to low temperature during the night from May 23 to June 6, and sequentially exposed to end of day lighting from June 7 to July 4, 2013. The stem elongation was inhibited by night chilling treatment and was inhibited by end of day lighting treatment remarkably. The capitulum formation was inhibited in the night chilling treatment. These results suggest that end of day lighting after night chilling treatment is effective in suppressing stem elongation and floral stage of lettuce plant.
{"title":"Effects of End of Day Lighting after Night Chilling Treatment on Growth and Development of Lettuce","authors":"N. Okuda, Yuta Miya, T. Yanagi, K. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.7","url":null,"abstract":"to low temperature during the night from May 23 to June 6, and sequentially exposed to end of day lighting from June 7 to July 4, 2013. The stem elongation was inhibited by night chilling treatment and was inhibited by end of day lighting treatment remarkably. The capitulum formation was inhibited in the night chilling treatment. These results suggest that end of day lighting after night chilling treatment is effective in suppressing stem elongation and floral stage of lettuce plant.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76197467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Methane Fermentation Digested Slurry (DS) contains sufficient nitrogen and other fertilizer components, thus several studies have been conducted on the development of practical techniques to use DS for horticultural productions (Möller and Müller, 2012; Endo, 2014). In practice, there are several studies for a more efficient use of DS as a fertilizer for realizing a sustainable production of various horticultural crops, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (Endo et al., 2002; Tokuda et al., 2010; Fujikawa and Nakamura, 2010; Yoshino et al., 2012). On the other hand, it has been recognized that, in Japan, the problem of remanence and accumulation of fertilizer components in the soil is getting conspicuous, not only for indoor fields but also for open field horticultural production, being the cause of this problem an excessive use of fertilizers, both chemical and organic (Tanimoto, 1991). In particular, the organic fertilizers, such as compost and DS derived from livestock wastes, especially for cow manures, contain a high concentration of potassium among the three major plant macronutrients. This specific chemical constitution leads consequently to the potassium accumulation in the soils when we use it based on the required amount of nitrogen (Goto and Eguchi, 1997; Oyanagi et al., 2002). In order to make the best use of organic fertilizers for an efficient production of horticultural crops, it is necessary to develop practical solutions which can avoid potassium accumulation in the soils. The accumulation of salts, including potassium, tends to break the balance of mineral absorption by crops. This may lead to a yield decreasing, a deterioration in quality and negative impacts to livestock animals such as grass tetany when used as a forage crop; consequently, the importance of effective solutions to evade salt accumulation in the soils has been recognized (Ito et al., 1981; Eguchi, 1993). The major techniques recently used for salt removal from salt accumulated soils are: 1) excessive irrigation or flooding, including dumping the snow into the field (Aragaki et al., 1986); 2) dilution of salts by removing surface soils, soil dressing and plowing to replace surface soil with subsoil; 3) organic matter application which aims to increase chemical, physical and biological soil buffering capacity (Ikeda et al., 1994); and 4) growing a “Cleaning Crop”, which has an excessive salt absorption capacity from the soils, e.g. grass for forage or green manure. The most common method with comparative ease is probably the flooding (excessive irrigation): However, it has been reported that this technique has several problems, such as impacts on the ground water quality by the leaching of nitrate nitrogen or sulphate ion (Yanagase et al., 2005). Furthermore, researches have clarified until now that this technique can lead to the emission of a large amount of ni-
甲烷发酵消化浆(甲烷发酵消化浆)含有足够的氮和其他肥料成分，因此已经进行了几项研究，以开发实用技术，将甲烷发酵消化浆用于园艺生产(Möller和m ller, 2012;Endo, 2014)。在实践中，有几项研究更有效地利用DS作为肥料，以实现各种园艺作物的可持续生产，如番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)、卷心菜(Brassica oleracea L.)、小松(Brassica rapa)和黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.) (Endo et al.， 2002;Tokuda et al.， 2010;藤川和中村，2010;吉野等人，2012)。另一方面，人们认识到，在日本，化肥成分在土壤中的残留和积累问题越来越明显，不仅在室内，而且在露天园艺生产中，造成这一问题的原因是化学和有机肥料的过度使用(Tanimoto, 1991)。特别是从畜禽粪便，特别是牛粪中提取的堆肥和DS等有机肥，在三大植物常量营养素中钾的含量较高。当我们根据所需的氮量使用土壤时，这种特定的化学构成导致土壤中钾的积累(Goto和Eguchi, 1997;Oyanagi et al.， 2002)。为了最大限度地利用有机肥，实现园艺作物的高效生产，有必要研究出避免土壤钾积累的实用解决方案。包括钾在内的盐的积累往往会打破作物对矿物质吸收的平衡。当用作饲料作物时，这可能导致产量下降，质量恶化，并对牲畜产生负面影响，如草貂;因此，人们认识到有效解决土壤盐分积累的重要性(Ito et al.， 1981;江,1993)。最近用于从含盐土壤中脱盐的主要技术是:1)过度灌溉或淹水，包括向田间倾倒雪(Aragaki et al.， 1986);2)通过去除表层土壤、修整土壤和用底土取代表层土壤来稀释盐类;3)有机质施用，旨在增加土壤的化学、物理和生物缓冲能力(Ikeda et al.， 1994);4)种植一种“清洁作物”，这种作物从土壤中吸收盐分的能力很强，例如用作饲料的草或绿肥。最常见的相对容易的方法可能是洪水(过度灌溉):然而，据报道，这种技术有几个问题，例如硝酸盐氮或硫酸盐离子的浸出对地下水质量的影响(Yanagase等人，2005)。此外，研究表明，到目前为止，这种技术可以导致大量的ni-的发射
{"title":"The Potassium Absorption Capacity of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in Modelled Salt Accumulated Field Made by Excessive Application of Methane Fermentation Digested Slurry","authors":"T. Kumano, H. Araki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.155","url":null,"abstract":"The Methane Fermentation Digested Slurry (DS) contains sufficient nitrogen and other fertilizer components, thus several studies have been conducted on the development of practical techniques to use DS for horticultural productions (Möller and Müller, 2012; Endo, 2014). In practice, there are several studies for a more efficient use of DS as a fertilizer for realizing a sustainable production of various horticultural crops, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (Endo et al., 2002; Tokuda et al., 2010; Fujikawa and Nakamura, 2010; Yoshino et al., 2012). On the other hand, it has been recognized that, in Japan, the problem of remanence and accumulation of fertilizer components in the soil is getting conspicuous, not only for indoor fields but also for open field horticultural production, being the cause of this problem an excessive use of fertilizers, both chemical and organic (Tanimoto, 1991). In particular, the organic fertilizers, such as compost and DS derived from livestock wastes, especially for cow manures, contain a high concentration of potassium among the three major plant macronutrients. This specific chemical constitution leads consequently to the potassium accumulation in the soils when we use it based on the required amount of nitrogen (Goto and Eguchi, 1997; Oyanagi et al., 2002). In order to make the best use of organic fertilizers for an efficient production of horticultural crops, it is necessary to develop practical solutions which can avoid potassium accumulation in the soils. The accumulation of salts, including