Hydroponic culture techniques have several potential advantages over soil culture techniques for cultivation, e.g., technical ease of flexible control of the root-zone environment (Gale and Ben-Asher, 1983; Raviv and Lieth, 2007). Promoting growth and producing high quality plants can also be expected through optimal control of the root-zone environment. In order to realize an effective control such as an optimal control, it is important to make a dynamic model of plant response to root-zone environment and then understand the dynamic and static characteristics between these two variables in more detail. In the root-zone environment in hydroponics, water temperature is one of the major manipulating factors for controlling plant growth and development, because it is easy to control using a heater and a cooler. Optimal control of water temperature brings about good fruit ripening with no reduction in growth or fruit set. Ikeda and Osawa (1984) reported that root temperature is an important factor that directly affects plant growth. Root temperature also affects many physiological processes such as respiration (Jensen, 1960), water absorption (Unger and Danielson, 1967), nutrient uptake (Hussain and Maqsood, 2011) and water movement and transpiration (Gray, 1941). Davis and Lingle (1961) elicited increased growth with warmed roots (25 30°C) and decreased growth when roots were cooled below 15°C (Martin and Wilcox, 1963). Although water temperature has been shown to affect plant growth, the physiological basis for the dynamic response in controlling the plant production system has not been thoroughly investigated. Leaf water content, on the other hand, is one of the most important control factors for optimizing growth in plants, because it significantly affects both the quantity and quality of plants (Nonami, 1998). It is, however, difficult to directly and continuously measure the dynamic change in leaf water content of an intact whole plant, without damaging the plant. Leaf thickness is used as a sensitive indicator for estimating leaf water content of plants. Meidner (1990), Syverrtsen and Levy (1982) and Búrquez (1987) used indirect methods for monitoring water status based on using displacement transducers to measure swelling and shrinkage in a wide range of plant tissue such as in leaves. In this study, therefore, the leaf water content was estimated from leaf thickness. An eddy current-type displacement sensor allows the leaf thickness to be measured in a continuous and non-destructive manner. Many researchers have modelled the process of water movement in plants, including root water uptake, using mathematical approaches (Gardner, 1991; Roose and Fowler, 2004; Doussan et al., 2006; Foster and Miklavcic, 2013). They applied mathematical equations to build models of the static relationships between input factors and output factors. However, it is thought that modeling the dynamic behaviors of the physiologicalecological proc-
与土壤栽培技术相比，水培栽培技术有几个潜在的优势，例如，技术上易于灵活控制根区环境(Gale和Ben-Asher, 1983;Raviv and Lieth, 2007)。通过对根区环境的优化控制，也可以促进生长和生产优质植株。为了实现最优控制等有效控制，建立植物对根区环境响应的动态模型，从而更详细地了解这两个变量之间的动态和静态特征。在水培法的根区环境中，水温是控制植物生长发育的主要操纵因素之一，因为使用加热器和冷却器很容易控制水温。最佳的水温控制使果实成熟良好，不影响生长和坐果。Ikeda和Osawa(1984)报道根温是直接影响植物生长的重要因素。根温还影响许多生理过程，如呼吸(Jensen, 1960)、水分吸收(Unger and Danielson, 1967)、养分吸收(Hussain and maqood, 2011)以及水分运动和蒸腾(Gray, 1941)。Davis和Lingle(1961)发现，当根系加热(25 - 30°C)时，生长加快，而当根系冷却至15°C以下时，生长减慢(Martin和Wilcox, 1963)。虽然水温对植物生长有影响，但其控制植物生产系统的动态响应的生理基础尚未得到充分研究。另一方面，叶片含水量是优化植物生长的最重要的控制因素之一，因为它对植物的数量和质量都有显著影响(Nonami, 1998)。然而，在不损害整株植物的情况下，很难直接连续地测量整株植物叶片含水量的动态变化。叶片厚度是估计植物叶片含水量的一个敏感指标。Meidner (1990)， Syverrtsen和Levy(1982)以及Búrquez(1987)采用间接方法监测水分状况，基于使用位移传感器测量叶片等多种植物组织的膨胀和收缩。因此，在本研究中，通过叶片厚度估算叶片含水量。涡流式位移传感器允许以连续和非破坏性的方式测量叶片厚度。许多研究人员利用数学方法模拟了植物的水分运动过程，包括根部的水分吸收(Gardner, 1991;卢斯和福勒，2004;dousan et al.， 2006;Foster and Miklavcic, 2013)。他们运用数学方程式建立了输入因素和输出因素之间静态关系的模型。然而，人们认为对生理生态过程的动态行为进行建模是非常困难的
{"title":"Identifying and Modelling the Dynamic Response of Leaf Water Content to Water Temperature in Hydroponic Tomato Plant","authors":"D. Yumeina, T. Morimoto","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.13","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponic culture techniques have several potential advantages over soil culture techniques for cultivation, e.g., technical ease of flexible control of the root-zone environment (Gale and Ben-Asher, 1983; Raviv and Lieth, 2007). Promoting growth and producing high quality plants can also be expected through optimal control of the root-zone environment. In order to realize an effective control such as an optimal control, it is important to make a dynamic model of plant response to root-zone environment and then understand the dynamic and static characteristics between these two variables in more detail. In the root-zone environment in hydroponics, water temperature is one of the major manipulating factors for controlling plant growth and development, because it is easy to control using a heater and a cooler. Optimal control of water temperature brings about good fruit ripening with no reduction in growth or fruit set. Ikeda and Osawa (1984) reported that root temperature is an important