rice, 1984). In recent years, allelochemicals have been studied and tested as bioherbicides for weed control. Medicinal plants have been widely studied in the search for potential natural active compounds (Batish et al., 2007; Gilani et al., 2010). The allelopathic activity of 239 medicinal plants was evaluated and 223 were found to have allelopathic activities (Fujii et al., 2003). The allelopathic activity of numerous medicinal plants has also been reported (Syed et al., 2014; Synowiec and Nowicka-Po e , 2016). Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and has a tropical climate, resulting in a wide diversity of plant species. About 80% of at least 10,000 forest tree and herbal plant species in Thailand are recognized for their medicinal properties (Thitiprasert et al., 2007). Many of the species dominate and form colonies with few or no other plant species around them. Their strong ability to garner natural resources such as nutrients and water may allow them to establish colonies. Their allelopathic ability may also be involved in establishing colonies. The selected 14 Thai medicinal plants in this study are common plants in northern Thailand and grow as colonies in nature. All of them have important medicinal properties, but rarely study in allelopathic activity. The present study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the allelopathic activity of 14 Thai medicinal plants on the seedling growth of lettuce for the purpose of developing natural herbicides in the future.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84240949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuta Miyoshi, T. Hidaka, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano
desired to establish a system for efficient environmental control based on physiological functions of crops. Translocation of photosynthate from leaves to fruits is a major physiological determinant for size and sugar content of strawberries. It is therefore essential to clarify the response of photosynthate loading to surrounding environment. In this study, we focused on light condition which strongly influences the photosynthesis, and analyzed effects of irradiation on dynamics of photosynthate loading. Furthermore, aiming at the estimation of dynamics of photostnthate loading in cultivation field, we simulated daily amount of photosynthate loading by kinetic model using a saturable Michaelis-Menten component in combination with an unsaturable component obeying first-order kinetics.
{"title":"Dynamics of Photosynthate Loading in Strawberries Affected by Light Condition on Source Leaves","authors":"Yuta Miyoshi, T. Hidaka, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.53","url":null,"abstract":"desired to establish a system for efficient environmental control based on physiological functions of crops. Translocation of photosynthate from leaves to fruits is a major physiological determinant for size and sugar content of strawberries. It is therefore essential to clarify the response of photosynthate loading to surrounding environment. In this study, we focused on light condition which strongly influences the photosynthesis, and analyzed effects of irradiation on dynamics of photosynthate loading. Furthermore, aiming at the estimation of dynamics of photostnthate loading in cultivation field, we simulated daily amount of photosynthate loading by kinetic model using a saturable Michaelis-Menten component in combination with an unsaturable component obeying first-order kinetics.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79563051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ion absorption in the case of soil-less culture et al., 2012). However, this model has not yet been applied to the simulation of root ion absorption. Quantitative evaluation of root ion absorption is expected to contribute to sustainable nutrient management, for example, addition of fertilizer corresponding to the absorptive demand of roots. In this study, we conducted a soil-less culture experiment in a greenhouse in which tomato plants were grown, in order to simulate the dynamics of root ion absorption throughout the experiment by means of the transpiration integrated model. We examined the validity of the simulation in the respective time periods of the entire day, the daytime, and the nighttime, in which the impacts of transpiration on root ion absorption were different. The aim of this study was to apply the transpiration integrated model proposed by Sago et al. (2011c) to the simulation of the day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption of tomato plants in soilless culture. Quantitative data on root ion absorption during the daytime and nighttime were obtained using a nutrient film technique (NFT) soilless culture system in which tomato plants were cultivated, and the data were analyzed using the transpiration integrated model. The identified model parameters could represent the characteristics of root ion absorption. The day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption were simulated reliably in the daytime, but the simulation of the nighttime ion absorption was difficult. Nevertheless, the nighttime ion absorption accounted for a small portion of the daily ion absorption, and the transpiration integrated model was found to be effective for evaluating the root ion absorption over the entire day. This model is expected to be applicable to the simulation of root ion absorption in NFT soil-less culture for sustainable nutrient management.
{"title":"Application of Transpiration Integrated Model to Simulation of Dynamics of Ion Absorption by Tomato Roots Growing in Soil-less Culture","authors":"Ryosuke Nomiyama, D. Yasutake, Y. Sago, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.29","url":null,"abstract":"ion absorption in the case of soil-less culture et al., 2012). However, this model has not yet been applied to the simulation of root ion absorption. Quantitative evaluation of root ion absorption is expected to contribute to sustainable nutrient management, for example, addition of fertilizer corresponding to the absorptive demand of roots. In this study, we conducted a soil-less culture experiment in a greenhouse in which tomato plants were grown, in order to simulate the dynamics of root ion absorption throughout the experiment by means of the transpiration integrated model. We examined the validity of the simulation in the respective time periods of the entire day, the daytime, and the nighttime, in which the impacts of transpiration on root ion absorption were different. The aim of this study was to apply the transpiration integrated model proposed by Sago et al. (2011c) to the simulation of the day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption of tomato plants in soilless culture. Quantitative data on root ion absorption during the daytime and nighttime were obtained using a nutrient film technique (NFT) soilless culture system in which tomato plants were cultivated, and the data were analyzed using the transpiration integrated model. The identified model parameters could represent the characteristics of root ion absorption. The day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption were simulated reliably in the daytime, but the simulation of the nighttime ion absorption was difficult. Nevertheless, the nighttime ion absorption accounted for a small portion of the daily ion absorption, and the transpiration integrated model was found to be effective for evaluating the root ion absorption over the entire day. This model is expected to be applicable to the simulation of root ion absorption in NFT soil-less culture for sustainable nutrient management.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81681931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kurokura, S. Hiraide, Yoshitake Shimamura, K. Yamane
{"title":"PGPR Improves Yield of Strawberry Species under Less-Fertilized Conditions","authors":"T. Kurokura, S. Hiraide, Yoshitake Shimamura, K. Yamane","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80199695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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