potassium, tends to break the balance of mineral absorption by crops. This may lead to a yield decreasing, a deterioration in quality and negative impacts to livestock animals such as grass tetany when used as a forage crop; consequently, the importance of effective solutions to evade salt accumulation in the soils has been recognized (Ito et al., 1981; Eguchi, 1993). The major techniques recently used for salt removal from salt accumulated soils are: 1) excessive irrigation or flooding, including dumping the snow into the field (Aragaki et al., 1986); 2) dilution of salts by removing surface soils, soil dressing and plowing to replace surface soil with subsoil; 3) organic matter application which aims to increase chemical, physical and biological soil buffering capacity (Ikeda et al., 1994); and 4) growing a “Cleaning Crop”, which has an excessive salt absorption capacity from the soils, e.g. grass for forage or green manure. The most common method with comparative ease is probably the flooding (excessive irrigation): However, it has been reported that this technique has several problems, such as impacts on the ground water quality by the leaching of nitrate nitrogen or sulphate ion (Yanagase et al., 2005). Furthermore, researches have clarified until now that this technique can lead to the emission of a large amount of ni-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83146257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stem of the cactus Opuntia (genus Opuntia, subfamily Opuntioideae, family Cactaceae), commonly referred to as the nopal cactus or prickly pear, is widely consumed as a vegetable in Mexico and in the Mediterranean countries (Stintzing and Carle, 2005; CruzHernández and Paredes-López, 2010) as well as in Japan, where it is produced mainly in the Kasugai City, Aichi Prefecture. These plants are also used in some countries as a remedy for a variety of health problems including edema and indigestion (El-Mostafa et al., 2014). Opuntia plants are commonly produced through soil or pot culture; however, the cultivation of vegetables using soil exposes them to soil-borne diseases and salt accumulation and also poses the difficulties of fertilizer management (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). In a hydroponic culture, plants are grown using a nutrient solution (water and fertilizer), with or without the use of an artificial medium. The absence of soil results in an absence of weeds or soil-borne diseases, while precise fertilizer management is readily achieved (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Thus, there are many advantages associated with the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia, although this method is not yet commercially practiced. With respect to the growth behavior of Opuntia, flat paddle-shaped daughter cladodes develop from the areole of the mother cladode, and this process is repeated (Pimienta-Barrios et al., 2005). We have previously shown that edible Opuntia can be grown by hydroponic culture using the commercially available bubble wrap and a cultivation panel (Horibe and Yamada, 2016a; Horibe et al., 2016b). However, it was difficult to attach cladodes using these items due to their characteristic stem shape, and cladodes occasionally fell into the culture solution as the fixative loosened. For the hydroponic culture of most vegetables, seeds are spread on the commercially available cultivation panel; however, in the case of edible Opuntia, vegetative propagation using the stem is commonly used for its production because this method is much faster and easier compared with seed propagation. Thus, an appropriate method for the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia should be developed. In the present study, we designed a new method for the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia using a deep flow technique (DFT), and investigated the effectiveness of this method by comparing the cladode growth using this method and with pot culture using a growth chamber and a greenhouse. In this novel method, we used cheap materials while we did not use aeration, which requires a power source, thereby facilitating the cost-effective cultivation of Opuntia anywhere.
仙人掌的茎(仙人掌属，仙人掌亚科，仙人掌科)，通常被称为仙人掌或多刺梨，在墨西哥和地中海国家被广泛作为蔬菜食用(Stintzing和Carle, 2005;CruzHernández和Paredes-López, 2010)以及主要在爱知县Kasugai市生产的日本。在一些国家，这些植物也被用作各种健康问题的补救措施，包括水肿和消化不良(El-Mostafa等人，2014)。机会植物通常通过土壤或盆栽种植;然而，利用土壤种植蔬菜使蔬菜暴露于土壤传播的疾病和盐积累，也给肥料管理带来了困难(Lakkireddy et al.， 2012)。在水培栽培中，植物是用营养液(水和肥料)种植的，有或没有使用人工培养基。没有土壤导致没有杂草或土壤传播的疾病，同时很容易实现精确的肥料管理(Lakkireddy等人，2012)。因此，尽管这种方法尚未商业化实践，但食用机会菜的水培培养有许多优点。关于Opuntia的生长行为，平桨状的子枝从母枝的孔中发育而来，并且这个过程是重复的(Pimienta-Barrios et al.， 2005)。我们之前已经证明，可食用的Opuntia可以通过水培培养使用市售的气泡膜和栽培面板(堀部和山田，2016;horbe et al.， 2016b)。但由于其特有的茎形，使用这些物品粘附枝状体很困难，并且随着固定剂的松动，枝状体偶尔会落入培养液中。对于大多数蔬菜的水培栽培，种子撒在市售的栽培板上;然而，对于可食用的Opuntia，通常使用茎的无性繁殖来生产它，因为这种方法比种子繁殖更快更容易。因此，有必要开发一种适宜的水培食用菌栽培方法。本研究设计了一种利用深流技术(deep flow technology, DFT)进行水培的新方法，并通过与盆栽(生长室和温室)进行枝部生长的比较，考察了该方法的有效性。在这种新方法中，我们使用了便宜的材料，而不使用需要电源的曝气，从而促进了在任何地方经济有效地培养Opuntia。
{"title":"A Cost-Effective, Simple, and Productive Method of Hydroponic Culture of Edible Opuntia “Maya”","authors":"T. Horibe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.171","url":null,"abstract":"The stem of the cactus Opuntia (genus Opuntia, subfamily Opuntioideae, family Cactaceae), commonly referred to as the nopal cactus or prickly pear, is widely consumed as a vegetable in Mexico and in the Mediterranean countries (Stintzing and Carle, 2005; CruzHernández and Paredes-López, 2010) as well as in Japan, where it is produced mainly in the Kasugai City, Aichi Prefecture. These plants are also used in some countries as a remedy for a variety of health problems including edema and indigestion (El-Mostafa et al., 2014). Opuntia plants are commonly produced through soil or pot culture; however, the cultivation of vegetables using soil exposes them to soil-borne diseases and salt accumulation and also poses the difficulties of fertilizer management (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). In a hydroponic culture, plants are grown using a nutrient solution (water and fertilizer), with or without the use of an artificial medium. The absence of soil results in an absence of weeds or soil-borne diseases, while precise fertilizer management is readily achieved (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Thus, there are many advantages associated with the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia, although this method is not yet commercially practiced. With respect to the growth behavior of Opuntia, flat paddle-shaped daughter cladodes develop from the areole of the mother cladode, and this process is repeated (Pimienta-Barrios et al., 2005). We have previously shown that edible Opuntia can be grown by hydroponic culture using the commercially available bubble wrap and a cultivation panel (Horibe and Yamada, 2016a; Horibe et al., 2016b). However, it was difficult to attach cladodes using these items due to their characteristic stem shape, and cladodes occasionally fell into the culture solution as the fixative loosened. For the hydroponic culture of most vegetables, seeds are spread on the commercially available cultivation panel; however, in the case of edible Opuntia, vegetative propagation using the stem is commonly used for its production because this method is much faster and easier compared with seed propagation. Thus, an appropriate method for the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia should be developed. In the present study, we designed a new method for the hydroponic culture of edible Opuntia using a deep flow technique (DFT), and investigated the effectiveness of this method by comparing the cladode growth using this method and with pot culture using a growth chamber and a greenhouse. In this novel method, we used cheap materials while we did not use aeration, which requires a power source, thereby facilitating the cost-effective cultivation of Opuntia anywhere.