factor that directly affects plant growth. Root temperature also affects many physiological processes such as respiration (Jensen, 1960), water absorption (Unger and Danielson, 1967), nutrient uptake (Hussain and Maqsood, 2011) and water movement and transpiration (Gray, 1941). Davis and Lingle (1961) elicited increased growth with warmed roots (25 30°C) and decreased growth when roots were cooled below 15°C (Martin and Wilcox, 1963). Although water temperature has been shown to affect plant growth, the physiological basis for the dynamic response in controlling the plant production system has not been thoroughly investigated. Leaf water content, on the other hand, is one of the most important control factors for optimizing growth in plants, because it significantly affects both the quantity and quality of plants (Nonami, 1998). It is, however, difficult to directly and continuously measure the dynamic change in leaf water content of an intact whole plant, without damaging the plant. Leaf thickness is used as a sensitive indicator for estimating leaf water content of plants. Meidner (1990), Syverrtsen and Levy (1982) and Búrquez (1987) used indirect methods for monitoring water status based on using displacement transducers to measure swelling and shrinkage in a wide range of plant tissue such as in leaves. In this study, therefore, the leaf water content was estimated from leaf thickness. An eddy current-type displacement sensor allows the leaf thickness to be measured in a continuous and non-destructive manner. Many researchers have modelled the process of water movement in plants, including root water uptake, using mathematical approaches (Gardner, 1991; Roose and Fowler, 2004; Doussan et al., 2006; Foster and Miklavcic, 2013). They applied mathematical equations to build models of the static relationships between input factors and output factors. However, it is thought that modeling the dynamic behaviors of the physiologicalecological proc-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82738663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hikosaka, Nanami Iwamoto, E. Goto, Chang Ching-Hui
Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is an evergreen climbing vine, naturally distributed in Japan and East Asia. Its dried buds and leaves are used as a traditional crude drug in Japan and many Asian countries (Pradhan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012). In Japan, these drugs are known as ‘Kinginka’ (flower buds) and ‘Nindou’ (leaves). The majority of crude drugs used in Japan, including those produced from Japanese honeysuckle, are imported from overseas, i.e., China, as wild plants. However, the price of crude drugs in China has recently risen due to the increase in prices of farm and natural products, the shortage of labor, and the rise of labor cost (Kang, 2008; 2011). Additionally, the increased demand for crude drugs in China and European countries has caused a severe shortage of crude drug resources (Kang, 2008; Koike et al., 2012). Recently, fresh buds and leaves of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as an important medicinal remedy (Kang et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2012) and they are used in the food and cosmetic industries (Dung et al., 2011; Shang et al., 2011) worldwide. The main medicinal compounds in the flower buds of Japanese honeysuckle are polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid and luteolin (Lee et al., 2010). These compounds have numerous functions (Shang et al., 2011), including antiviral, anticancer (Pradhan et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory (Kang et al., 2010), and antioxidant activities (Dung et al., 2011; Ohno et al., 2012; Seo et al., 2012). It is well known that the contents of many secondary metabolites (medicinal compounds) present in fresh plants decrease through the process of drying. Therefore, high concentrations of medicinal compounds in fresh plants of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as valuable. However, wild Japanese honeysuckle withers and lacks flower buds during the winter season. A year-round cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle for fresh flower buds and leaves is expected to solve these problems by providing a stable supply of these resources on the world market. Greenhouse cultivation is an effective method for steady production of medicinal plants because, through the control of optimal environmental conditions, plant growth is promoted, harvest period is prolonged, and the quality of medicinal compounds is stabilized. Additionally, the amount of agro-chemicals (pesticides and fungicides) applied during the cultivation of medicinal plants is reduced, resulting in high-quality crude drugs. Furthermore, greenhouse cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle, if possible, will allow altering the concentration and composition of medicinal compounds by controlling the environmental factors. The main flowering season of wild Japanese honeysuckle grown in the fields in China is from May to September (Wang et al., 2009), suggesting that Japanese honeysuckle is neither a short-day nor a long-day plant.