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85137384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuta Miyoshi, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano
Greenhouse strawberry production is often limited by temperature and low solar radiation during the cold season, which depress photosynthesis in strawberry crops and by excessively high temperature during the warm season, which causes a delay in flower-bud differentiation (Sone et al., 2005; Dan et al., 2007; Hidaka et al., 2013). Furthermore, the steep increase in the price of oil has threatened the income during winter season, because this season requires a greater magnitude of greenhouse heating (Okimura, 2009). For stable year-round production of strawberry crops to maintain high profitability and sustainability, it is essential to establish a system for energy-saving and year-round environmental control by applying renewable energy resources. The constant soil temperature layer is an underground, widely occurring, and easily accessible renewable energy resource (Yamamoto, 1966; 1973; 1985; Takaura and Yamanaka, 1981). However, because of the low capacity of soil for heat storage and conduction, heat exchange with the constant soil temperature layer has been considered insufficient for controlling the temperature of the entire volume of air inside a greenhouse (Takami and Uchijima, 1977). To solve these problems in the greenhouse system, in our previous study (Miyoshi et al., 2013), we proposed a novel local environmental control system that related the constant soil temperature layer to the circulation of air and heat exchange between the soil and ambient air of strawberry crops. We examined the short-term performance of this system from the viewpoint of energy savings via the control of air conditions. The system enabled energysaving local control of the ambient air temperature and relative humidity of strawberry crops via heat exchange with the constant soil temperature layer, demonstrating a 50% reduction in the heating load for the ambient air of crops. The aim of the present study was to apply the system developed in our previous study to the elevated bed system of strawberry crops during the cold, winter season, and to examine the long-term effect of the system on energy-saving control of air condition and crop yield.
温室草莓生产往往受到寒冷季节温度和低太阳辐射的限制，这会抑制草莓作物的光合作用，而温暖季节温度过高会导致花芽分化延迟(Sone等，2005;Dan et al.， 2007;Hidaka et al.， 2013)。此外，石油价格的急剧上涨已经威胁到冬季的收入，因为这个季节需要更大程度的温室供暖(Okimura, 2009)。为了使草莓作物全年稳定生产，保持较高的盈利能力和可持续性，必须建立一套利用可再生能源的节能和全年环境控制体系。恒定地温层是一种地下的、广泛存在的、容易获得的可再生能源(Yamamoto, 1966;1973;1985;Takaura and Yamanaka, 1981)。然而，由于土壤的蓄热和导热能力较低，与土壤恒温层的热交换被认为不足以控制温室内整个空气体积的温度(Takami和Uchijima, 1977)。为了解决温室系统中的这些问题，在我们之前的研究中(Miyoshi et al.， 2013)，我们提出了一种新颖的局部环境控制系统，将土壤恒温层与草莓作物的空气循环和土壤与环境空气之间的热交换联系起来。我们从控制空气条件节约能源的角度考察了该系统的短期性能。该系统通过与恒定土壤温度层的热交换，实现了草莓作物环境空气温度和相对湿度的节能局部控制，表明作物环境空气的热负荷减少了50%。本研究的目的是将本研究开发的系统应用于寒冷冬季草莓作物高架床系统，并研究该系统对空调节能控制和作物产量的长期影响。
{"title":"Application of the constant soil temperature layer for energy-saving control in the local environment of greenhouse crops II. Application to strawberry cultivation during the winter season","authors":"Yuta Miyoshi, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.37","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse strawberry production is often limited by temperature and low solar radiation during the cold season, which depress photosynthesis in strawberry crops and by excessively high temperature during the warm season, which causes a delay in flower-bud differentiation (Sone et al., 2005; Dan et al., 2007; Hidaka et al., 2013). Furthermore, the steep increase in the price of oil has threatened the income during winter season, because this season requires a greater magnitude of greenhouse heating (Okimura, 2009). For stable year-round production of strawberry crops to maintain high profitability and sustainability, it is essential to establish a system for energy-saving and year-round environmental control by applying renewable energy resources. The constant soil temperature layer is an underground, widely occurring, and easily accessible renewable energy resource (Yamamoto, 1966; 1973; 1985; Takaura and Yamanaka, 1981). However, because of the low capacity of soil for heat storage and conduction, heat exchange with the constant soil temperature layer has been considered insufficient for controlling the temperature of the entire volume of air inside a greenhouse (Takami and Uchijima, 1977). To solve these problems in the greenhouse system, in our previous study (Miyoshi et al., 2013), we proposed a novel local environmental control system that related the constant soil temperature layer to the circulation of air and heat exchange between the soil and ambient air of strawberry crops. We examined the short-term performance of this system from the viewpoint of energy savings via the control of air conditions. The system enabled energysaving local control of the ambient air temperature and relative humidity of strawberry crops via heat exchange with the constant soil temperature layer, demonstrating a 50% reduction in the heating load for the ambient air of crops. The aim of the present study was to apply the system developed in our previous study to the elevated bed system of strawberry crops during the cold, winter season, and to examine the long-term effect of the system on energy-saving control of air condition and crop yield.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75533316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taro Fukuyama, K. Ohashi-Kaneko, K. Hirata, Misa Muraoka, Hiroyuki Watanabe