金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)是一种常绿攀援藤本植物，自然分布于日本和东亚。它的干芽和干叶在日本和许多亚洲国家被用作传统药材(Pradhan et al.， 2009;Wang et al.， 2009;Park et al.， 2012)。在日本，这些药物被称为“金花”(花蕾)和“花叶”(叶子)。日本使用的大部分药材，包括用日本金银花制成的药材，都是作为野生植物从海外，即中国进口的。然而，由于农产品和天然产品价格上涨，劳动力短缺，劳动力成本上升，中国的原料药价格最近有所上涨(Kang, 2008;2011)。此外，中国和欧洲国家对生药需求的增加造成了生药资源的严重短缺(Kang, 2008;Koike et al.， 2012)。近年来，金银花的鲜芽和鲜叶被认为是一种重要的药物(Kang et al.， 2010;Seo等人，2012)，它们被用于食品和化妆品行业(Dung等人，2011;Shang et al.， 2011)。金银花花蕾中的主要药用化合物为绿原酸、木犀草素等多酚类物质(Lee et al.， 2010)。这些化合物具有多种功能(Shang等人，2011)，包括抗病毒、抗癌(Pradhan等人，2009;Park等人，2012)，抗炎(Kang等人，2010)和抗氧化活性(Dung等人，2011;Ohno et al.， 2012;Seo et al.， 2012)。众所周知，新鲜植物中存在的许多次生代谢物(药用化合物)的含量通过干燥过程而减少。因此，新鲜的金银花植物中高浓度的药用化合物已被认为是有价值的。然而，野生日本金银花在冬季枯萎和缺乏花蕾。全年种植日本金银花以获取新鲜花蕾和叶子，有望解决这些问题，为世界市场提供稳定的金银花资源供应。温室栽培是稳定生产药用植物的有效方法，通过控制最佳环境条件，促进植物生长，延长采收期，稳定药用化合物的质量。此外，在药用植物种植过程中减少了农药(杀虫剂和杀菌剂)的用量，从而生产出高质量的原料药。此外，如果可能的话，温室栽培日本金银花将允许通过控制环境因素来改变药用化合物的浓度和组成。中国野外生长的野生金银花的主要花期为5 - 9月(Wang et al.， 2009)，说明金银花既不是短日照植物，也不是长日照植物。
{"title":"Effects of Supplemental Lighting on Growth and Medicinal Compounds of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.)","authors":"S. Hikosaka, Nanami Iwamoto, E. Goto, Chang Ching-Hui","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.71","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is an evergreen climbing vine, naturally distributed in Japan and East Asia. Its dried buds and leaves are used as a traditional crude drug in Japan and many Asian countries (Pradhan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012). In Japan, these drugs are known as ‘Kinginka’ (flower buds) and ‘Nindou’ (leaves). The majority of crude drugs used in Japan, including those produced from Japanese honeysuckle, are imported from overseas, i.e., China, as wild plants. However, the price of crude drugs in China has recently risen due to the increase in prices of farm and natural products, the shortage of labor, and the rise of labor cost (Kang, 2008; 2011). Additionally, the increased demand for crude drugs in China and European countries has caused a severe shortage of crude drug resources (Kang, 2008; Koike et al., 2012). Recently, fresh buds and leaves of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as an important medicinal remedy (Kang et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2012) and they are used in the food and cosmetic industries (Dung et al., 2011; Shang et al., 2011) worldwide. The main medicinal compounds in the flower buds of Japanese honeysuckle are polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid and luteolin (Lee et al., 2010). These compounds have numerous functions (Shang et al., 2011), including antiviral, anticancer (Pradhan et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory (Kang et al., 2010), and antioxidant activities (Dung et al., 2011; Ohno et al., 2012; Seo et al., 2012). It is well known that the contents of many secondary metabolites (medicinal compounds) present in fresh plants decrease through the process of drying. Therefore, high concentrations of medicinal compounds in fresh plants of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as valuable. However, wild Japanese honeysuckle withers and lacks flower buds during the winter season. A year-round cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle for fresh flower buds and leaves is expected to solve these problems by providing a stable supply of these resources on the world market. Greenhouse cultivation is an effective method for steady production of medicinal plants because, through the control of optimal environmental conditions, plant growth is promoted, harvest period is prolonged, and the quality of medicinal compounds is stabilized. Additionally, the amount of agro-chemicals (pesticides and fungicides) applied during the cultivation of medicinal plants is reduced, resulting in high-quality crude drugs. Furthermore, greenhouse cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle, if possible, will allow altering the concentration and composition of medicinal compounds by controlling the environmental factors. The main flowering season of wild Japanese honeysuckle grown in the fields in China is from May to September (Wang et al., 2009), suggesting that Japanese honeysuckle is neither a short-day nor a long-day plant.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80786614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metals reach soils through natural pedogenic (or geogenic) processes and anthropogenic activities. Often the concentrations of heavy metals released into the soil system by pedogenic processes are low and are largely related to the origin and nature of the parent material. However, anthropogenic activities primarily associated with industrial processes, manufacturing and the disposal of domestic and industrial waste materials are the major sources of metal enrichment in soils (Adriano, 2001). Unlike pedogenic input, metals added through anthropogenic activities often have high bioavailability. Metal uptake and accumulation from soils by plants are influenced by such factors as plant species, soil metal concentration, soil properties, rapid transport within the plant, the proliferation of roots in metal hotspots within the soil etc. (Adriano, 2001). Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is non-essential to biota, more mobile and bioavailable, potentially toxic to humans at lower concentrations than those toxic to plants (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992; Singh and McLaughlin, 1999). Zinc (Zn) is essential in trace amounts for plants but its concentrations found in contaminated soils frequently exceed those required by the plant and soil organisms, and thus create danger to animal and human health (Greenland and Hayes, 1981; Alkorta et al., 2004). Cd and Zn concentrations in some industrial sites of Bangladesh are found to range from 0.1 1.8 and 53 477 mg kg -1 , respectively (Kashem and Singh, 1999) which are above the background level for Cd (0.01 0.2) and Zn (68 mg kg -1 ) in soil (Domingo and Kyuma, 1983; Singh and Steinnes, 1994). However, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in vegetables grown in agricultural soils adjacent to the industrial areas of Bangladesh were observed in the range of 1.0 4.7 and 16.5 67.1 mg kg dry weight, respectively by Ahmad and Goni (2010) and 0.4 0.8 and 98 244 mg kg -1 dry weight, respectively by Kashem and Singh (1999). These values exceed the acceptable tolerance level for FAO/WHO standard of 0.3 mg Cd kg dry weight and 60 mg Zn kg dry weight (Codex Alimentarious Commission, 1984). It is therefore, important to develop methods to cleanup Cd and Zn contaminated soils. Phytoremediation, where hyperaccumulators are used to take up large quantities of pollutants from contaminated soils has been touted as a promising alternative for the generally expensive and disruptive conventional remediation techniques to reduce environmental health risks posed by Cd and Zn contaminated sites (McGrath et al., 2002). To date, about 700 species of plants have been reported to be hyperaccumulators of different contaminants (Xi et al., 2010), of which a good number of species have been considered as Cd and Zn hyperaccumulators (Raskin and Ensley, 2000). However, successful phytoextraction requires that these plants are capable of producing high biomass while accumulating large amounts of contaminants in the biomass from the soil (L
重金属通过自然成土(或地质)过程和人为活动到达土壤。通过成土过程释放到土壤系统中的重金属浓度通常很低，并且主要与母质的来源和性质有关。然而，主要与工业过程、制造业以及家庭和工业废料处理有关的人为活动是土壤中金属富集的主要来源(Adriano, 2001年)。与成土输入不同，通过人为活动添加的金属通常具有较高的生物利用度。植物对土壤金属的吸收和积累受植物种类、土壤金属浓度、土壤性质、植物内部的快速运输、土壤中金属热点根部的增殖等因素的影响(Adriano, 2001)。在重金属中，镉(Cd)对生物群来说不是必需的，流动性和生物可利用性更强，浓度较低时对人类的潜在毒性比对植物的毒性低(Kabata-Pendias和Pendias, 1992;Singh和McLaughlin, 1999)。微量锌对植物至关重要，但在受污染土壤中发现的锌浓度往往超过植物和土壤生物所需的浓度，从而对动物和人类健康构成危险(Greenland和Hayes, 1981年;Alkorta et al.， 2004)。孟加拉国一些工业场所的Cd和Zn浓度分别为0.1 1.8和53 477 mg kg -1 (Kashem和Singh, 1999年)，高于土壤中Cd(0.01 0.2)和Zn (68 mg kg -1)的背景水平(Domingo和Kyuma, 1983年;Singh和Steinnes, 1994)。然而，Ahmad和Goni(2010年)和Kashem和Singh(1999年)观察到，在孟加拉国工业区附近农业土壤中种植的蔬菜中Cd和Zn的浓度分别为1.0 - 4.7和16.5 - 67.1毫克千克干重，以及0.4 - 0.8和98 - 244毫克千克干重。这些数值超过了粮农组织/世界卫生组织关于每公斤干重0.3毫克镉和每公斤干重60毫克锌的可接受容忍水平(食品法典委员会，1984年)。因此，研究镉、锌污染土壤的治理方法具有重要的现实意义。利用超蓄积体从受污染土壤中吸收大量污染物的植物修复被吹捧为一种有希望的替代方法，可以替代通常昂贵且具有破坏性的传统修复技术，以减少镉和锌污染地点造成的环境健康风险(McGrath等人，2002年)。然而，成功的植物提取要求这些植物能够产生高生物量，同时在土壤的生物量中积累大量污染物(Liu et al.， 2015)。在本次调查中，我们选择了一种当地常见的植物——海芋(Colocasia esculenta L.)。这种植物广泛分布在孟加拉国，可以在干燥和沼泽条件下生长。它有很深的根和长长的芽。它拥有