Catharanthus roseus produces monoterpenoid indole alkaloids which are a well-known source of drugs (Carter and Livingston, 1976). Especially, vinblastine and vincristine are made from dimeric monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (DIAs) for various cancer chemotherapies. In addition, vindesine and vinorelbine of semi-synthetic alkaloids are used in the same applications as vinblastine and vincristine. DIAs are synthesized via 3’, 4’-anhydrovinblastine, which is synthesized from the coupling of the monomeric precursors, vindoline and catharanthine. Unfortunately, these drugs are very expensive as C. roseus accumulates very low amounts of DIAs in leaves. A coupling reaction of vindoline and catharanthine rarely occurs in nature. Although many researchers have studied total or semi-synthetic techniques for DIAs production by chemical and enzymatic methods (Kutney et al., 1988; Misawa et al., 1988; Kuehne et al., 1991; Yokoshima et al., 2002; Shirahama et al., 2006; Ishikawa et al., 2009), these techniques have not resulted in sufficient benefit. These drugs, derived from DIAs, can still be extracted and purified from large amounts of C. roseus plants, which are cultivated in large fields (Roepke et al., 2010). C. roseus is a perennial plant that is native to subtropical and tropical regions. Optimal temperature for growth of C. roseus plants is between 21 and 27°C (Blazich et al., 1995). In Japan, C. roseus cannot be cultivated continuously throughout the year in outdoor conditions, because the temperature is less than 18°C between November and March. Hence, Japan imports the drugs derived from DIAs. The supply of these drugs might become unstable by weather fluctuation and competition with foreign countries. For the stable supply of these drugs in Japan, it is desirable to produce DIAs domestically. In addition, the regulation system of alkaloid content in C. roseus is influenced by environmental conditions, such as light intensity (Liu et al., 2011; Fukuyama et al., 2015) and nitrogen content in fertilizer (Gholamhoss et al., 2011; Guo et al., 2014). Since it is necessary to control environmental conditions of C. roseus cultivation strictly for stable DIAs production, this cultivation would be preferred to operate in an enclosed environmentally controlled room with artificial lighting, such as a plant factory. We investigate the optimal environmental conditions and cultivation methods to achieve high yield of DIAs using an enclosed environmentally controlled room with artificial lighting. Blue light (B, peak wavelength was 450 nm) and UVA (peak wavelength was 370 nm) light irradiation to multiple shoot cultures or soil-cultured C. roseus plants induced the increase of vinblastine content and the decrease of vindoline and catharanthine content (Hirata et al., 1991; 1992; 1993). On the other hand, the growth of C. roseus grown under monochromatic red light (peak wavelength was 660 nm) irradiation increased compared with light irra-
玫瑰花产生单萜类吲哚生物碱，这是一种众所周知的药物来源(Carter和Livingston, 1976)。特别是，长春碱和长春新碱是由二聚单萜类吲哚生物碱(DIAs)制成的，用于各种癌症化疗。此外，半合成生物碱中的长春地碱和长春瑞滨与长春花碱和长春新碱应用相同。DIAs是由单体前体vindoline和catharanthine偶联而成的3 '，4 ' -无氢长春花碱合成的。不幸的是，这些药物非常昂贵，因为玫瑰花在叶子中积累的DIAs含量非常低。vindoline和catharanthine的偶联反应在自然界中很少发生。虽然许多研究人员已经研究了通过化学和酶的方法生产DIAs的全合成或半合成技术(Kutney等人，1988;Misawa et al.， 1988;Kuehne et al.， 1991;Yokoshima等人，2002;Shirahama等人，2006;石川等人，2009)，这些技术并没有产生足够的效益。这些从DIAs中提取的药物，仍然可以从大量种植的玫瑰玫瑰植物中提取和纯化(Roepke et al.， 2010)。玫瑰是一种多年生植物，原产于亚热带和热带地区。玫瑰玫瑰植株生长的最佳温度在21 - 27°C之间(Blazich et al.， 1995)。在日本，由于11月至次年3月的气温低于18°C，玫瑰花不能在室外条件下全年连续种植。因此，日本进口了从DIAs中提取的药物。这些药物的供应可能会因天气波动和与外国的竞争而变得不稳定。为了保证这些药物在日本的稳定供应，国内生产DIAs是可取的。此外，月桂生物碱含量的调控体系受光照强度等环境条件的影响(Liu et al.， 2011;Fukuyama et al.， 2015)和肥料中的氮含量(Gholamhoss et al.， 2011;郭等人，2014)。由于要稳定地生产DIAs，必须严格控制玫瑰玫瑰栽培的环境条件，因此这种栽培最好在有人工照明的封闭环境控制室内进行，如植物工厂。在一个封闭的环境控制室内，通过人工照明，研究了DIAs高产的最佳环境条件和栽培方法。蓝光(B，峰值波长为450 nm)和UVA(峰值波长为370 nm)光照射多枝培养或土培玫瑰植株，可诱导长春碱含量增加，长春碱和长春花碱含量降低(Hirata et al.， 1991;1992;1993)。另一方面，单色红光(峰值波长为660 nm)照射下生长的玫瑰花的生长比光irra-下生长的要快
{"title":"Effects of Ultraviolet A Supplemented with Red Light Irradiation on Vinblastine Production in Catharanthus roseus","authors":"Taro Fukuyama, K. Ohashi-Kaneko, K. Hirata, Misa Muraoka, Hiroyuki Watanabe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.65","url":null,"abstract":"Catharanthus roseus produces monoterpenoid indole alkaloids which are a well-known source of drugs (Carter and Livingston, 1976). Especially, vinblastine and vincristine are made from dimeric monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (DIAs) for various cancer chemotherapies. In addition, vindesine and vinorelbine of semi-synthetic alkaloids are used in the same applications as vinblastine and vincristine. DIAs are synthesized via 3’, 4’-anhydrovinblastine, which is synthesized from the coupling of the monomeric precursors, vindoline and catharanthine. Unfortunately, these drugs are very expensive as C. roseus accumulates very low amounts of DIAs in leaves. A coupling reaction of vindoline and catharanthine rarely occurs in nature. Although many researchers have studied total or semi-synthetic techniques for DIAs production by chemical and enzymatic methods (Kutney et al., 1988; Misawa et al., 1988; Kuehne et al., 1991; Yokoshima et al., 2002; Shirahama et al., 2006; Ishikawa et al., 2009), these techniques have not resulted in sufficient benefit. These drugs, derived from DIAs, can still be extracted and purified from large amounts of C. roseus plants, which are cultivated in large fields (Roepke et al., 2010). C. roseus is a perennial plant that is native to subtropical and tropical regions. Optimal temperature for growth of C. roseus plants is between 21 and 27°C (Blazich et al., 1995). In Japan, C. roseus cannot be cultivated continuously throughout the year in outdoor conditions, because the temperature is less than 18°C between November and March. Hence, Japan imports the drugs derived from DIAs. The supply of these drugs might become unstable by weather fluctuation and competition with foreign countries. For the stable supply of these drugs in Japan, it is desirable to produce DIAs domestically. In addition, the regulation system of alkaloid content in C. roseus is influenced by environmental conditions, such as light intensity (Liu et al., 2011; Fukuyama et al., 2015) and nitrogen content in fertilizer (Gholamhoss et al., 2011; Guo et al., 2014). Since it is necessary to control environmental conditions of C. roseus cultivation strictly for stable DIAs production, this cultivation would be preferred to operate in an enclosed environmentally controlled room with artificial lighting, such as a plant factory. We investigate the optimal environmental conditions and cultivation methods to achieve high yield of DIAs using an enclosed environmentally controlled room with artificial lighting. Blue light (B, peak wavelength was 450 nm) and UVA (peak wavelength was 370 nm) light irradiation to multiple shoot cultures or soil-cultured C. roseus plants induced the increase of vinblastine content and the decrease of vindoline and catharanthine content (Hirata et al., 1991; 1992; 1993). On the other hand, the growth of C. roseus grown under monochromatic red light (peak wavelength was 660 nm) irradiation increased compared with light irra-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87005488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yusuke Tanigaki, Takanobu Higashi, A. Nagano, M. Honjo, H. Fukuda