{"title":"Phytoextraction Efficiency of Cadmium and Zinc by Arum (Colocasia esculenta L.) Grown in Hydroponics","authors":"Md. Shoffikul Islam, M. Kashem, K. Osman","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.113","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals reach soils through natural pedogenic (or geogenic) processes and anthropogenic activities. Often the concentrations of heavy metals released into the soil system by pedogenic processes are low and are largely related to the origin and nature of the parent material. However, anthropogenic activities primarily associated with industrial processes, manufacturing and the disposal of domestic and industrial waste materials are the major sources of metal enrichment in soils (Adriano, 2001). Unlike pedogenic input, metals added through anthropogenic activities often have high bioavailability. Metal uptake and accumulation from soils by plants are influenced by such factors as plant species, soil metal concentration, soil properties, rapid transport within the plant, the proliferation of roots in metal hotspots within the soil etc. (Adriano, 2001). Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is non-essential to biota, more mobile and bioavailable, potentially toxic to humans at lower concentrations than those toxic to plants (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992; Singh and McLaughlin, 1999). Zinc (Zn) is essential in trace amounts for plants but its concentrations found in contaminated soils frequently exceed those required by the plant and soil organisms, and thus create danger to animal and human health (Greenland and Hayes, 1981; Alkorta et al., 2004). Cd and Zn concentrations in some industrial sites of Bangladesh are found to range from 0.1 1.8 and 53 477 mg kg -1 , respectively (Kashem and Singh, 1999) which are above the background level for Cd (0.01 0.2) and Zn (68 mg kg -1 ) in soil (Domingo and Kyuma, 1983; Singh and Steinnes, 1994). However, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in vegetables grown in agricultural soils adjacent to the industrial areas of Bangladesh were observed in the range of 1.0 4.7 and 16.5 67.1 mg kg dry weight, respectively by Ahmad and Goni (2010) and 0.4 0.8 and 98 244 mg kg -1 dry weight, respectively by Kashem and Singh (1999). These values exceed the acceptable tolerance level for FAO/WHO standard of 0.3 mg Cd kg dry weight and 60 mg Zn kg dry weight (Codex Alimentarious Commission, 1984). It is therefore, important to develop methods to cleanup Cd and Zn contaminated soils. Phytoremediation, where hyperaccumulators are used to take up large quantities of pollutants from contaminated soils has been touted as a promising alternative for the generally expensive and disruptive conventional remediation techniques to reduce environmental health risks posed by Cd and Zn contaminated sites (McGrath et al., 2002). To date, about 700 species of plants have been reported to be hyperaccumulators of different contaminants (Xi et al., 2010), of which a good number of species have been considered as Cd and Zn hyperaccumulators (Raskin and Ensley, 2000). However, successful phytoextraction requires that these plants are capable of producing high biomass while accumulating large amounts of contaminants in the biomass from the soil (L","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87436147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research investigated the feasibility of witloof chicory production with fermentation heat of cow’s manure, in Hokkaido, during semi-cold and cold seasons. Forcing culture experiments were conducted in semi-cold season (once, April to May, 2013) and cold season (twice, March, 2014; March, 2015). In each experiment, cow compost produced through solid-liquid separator (water content; 72.6%) was used as heat sources. Temperature of outside air, indoor air, compost container, forcing chambers (soil and air) and heat exchangers were recorded. Through all experiments, compost temperature was maintained up to 30°C, and it showed potential to be used as a heat source for chicory forcing culture. In semi-cold season, temperatures of forcing chambers (6.3 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) were maintained stably, and average air temperature of forcing chamber reached 17.2°C in average, and marketable etiolated heads (Chicon) were obtained after 22 d. In cold season, air temperature of forcing chamber (3.0 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) was maintained stably (10.6°C in 2014, 14.4°C in 2015, in average), and marketable heads were obtained after 15 to 19 d. The results indicated that witloof chicory forcing culture in semi-cold and cold seasons by using cow manure fermentation heat as heat sources is indeed possible.
{"title":"Forcing Culture of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Using Fermentation Heat of Cow Manure","authors":"T. Kumano, H. Araki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.157","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the feasibility of witloof chicory production with fermentation heat of cow’s manure, in Hokkaido, during semi-cold and cold seasons. Forcing culture experiments were conducted in semi-cold season (once, April to May, 2013) and cold season (twice, March, 2014; March, 2015). In each experiment, cow compost produced through solid-liquid separator (water content; 72.6%) was used as heat sources. Temperature of outside air, indoor air, compost container, forcing chambers (soil and air) and heat exchangers were recorded. Through all experiments, compost temperature was maintained up to 30°C, and it showed potential to be used as a heat source for chicory forcing culture. In semi-cold season, temperatures of forcing chambers (6.3 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) were maintained stably, and average air temperature of forcing chamber reached 17.2°C in average, and marketable etiolated heads (Chicon) were obtained after 22 d. In cold season, air temperature of forcing chamber (3.0 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) was maintained stably (10.6°C in 2014, 14.4°C in 2015, in average), and marketable heads were obtained after 15 to 19 d. The results indicated that witloof chicory forcing culture in semi-cold and cold seasons by using cow manure fermentation heat as heat sources is indeed possible.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72417991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuta Okamoto, A. Haraguchi, Takuya Suzuki, T. Kawano
The name of Peter Boysen-Jensen brightly shines in the history of plant biology, especially as one of pioneering researchers studying the actions of plant hormones during phototropic responses as reviewed elsewhere (Pennazio, 2002; Enders and Strader, 2015), although the significance of some key experiments are questioned today (Yamada et al., 2000). Apart from plant growth regulation by light and/or plant hormones, Boysen-Jensen has two wellacknowledged contributions to photosynthetic studies, namely, a series of study on the photosynthetic assimilation and the study on the plant canopy structure. As reviewed elsewhere (Hirose, 2005), Boysen-Jensen have pointed out that the increase in dry mass reflects the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide (Boysen-Jensen, 1918; Boysen-Jensen and Müller, 1929a; 1929b), and he also deeply studied the photosynthesis under plant canopy structure in which the leaves of self and non-self origins are layered and compete for light (Boysen-Jensen, 1929; 1932). The most important factors to be discussed when relating the structural feature of plant canopy and functioning photosynthesis might be the utility of light at different positions within the canopy structure, as photosynthetic rate must be a function of light availability on site. The concept on the competition for light within plant community proposed by Boysen-Jensen is now the basis for understanding the eco-physiological behaviors of plants such as temperature-responsive onset of vegetation growth under competitive inter-species canopy (Dunnett and Grime, 1999).
Peter Boysen-Jensen的名字在植物生物学的历史上闪耀着光芒，特别是作为研究植物激素在致光性反应中的作用的先驱研究者之一(Pennazio, 2002;Enders and Strader, 2015)，尽管一些关键实验的意义在今天受到质疑(Yamada et al.， 2000)。除了光和/或植物激素对植物生长的调节外，Boysen-Jensen在光合作用研究中还有两个公认的贡献，即光合同化的一系列研究和植物冠层结构的研究。在其他地方(Hirose, 2005)， Boysen-Jensen指出干质量的增加反映了二氧化碳的光合同化(Boysen-Jensen, 1918;Boysen-Jensen and m ller, 1999a;1929b)，他还深入研究了植物树冠结构下自生和非自生叶片分层争光的光合作用(Boysen-Jensen, 1929;1932)。当将植物冠层的结构特征与光合作用功能联系起来时，需要讨论的最重要的因素可能是冠层结构中不同位置的光效用，因为光合速率必须是现场光可用性的函数。Boysen-Jensen提出的植物群落内光竞争的概念现在是理解植物生态生理行为的基础，例如在竞争的种间冠层下植被生长的温度响应性开始(Dunnett and Grime, 1999)。
{"title":"New Discussion on Boysen-Jensen's Photosynthetic Response Curves Under Plant Canopy and Proposal of Practical Equations for Monitoring and Management of Canopy Photosynthesis","authors":"Yuta Okamoto, A. Haraguchi, Takuya Suzuki, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.7","url":null,"abstract":"The name of Peter Boysen-Jensen brightly shines in the history of plant biology, especially as one of pioneering researchers studying the actions of plant hormones during phototropic responses as reviewed elsewhere (Pennazio, 2002; Enders and Strader, 2015), although the significance of some key experiments are questioned today (Yamada et al., 2000). Apart from plant growth regulation by light and/or plant hormones, Boysen-Jensen has two wellacknowledged contributions to photosynthetic studies, namely, a series of study on the photosynthetic assimilation and the study on the plant canopy structure. As reviewed elsewhere (Hirose, 2005), Boysen-Jensen have pointed out that the increase in dry mass reflects the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide (Boysen-Jensen, 1918; Boysen-Jensen and Müller, 1929a; 1929b), and he also deeply studied the photosynthesis under plant canopy structure in which the leaves of self and non-self origins are layered and compete for light (Boysen-Jensen, 1929; 1932). The most important factors to be discussed when relating the structural feature of plant canopy and functioning photosynthesis might be the utility of light at different positions within the canopy structure, as photosynthetic rate must be a function of light availability on site. The concept on the competition for light within plant community proposed by Boysen-Jensen is now the basis for understanding the eco-physiological behaviors of plants such as temperature-responsive onset of vegetation growth under competitive inter-species canopy (Dunnett and Grime, 1999).","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73226310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X-ray high resolution three-dimensional computed tomography (XHR3DCT) is a non-invasive technique to monitor the inner morphology of an object. It permits to obtain a series of horizontal stack of the structure that allows its 3D reconstruction of images by a computer post-processing analysis. This technology is commonly used for medical analysis on human or rarely on animals and its utilization in the plant field has been recently discussed. As we are engaged in the investigation on the possibility to use XHR3DCT for monitoring the storage quality and/or post-harvest development of fresh produces such as vegetables, here we report on minimal demonstration performed on garlic bulbs. In particular, immediately after the harvest from the soil, cloves of garlic bulbs have been maintained under different conditions differed in temperature and humidity, with and without irradiation by red (660 nm) or infra-red (735 nm) lights. At an intermediate time, some cloves have been non-invasively monitored by XHR3DCT to predict the changes in the size (volume) of growing inner shoots (sprouts). To determine the sprout volume based on the XHR3DCT-scanned images, several mathematical approaches have been tested. With approximation of the garlic sprout shape as a parabolic cone, estimation of shoot volume could be readily achieved. By analyzing the inner shoot size in garlic clove kept under different conditions, increase in the shoot size under red light or under higher temperature and relative humidity could be monitored non-invasively, suggesting that XHR3DCT can be used for monitoring of inner structure within the clove of garlic without damaging the samples. Future applications of this technique in during post-harvest managements of a wide range of fresh produces are expected.