Ensuring stable and increasing crop yields are important problems within agriculture. In many cases, studies on the cultivation of crops have a long history; however, few studies have focused on the changes occurring in crops at the genetic level. Gene expression profiles in vivo are thought to assist in understanding plant conditions, so as to stabilize and increase yield. Recently, comprehensive analyses such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have advanced the understanding of information in vivo and provided a lot of information through one-time analysis. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, an omics analysis technique, is widely used in studies of animals, plants, and insects (Scherf et al., 2000; Rifkin et al., 2003; Lister et al., 2008). Bioinformatics approaches are used to elucidate biological implications. There is abundant genetic information available for model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as a reference sequence (RefSeq) supporting highly accurate analysis (Fiehn et al., 2001). Software applications for visualizing the analyzed data and genetic information have been built into public databases, offering the ability to assess large quantities of data. However, there is little information for cultivars. On the other hand, basic mechanisms and genes involved in plant processes, such as those involved in growth metabolism, are conserved in many species. Therefore, the use of information available in databases is very helpful in building and improving the cultivation environment of cultivars. The use of model-plant genetic analysis techniques within cultivars has a strong potential to increase yield and improve crop quality. Although species differ, the functions of genes tend to be similar as they are evolutionarily conserved (Tanigaki et al., 2014). In plants, the amino acid or nucleotide sequences of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) are evolutionarily conserved (Tabita et al., 2007). In some cases, this similarity is low because of differences in rates of molecular evolution (Xiang et al., 2004). However, species-specific genes are difficult to analyze by expression estimation and mapping to metabolic pathways. Using omics data for species-specific genes via genetic functional analysis is time-consuming. Moreover, genes specific to a particular cultivar can facilitate speciesspecific de novo genetic analysis (Hong et al., 2015). Conventional farmers seeking methods to improve crop growth require data rapidly (within a single planting sea-
确保和提高作物产量是农业中的重要问题。在许多情况下，对作物栽培的研究有着悠久的历史;然而，很少有研究关注作物在遗传水平上发生的变化。体内基因表达谱被认为有助于了解植物状况，从而稳定和提高产量。近年来，基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等综合分析提高了对体内信息的认识，并通过一次性分析提供了大量信息。RNA-seq转录组分析是一种组学分析技术，广泛应用于动物、植物和昆虫的研究(Scherf et al.， 2000;Rifkin et al.， 2003;Lister et al.， 2008)。生物信息学方法用于阐明生物学含义。拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)等模式植物有丰富的遗传信息，以及一个支持高度精确分析的参考序列(RefSeq) (Fiehn et al.， 2001)。用于可视化分析数据和遗传信息的软件应用程序已建立在公共数据库中，提供了评估大量数据的能力。然而，关于品种的信息很少。另一方面，参与植物过程的基本机制和基因，如参与生长代谢的基因，在许多物种中是保守的。因此，利用数据库信息对建立和改善品种栽培环境有很大的帮助。在栽培品种中使用模式植物遗传分析技术具有提高产量和改善作物品质的强大潜力。尽管物种不同，但基因的功能往往相似，因为它们在进化上是保守的(Tanigaki et al.， 2014)。在植物中，核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(RuBisCO)的氨基酸或核苷酸序列是进化保守的(Tabita et al.， 2007)。在某些情况下，由于分子进化速率的差异，这种相似性很低(Xiang et al.， 2004)。然而，物种特异性基因很难通过表达估计和定位代谢途径来分析。通过遗传功能分析使用组学数据来分析物种特异性基因是非常耗时的。此外，特定品种特有的基因可以促进物种特异性从头遗传分析(Hong et al.， 2015)。寻求提高作物生长方法的传统农民需要快速(在单一种植海洋内)的数据
{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of a Cultivar of Green Perilla (Perilla frutescens) Using Genetic Similarity with Other Plants via Public Databases","authors":"Yusuke Tanigaki, Takanobu Higashi, A. Nagano, M. Honjo, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.77","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring stable and increasing crop yields are important problems within agriculture. In many cases, studies on the cultivation of crops have a long history; however, few studies have focused on the changes occurring in crops at the genetic level. Gene expression profiles in vivo are thought to assist in understanding plant conditions, so as to stabilize and increase yield. Recently, comprehensive analyses such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have advanced the understanding of information in vivo and provided a lot of information through one-time analysis. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, an omics analysis technique, is widely used in studies of animals, plants, and insects (Scherf et al., 2000; Rifkin et al., 2003; Lister et al., 2008). Bioinformatics approaches are used to elucidate biological implications. There is abundant genetic information available for model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as a reference sequence (RefSeq) supporting highly accurate analysis (Fiehn et al., 2001). Software applications for visualizing the analyzed data and genetic information have been built into public databases, offering the ability to assess large quantities of data. However, there is little information for cultivars. On the other hand, basic mechanisms and genes involved in plant processes, such as those involved in growth metabolism, are conserved in many species. Therefore, the use of information available in databases is very helpful in building and improving the cultivation environment of cultivars. The use of model-plant genetic analysis techniques within cultivars has a strong potential to increase yield and improve crop quality. Although species differ, the functions of genes tend to be similar as they are evolutionarily conserved (Tanigaki et al., 2014). In plants, the amino acid or nucleotide sequences of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) are evolutionarily conserved (Tabita et al., 2007). In some cases, this similarity is low because of differences in rates of molecular evolution (Xiang et al., 2004). However, species-specific genes are difficult to analyze by expression estimation and mapping to metabolic pathways. Using omics data for species-specific genes via genetic functional analysis is time-consuming. Moreover, genes specific to a particular cultivar can facilitate speciesspecific de novo genetic analysis (Hong et al., 2015). Conventional farmers seeking methods to improve crop growth require data rapidly (within a single planting sea-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84875907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sakhonwasee, Kittipoom Tummachai, Ninlawan Nimnoy
Petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) is one of the most popular ornamental potted and bedding plants with an annual wholesale value exceeding 100 million dollars in United States (Anderson, 2005). However, conventional petunia seed and plant production is often limited by climatic condition, especially in a tropical region. An alternative petunia cultivation method is needed in order to supply enough petunia seeds and plants to meet the rising market demand. Recently, plant cultivation under controlled environmental conditions has been receiving more attention in many countries. Controlled environmental systems can produce higher quality plants that require lower pesticide use compared to conventional, open field plant production. In the case of plant factories with artificial light (PFAL), in which the system is airtight and all of the major environmental factors are tightly regulated, plant production can be done regardless of location and climatic condition (Kozai and Niu, 2016). The typical PFAL consists of an artificial light source, air conditioning, fertigation system, CO2 enrichment system and an environmental control unit. These components are used to control all the major environmental factors to match plant demands and maximize productivity. Hence, knowledge of the physiological behaviors of certain plant species is pivotal for optimizing environmental parameters inside these controlled systems. Stomatal behavior strongly influences photosynthesis in plants. Opening and closing of stomata directly affects stomatal conductance which is correlated with CO2 assimilation in most plants (Hogewoning et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2012). Stomatal movement occurs partially in response to a change in quantity and quality of external factors such as light (Wheeler et al., 1999; Mott et al., 2008; Araújo et al., 2011). For instance, daily changes in stomatal conductance are positively correlated with sunlight intensities in glasshouse grown grapes (Sabir and Yazar, 2015). In cucumber, both CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance increased in response to an increase in the proportion of blue light (Hogewoning et al., 2010). Similarly, opening of stomatal aperture was found to be stimulated by blue light in various other plants (Lu et al., 1993; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999; Talbott et al., 2002). Moreover, it has been reported that stomatal response to red light is photosynthesis-dependent, whereas the response to blue light is both photosynthesis-dependent and independent (Wang et al., 2011). Apart from light, other environmental factors, such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD), CO2 concentration and temperature, have also been shown to affect stomatal behavior (Miller and Davis, 1981; Wheeler et al., 1999; McAdam and Brodribb, 2015). In a controlled environmental cultivation system where light cycle, temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration are fairly constant, daily oscillation of stomata related parameters have been observed (Kerr et al.,
矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm.)是美国最受欢迎的观赏盆栽和床上植物之一，年批发价值超过1亿美元(Anderson, 2005)。然而，传统的矮牵牛种子和植物生产往往受到气候条件的限制，特别是在热带地区。为了提供足够的矮牵牛花种子和植株来满足不断增长的市场需求，需要一种替代的矮牵牛花种植方法。近年来，环境控制下的植物栽培越来越受到各国的重视。与传统的露天种植相比，受控环境系统可以生产出更高质量的植物，所需的农药用量更少。在人造光植物工厂(PFAL)的情况下，系统是密闭的，所有主要环境因素都受到严格调节，无论位置和气候条件如何，植物生产都可以进行(Kozai和Niu, 2016)。典型的PFAL由人工光源、空调、施肥系统、CO2富集系统和环境控制单元组成。这些组件用于控制所有主要环境因素，以满足工厂需求并最大限度地提高生产率。因此，了解某些植物物种的生理行为对于优化这些受控系统内的环境参数至关重要。气孔行为强烈影响植物的光合作用。在大多数植物中，气孔的开闭直接影响气孔导度，而气孔导度与CO2同化有关(Hogewoning et al.， 2010;Kim et al.， 2012)。气孔运动在一定程度上是对光等外部因素数量和质量变化的响应(Wheeler et al.， 1999;Mott等人，2008;Araújo et al.， 2011)。例如，在温室种植的葡萄中，气孔导度的日变化与阳光强度呈正相关(Sabir和Yazar, 2015)。在黄瓜中，CO2同化速率和气孔导度都随着蓝光比例的增加而增加(Hogewoning et al.， 2010)。同样，在其他各种植物中，也发现气孔开度受到蓝光的刺激(Lu et al.， 1993;Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999;Talbott et al.， 2002)。此外，有报道称，气孔对红光的响应依赖于光合作用，而对蓝光的响应既依赖于光合作用，又独立于光合作用(Wang et al.， 2011)。除光照外，其他环境因素，如蒸汽压差(VPD)、CO2浓度和温度，也被证明会影响气孔行为(Miller and Davis, 1981;Wheeler et al.， 1999;McAdam and Brodribb, 2015)。在光照周期、温度、相对湿度和CO2浓度相当恒定的受控环境栽培系统中，观察到气孔相关参数的日振荡(Kerr et al.;
{"title":"Influences of LED Light Quality and Intensity on Stomatal Behavior of Three Petunia Cultivars Grown in a Semi-closed System","authors":"S. Sakhonwasee, Kittipoom Tummachai, Ninlawan Nimnoy","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.93","url":null,"abstract":"Petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) is one of the most popular ornamental potted and bedding plants with an annual wholesale value exceeding 100 million dollars in United States (Anderson, 2005). However, conventional petunia seed and plant production is often limited by climatic condition, especially in a tropical region. An alternative petunia cultivation method is needed in order to supply enough petunia seeds and plants to meet the rising market demand. Recently, plant cultivation under controlled environmental conditions has been receiving more attention in many countries. Controlled environmental systems can produce higher quality plants that require lower pesticide use compared to conventional, open field plant production. In the case of plant factories with artificial light (PFAL), in which the system is airtight and all of the major environmental factors are tightly regulated, plant production can be done regardless of location and climatic condition (Kozai and Niu, 2016). The typical PFAL consists of an artificial light source, air conditioning, fertigation system, CO2 enrichment system and an environmental control unit. These components are used to control all the major environmental factors to match plant demands and maximize productivity. Hence, knowledge of the physiological behaviors of certain plant species is pivotal for optimizing environmental parameters inside these controlled systems. Stomatal behavior strongly influences photosynthesis in plants. Opening and closing of stomata directly affects stomatal conductance which is correlated with CO2 assimilation in most plants (Hogewoning et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2012). Stomatal movement occurs partially in response to a change in quantity and quality of external factors such as light (Wheeler et al., 1999; Mott et al., 2008; Araújo et al., 2011). For instance, daily changes in stomatal conductance are positively correlated with sunlight intensities in glasshouse grown grapes (Sabir and Yazar, 2015). In cucumber, both CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance increased in response to an increase in the proportion of blue light (Hogewoning et al., 2010). Similarly, opening of stomatal aperture was found to be stimulated by blue light in various other plants (Lu et al., 1993; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999; Talbott et al., 2002). Moreover, it has been reported that stomatal response to red light is photosynthesis-dependent, whereas the response to blue light is both photosynthesis-dependent and independent (Wang et al., 2011). Apart from light, other environmental factors, such as vapor pressure deficit (VPD), CO2 concentration and temperature, have also been shown to affect stomatal behavior (Miller and Davis, 1981; Wheeler et al., 1999; McAdam and Brodribb, 2015). In a controlled environmental cultivation system where light cycle, temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration are fairly constant, daily oscillation of stomata related parameters have been observed (Kerr et al.,","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80067652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blossom end rot (BER) of tomato fruit has been identified as a physiological disorder caused by calcium (Ca) deficiency (Lyon et al., 1942). Ca has been believed to adjust the structure and properties, particularly gelation, of cell wall