{"title":"Uses of X-ray 3D-Computed-Tomography to Monitor the Development of Garlic Shooting Inside the Intact Cloves","authors":"Diego Comparini, Toshihiko Kihara, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.39","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray high resolution three-dimensional computed tomography (XHR3DCT) is a non-invasive technique to monitor the inner morphology of an object. It permits to obtain a series of horizontal stack of the structure that allows its 3D reconstruction of images by a computer post-processing analysis. This technology is commonly used for medical analysis on human or rarely on animals and its utilization in the plant field has been recently discussed. As we are engaged in the investigation on the possibility to use XHR3DCT for monitoring the storage quality and/or post-harvest development of fresh produces such as vegetables, here we report on minimal demonstration performed on garlic bulbs. In particular, immediately after the harvest from the soil, cloves of garlic bulbs have been maintained under different conditions differed in temperature and humidity, with and without irradiation by red (660 nm) or infra-red (735 nm) lights. At an intermediate time, some cloves have been non-invasively monitored by XHR3DCT to predict the changes in the size (volume) of growing inner shoots (sprouts). To determine the sprout volume based on the XHR3DCT-scanned images, several mathematical approaches have been tested. With approximation of the garlic sprout shape as a parabolic cone, estimation of shoot volume could be readily achieved. By analyzing the inner shoot size in garlic clove kept under different conditions, increase in the shoot size under red light or under higher temperature and relative humidity could be monitored non-invasively, suggesting that XHR3DCT can be used for monitoring of inner structure within the clove of garlic without damaging the samples. Future applications of this technique in during post-harvest managements of a wide range of fresh produces are expected.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80101438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroki Nakahara, Taro Mori, H. Matsusaki, N. Matsuzoe
{"title":"Growth Inhibition of the Ralstonia solanacearum Wild-type Strain in a Culture Filtrate of Phenotypic Conversion Mutant Strain","authors":"Hiroki Nakahara, Taro Mori, H. Matsusaki, N. Matsuzoe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88399766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hidaka, K. Dan, Yuta Miyoshi, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, M. Kitano, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura
In Japanese strawberry production, over 90% of farmers employ forcing culture in which fruits are harvested from winter to the following spring using June-bearing cultivars. However, production areas are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. The average yield from domestic strawberry production in 2012 was about 3 kg m 2 (t / 10a). The average yields in the main production districts of Tochigi and Fukuoka in 2012 was about 4 kg m 2 according to statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. To reverse the decline in Japanese strawberry production, there is an increasing trend for strawberry production in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required in large-scale greenhouse production. In strawberry production, many factors contribute to fruit yield (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per unit land area is determined by the number of plants and the fruit yield per individual plant. The former is influenced by cultivation systems, and the average planting density of the conventional bench culture system with stationary beds is about 8 plants m 2 (8,000 plants / 10 a) in Japan. To achieve high planting density, many types of the movable bed systems, e.g., the lateral movable type (Nagasaki et al., 2013), the circulative movable type (Hayashi et al., 2011) and the vertically movable type (Hidaka et al., 2012), have been developed. These lateral, circulative and vertically movable bed systems enable efficient use of the greenhouse space, and result in 1.5, 2.5 and 4 times planting densities as compared with the conventional bench culture system, respectively. The fruit yield per individual plant is influenced by many factors, such as unit fruit weight, fruit number per plant, flower bud, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of a supplementary lighting technique, i.e., selection of an effective light source (Hidaka et al., 2013) and determination of the optimum photoperiod for supplemental lighting (Hidaka et al., 2014b). Furthermore, we compared the effect of supplemental lighting among cultivars and observed a remarkable increase in yield in the June-bearing cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ (Hidaka et al., 2015). To achieve an even higher increase in fruit yield, a combinational approach to environmental control, considering not only the light environment but also CO2 concentration and air temperature, for example, is required. Kawashima (1991) reported the effect of CO2 en-