pectin (Jarvis, 1984). Gelation, which directly influences the elasticity and expansion of cell wall, is critically dependent on the availability of Ca in the apoplast. It has been speculated that the insufficient availability of Ca in the apoplast of expanding cells results in cell wall weakening, impairment of cell expansion, and finally cell burst and death (Ho and White, 2005). However, high Ca concentration could induce BER in tomato fruit (Nonami et al., 1995; Hossain and Nonami, 2012). Ca concentration in BER fruit was higher than that in healthy fruit (Nonami et al., 1995). Thus, it may be possible to speculate that some factors other than Ca deficiency causes BER in tomato fruit. When Ca salts were added excessively to the hydroponic solution, we could induce BER in 30 50% of fruit formed in tomato plants (Nonami et al., 1995; Hossain and Nonami, 2012). It is noteworthy that 50 70% of fruit in the same tomato plant did not exhibit BER although the fruit was exposed to the same stress condition. All cells in both BER and non-BER exhibiting fruit in the same plant had the same DNA, having different metabolisms. How was this difference induced? Analysis of cell physical and chemical properties with single cell resolution can clarify cell to cell variations and many primary growth, disorder, or stress related phenomena that cannot be detected or fully explored through tissue-level studies. Integrative analyses of water relations and metabolomics of plant cells, therefore, can provide remarkable insights to many physiological events during growth or environmental stresses. However common water status measurements are not provided with molecular information and on other hand, a big challenge is to perform quantitative metabolite profiling at cell level. In order to investigate these distinct aspects concurrently at real time and with single cell resolution, we devised a new technique by combining a cell pressure probe (PP) and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, named as pico-pressure probe ionization mass spectrometry (picoPPI-MS). The PP is routinely used to analyze several properties of plant single cells including in situ cell volume determination (Malone and Tomos, 1990), and turgor pressure, osmotic potential, water potential, plasma membrane hydraulic conductivity, and cell wall elastic modulus measurements (Nonami and Boyer, 1989; Nonami and Schulze, 1989; Boyer, 1995). In addition PP uniquely facilitated managed picoliter sampling of in situ single cell solution, since sample volume can be controlled and measured (Nonami and Schulze, 1989). In picoPPI-MS, after the
番茄果实的花端腐病(BER)已被确定为钙(Ca)缺乏引起的生理疾病(Lyon et al.， 1942)。钙被认为可以调节细胞壁果胶的结构和性质，特别是凝胶作用(Jarvis, 1984)。凝胶作用直接影响细胞壁的弹性和膨胀，其关键取决于外质体中Ca的可用性。据推测，在细胞扩张的外质体中Ca的可用性不足导致细胞壁弱化，细胞扩张受损，最终导致细胞破裂和死亡(Ho and White, 2005)。然而，高浓度Ca可诱导番茄果实发生BER (Nonami et al.， 1995;Hossain and Nonami, 2012)。BER水果中的Ca浓度高于健康水果(Nonami et al.， 1995)。因此，可以推测除钙缺乏外，还有其他因素导致了番茄果实中的BER。当在水培液中过量添加钙盐时，可以在30 - 50%的番茄果实中诱导BER (Nonami et al.， 1995;Hossain and Nonami, 2012)。值得注意的是，在相同的胁迫条件下，同一株番茄中50 ~ 70%的果实没有表现出BER。在同一株植物中，显示BER和非BER果实的所有细胞具有相同的DNA，具有不同的代谢。这种差异是如何产生的?单细胞分辨率的细胞物理和化学特性分析可以阐明细胞间的变异和许多原发生长、紊乱或应激相关的现象，这些现象无法通过组织水平的研究来检测或充分探索。因此，对植物细胞的水分关系和代谢组学的综合分析可以为生长或环境胁迫期间的许多生理事件提供重要的见解。然而，通常的水状态测量不能提供分子信息，另一方面，在细胞水平上进行定量代谢物分析是一个很大的挑战。为了在单细胞分辨率下实时同时研究这些不同的方面，我们设计了一种将细胞压力探针(PP)和Orbitrap质谱仪相结合的新技术，称为picoPPI-MS。PP通常用于分析植物单细胞的几种特性，包括原位细胞体积测定(Malone和Tomos, 1990)，以及膨胀压力、渗透势、水势、质膜水力电导率和细胞壁弹性模量测量(Nonami和Boyer, 1989;Nonami and Schulze, 1989;波伊尔,1995)。此外，由于可以控制和测量样品体积，PP独特地促进了原位单细胞溶液的皮升采样管理(Nonami和Schulze, 1989)。在picoPPI-MS中
{"title":"Blossom End Rot Tomato Fruit Diagnosis for In Situ Cell Analyses with Real Time Pico-Pressure Probe Ionization Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Y. Gholipour, R. Erra-Balsells, H. Nonami","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.41","url":null,"abstract":"Blossom end rot (BER) of tomato fruit has been identified as a physiological disorder caused by calcium (Ca) deficiency (Lyon et al., 1942). Ca has been believed to adjust the structure and properties, particularly gelation, of cell wall pectin (Jarvis, 1984). Gelation, which directly influences the elasticity and expansion of cell wall, is critically dependent on the availability of Ca in the apoplast. It has been speculated that the insufficient availability of Ca in the apoplast of expanding cells results in cell wall weakening, impairment of cell expansion, and finally cell burst and death (Ho and White, 2005). However, high Ca concentration could induce BER in tomato fruit (Nonami et al., 1995; Hossain and Nonami, 2012). Ca concentration in BER fruit was higher than that in healthy fruit (Nonami et al., 1995). Thus, it may be possible to speculate that some factors other than Ca deficiency causes BER in tomato fruit. When Ca salts were added excessively to the hydroponic solution, we could induce BER in 30 50% of fruit formed in tomato plants (Nonami et al., 1995; Hossain and Nonami, 2012). It is noteworthy that 50 70% of fruit in the same tomato plant did not exhibit BER although the fruit was exposed to the same stress condition. All cells in both BER and non-BER exhibiting fruit in the same plant had the same DNA, having different metabolisms. How was this difference induced? Analysis of cell physical and chemical properties with single cell resolution can clarify cell to cell variations and many primary growth, disorder, or stress related phenomena that cannot be detected or fully explored through tissue-level studies. Integrative analyses of water relations and metabolomics of plant cells, therefore, can provide remarkable insights to many physiological events during growth or environmental stresses. However common water status measurements are not provided with molecular information and on other hand, a big challenge is to perform quantitative metabolite profiling at cell level. In order to investigate these distinct aspects concurrently at real time and with single cell resolution, we devised a new technique by combining a cell pressure probe (PP) and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, named as pico-pressure probe ionization mass spectrometry (picoPPI-MS). The PP is routinely used to analyze several properties of plant single cells including in situ cell volume determination (Malone and Tomos, 1990), and turgor pressure, osmotic potential, water potential, plasma membrane hydraulic conductivity, and cell wall elastic modulus measurements (Nonami and Boyer, 1989; Nonami and Schulze, 1989; Boyer, 1995). In addition PP uniquely facilitated managed picoliter sampling of in situ single cell solution, since sample volume can be controlled and measured (Nonami and Schulze, 1989). In picoPPI-MS, after the","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73935819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuichiro Kuno, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi
{"title":"Effects of Irradiation Patterns and Light Quality of Red and Blue Light-Emitting Diodes on Growth of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.“Greenwave”)","authors":"Yuichiro Kuno, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88119180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over 90% of Japanese strawberry farmers employ forcing to enable harvest from winter to the following spring (Yamasaki, 2013). However, because available production area continues to decline, new techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required. Many factors contribute to fruit yield in strawberry production (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per plant is influenced by factors including per unit fruit weight, fruit number, flower budding, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the growing environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of environmental control techniques, such as supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment, to achieve high increases in fruits yield through acceleration of leaf photosynthesis (Hidaka et al., 2013; 2014b; 2015; 2016). However, seeking to increase yields through environmental controls relies on the assumption that flower bud differentiation will be induced normally. Global warming has recently been reported to have serious potential impacts on water resources, ecosystems, food production and other aspects of life. The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has reported on agricultural issues already known to result from global warming, including high-temperature-related injuries to rice (cracked rice), abnormal fruit coloration, changes in fruit growing zones, and increased incidences of pests and disease (2008). Further, effects of recent warming on agricultural production have been observed throughout the whole of Japan (Sugiura et al., 2012). Japanese strawberry producers usually use Junebearing cultivars, and flower bud differentiation in these cultivars is induced by short days and low temperatures (Ito and Saito, 1962). However, recently there have been concerns that rising air temperatures in August and September will cause delayed flower bud differentiation in first inflorescences. Many types of localized temperature control systems have been developed to stabilize flower bud differentiation under high-temperature conditions (Mukai and Ogura, 1988; Ikeda et al., 2007; Yamazaki et al., 2007; Miyoshi et al., 2013). Our research group also developed a technique to control the temperature of the strawberry crown, which is the organ containing the shoot apical meristem (Dan et al., 2015). However, few studies have examined the effect of such cooling systems under the high temperatures expected with future global warming. We calculated likely future air temperatures in the study area based on past recorded temperatures and predictions of future global warming and reproduced these temperature conditions in a greenhouse. We examined the effect of crown-cooling treatments on flower bud differentiation, flowering characteristics and yield under high air temp
超过90%的日本草莓种植者采用催收方式，从冬季到次年春季都能收获(Yamasaki, 2013)。然而，由于可用的生产面积持续减少，需要新的技术来获得持续的高产量。在草莓生产中，影响果实产量的因素很多(Hidaka et al.， 2014a)。单株产量受单果重、果数、出芽、光合作用分配、叶片光合作用以及根系对水分和养分的吸收等因素的影响。这些因素受生长环境(如光照强度、光周期、温度、CO2浓度、湿度和风速)和各品种遗传潜力的影响。在我们之前的研究中，我们探索了环境控制技术的发展，如补充照明和CO2富集，通过加速叶片光合作用来实现果实产量的高增长(Hidaka et al.， 2013;2014 b;2015;2016)。然而，寻求通过环境控制提高产量依赖于花芽分化将被正常诱导的假设。最近有报道称，全球变暖对水资源、生态系统、粮食生产和生活的其他方面产生了严重的潜在影响。日本农林水产省报告了已知由全球变暖造成的农业问题，包括与高温有关的水稻损伤(稻米开裂)、水果颜色异常、水果种植区域的变化以及病虫害发生率的增加(2008年)。此外，近期变暖对整个日本农业生产的影响已经观察到(Sugiura et al.， 2012)。日本草莓生产者通常使用六月产的品种，这些品种的花芽分化是由短日和低温诱导的(Ito和Saito, 1962)。然而，最近有人担心，8月和9月的气温上升会导致第一花序的花芽分化延迟。许多类型的局部温度控制系统已经开发出来，以稳定高温条件下花芽的分化(Mukai和Ogura, 1988;Ikeda et al.， 2007;Yamazaki et al.， 2007;Miyoshi et al.， 2013)。我们的研究小组还开发了一种技术来控制草莓冠的温度，冠是包含茎尖分生组织的器官(Dan et al.， 2015)。然而，很少有研究调查了这种冷却系统在未来全球变暖预计的高温下的影响。我们根据过去记录的温度和对未来全球变暖的预测计算了研究区域未来可能的气温，并在温室中重现了这些温度条件。研究了高温条件下冠冷处理对草莓花芽分化、开花特性和产量的影响，以期实现草莓的稳定生产。
{"title":"Crown-cooling Treatment Induces Earlier Flower Bud Differentiation of Strawberry under High Air Temperatures","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, H. Imamura, T. Takayama","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.21","url":null,"abstract":"Over 90% of Japanese strawberry farmers employ forcing to enable harvest from winter to the following spring (Yamasaki, 2013). However, because available production area continues to decline, new techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required. Many factors contribute to fruit yield in strawberry production (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per plant is influenced by factors including per unit fruit weight, fruit number, flower budding, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the growing environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of environmental control techniques, such as supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment, to achieve high increases in fruits yield through acceleration of leaf photosynthesis (Hidaka et al., 2013; 2014b; 2015; 2016). However, seeking to increase yields through environmental controls relies on the assumption that flower bud differentiation will be induced normally. Global warming has recently been reported to have serious potential impacts on water resources, ecosystems, food production and other aspects of life. The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has reported on agricultural issues already known to result from global warming, including high-temperature-related injuries to rice (cracked rice), abnormal fruit coloration, changes in fruit growing zones, and increased incidences of pests and disease (2008). Further, effects of recent warming on agricultural production have been observed throughout the whole of Japan (Sugiura et al., 2012). Japanese strawberry producers usually use Junebearing cultivars, and flower bud differentiation in these cultivars is induced by short days and low temperatures (Ito and Saito, 1962). However, recently there have been concerns that rising air temperatures in August and September will cause delayed flower bud differentiation in first inflorescences. Many types of localized temperature control systems have been developed to stabilize flower bud differentiation under high-temperature conditions (Mukai and Ogura, 1988; Ikeda et al., 2007; Yamazaki et al., 2007; Miyoshi et al., 2013). Our research group also developed a technique to control the temperature of the strawberry crown, which is the organ containing the shoot apical meristem (Dan et al., 2015). However, few studies have examined the effect of such cooling systems under the high temperatures expected with future global warming. We calculated likely future air temperatures in the study area based on past recorded temperatures and predictions of future global warming and reproduced these temperature conditions in a greenhouse. We examined the effect of crown-cooling treatments on flower bud differentiation, flowering characteristics and yield under high air temp","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86839674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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