在日本草莓生产中，超过90%的农民采用强制栽培，从冬季到次年春季使用六月结出的品种收获果实。然而，日本草莓的生产面积正在持续下降。2012年国内草莓生产的平均产量约为3 kg m2 (t / 10a)。根据日本农林水产省的统计数据，2012年枥木和福冈主要产区的平均产量约为4公斤平方米。为了扭转日本草莓产量的下降趋势，大型工业设施的草莓产量呈上升趋势。大规模温室生产需要持续高产的技术。在草莓生产中，许多因素影响果实产量(Hidaka et al.， 2014a)。单位土地面积的果实产量由植物的数量和单株的果实产量决定。前者受栽培制度的影响，在日本，传统的固定床台式栽培系统的平均种植密度约为8株m2(8000株/ 10 a)。为了实现高种植密度，开发了许多类型的活动床系统，例如横向活动式(Nagasaki等人，2013)、循环活动式(Hayashi等人，2011)和垂直活动式(Hidaka等人，2012)。这些横向、循环和垂直移动的床系统能够有效地利用温室空间，与传统的台式栽培系统相比，种植密度分别达到1.5倍、2.5倍和4倍。单株果实产量受单株单果重、单株果数、花蕾、光合作用分配、叶片光合作用以及根系对水分和养分的吸收等因素的影响。这些因素受环境(如光强、光周期、温度、CO2浓度、湿度和风速)和每个品种的遗传潜力的影响。在我们之前的研究中，我们探索了补充照明技术的发展，即选择有效光源(Hidaka et al.， 2013)和确定补充照明的最佳光周期(Hidaka et al.， 2014)。此外，我们比较了不同品种间补充光照的效果，观察到六月产的品种“Benihoppe”的产量显著增加(Hidaka et al.， 2015)。为了实现更高的水果产量增长，需要采取综合的环境控制方法，例如，不仅要考虑光环境，还要考虑二氧化碳浓度和空气温度。Kawashima(1991)报道了CO2的影响
{"title":"Twofold Increase in Strawberry Productivity by Integration of Environmental Control and Movable Beds in a Large-scale Greenhouse","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, Yuta Miyoshi, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, M. Kitano, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.79","url":null,"abstract":"In Japanese strawberry production, over 90% of farmers employ forcing culture in which fruits are harvested from winter to the following spring using June-bearing cultivars. However, production areas are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. The average yield from domestic strawberry production in 2012 was about 3 kg m 2 (t / 10a). The average yields in the main production districts of Tochigi and Fukuoka in 2012 was about 4 kg m 2 according to statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. To reverse the decline in Japanese strawberry production, there is an increasing trend for strawberry production in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required in large-scale greenhouse production. In strawberry production, many factors contribute to fruit yield (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per unit land area is determined by the number of plants and the fruit yield per individual plant. The former is influenced by cultivation systems, and the average planting density of the conventional bench culture system with stationary beds is about 8 plants m 2 (8,000 plants / 10 a) in Japan. To achieve high planting density, many types of the movable bed systems, e.g., the lateral movable type (Nagasaki et al., 2013), the circulative movable type (Hayashi et al., 2011) and the vertically movable type (Hidaka et al., 2012), have been developed. These lateral, circulative and vertically movable bed systems enable efficient use of the greenhouse space, and result in 1.5, 2.5 and 4 times planting densities as compared with the conventional bench culture system, respectively. The fruit yield per individual plant is influenced by many factors, such as unit fruit weight, fruit number per plant, flower bud, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of a supplementary lighting technique, i.e., selection of an effective light source (Hidaka et al., 2013) and determination of the optimum photoperiod for supplemental lighting (Hidaka et al., 2014b). Furthermore, we compared the effect of supplemental lighting among cultivars and observed a remarkable increase in yield in the June-bearing cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ (Hidaka et al., 2015). To achieve an even higher increase in fruit yield, a combinational approach to environmental control, considering not only the light environment but also CO2 concentration and air temperature, for example, is required. Kawashima (1991) reported the effect of CO2 en-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80654161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of High Air Temperature on Anthocyanin Concentration and the Expressions of Its Biosynthetic Genes in Strawberry ‘Sachinoka’","authors":"K. Matsushita, Takumi Sakayori, T. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79793347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuki Higashiuchi, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Masaki Hisano, Tomoka Mori, C. Wong, P. Leung, C. Lau, H. Itoh
{"title":"Effect of Light Intensity and Light/Dark Period on Iridoids in Hedyotis diffusa","authors":"Kazuki Higashiuchi, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Masaki Hisano, Tomoka Mori, C. Wong, P. Leung, C. Lau, H. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83312811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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