able development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (2016). These comprehensive goals cover all possible topics toward sustainable development. Agriculture is a human activity which heavily relies on natural resources for food production, and thus directly and indirectly impacts natural systems. Considering the balance between environment and natural resources management including agriculture, the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus (Flammini et al., 2014) has emerged as a key approach towards SDGs. Self-evidently, human beings depend on WEF, and conserving them under the pressure of population growth and climate change is an important challenge. Worldwide, agricultural water use accounts for 70% of total water use, and more than 90% in the least developed countries (WWAP, 2012). It is expected to increase because of population growth and changing food demands. Water use for agriculture is in competition with domestic and industrial sectors. Climate change may further foster such conflicts, resulting in overexploitation of both surface water and groundwater resources. Therefore, agricultural water use and distribution need to be efficiently managed considering local conditions. Energy is another important factor for agriculture, covering the entire chain from production, harvesting, processing, distribution and consumption. Pressurized irrigation systems (e.g. drip and sprinkler irrigation) are important tools for water saving and increasing production but consumes significant amounts of energy. Fuels are used for processing, storage and transportation of fresh agricultural products to achieve a long shelf life during a supply chain. Advanced storage and transportation allow for supplying quality products to distant markets. A comprehensive research framework, adopting the WEF nexus approach, is needed for research and developed for an improved food system (e.g., from field to fork) from a viewpoint of sustainable development. In 2013, the research consortium established a project aiming at the development of intensive production system with improved distribution systems of fresh mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) between Thailand and Japan. To this end, various kinds of data have been collected continuously from farm to table using Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) such as advanced sensors and semi-real-time field monitoring devices. In addition, laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize ecophysiological traits (e.g., respiration rates and climacteric ripening process) of fresh mango fruit. We have applied machine learning methods in order to evaluate the effects of production environments including irrigation regimes on the yield and quality of fresh mango fruit (Fukuda et al., 2013) as well as the effects of distribution environments such as storage temperature on the dynamics of the fruit quality during transportation (Fukuda et al., 2014). Process-based fruit quality prediction models are being tested for predicting the
联合国可持续发展目标(sdg)(2016年)。这些综合目标涵盖了可持续发展的所有可能主题。农业是一项严重依赖自然资源进行粮食生产的人类活动，因此直接和间接地影响着自然系统。考虑到环境和自然资源管理(包括农业)之间的平衡，水-能源-食物(WEF)关系(Flammini et al.， 2014)已成为实现可持续发展目标的关键途径。不言而喻，人类依赖世界经济论坛，在人口增长和气候变化的压力下保护它们是一项重要挑战。在世界范围内，农业用水占总用水量的70%，在最不发达国家占90%以上(WWAP, 2012)。由于人口增长和粮食需求的变化，预计这一数字还会增加。农业用水与家庭和工业部门存在竞争关系。气候变化可能进一步助长这种冲突，导致对地表水和地下水资源的过度开采。因此，农业用水和分配需要因地制宜地进行有效管理。能源是农业的另一个重要因素，涵盖了从生产、收获、加工、分配到消费的整个链条。加压灌溉系统(如滴灌和喷灌)是节水和增产的重要工具，但也消耗大量能源。燃料用于新鲜农产品的加工、储存和运输，以在供应链中实现较长的保质期。先进的储存和运输可以为遥远的市场提供高质量的产品。从可持续发展的观点出发，需要一个采用世界经济论坛联系方法的综合研究框架来研究和开发一个改进的粮食系统(例如，从田地到餐桌)。2013年，该研究联盟建立了一个项目，旨在开发集约化生产系统，改善泰国和日本之间新鲜芒果(Mangifera indica L.)的分销系统。为此，利用先进的传感器和半实时现场监测设备等信息和通信技术(ict)，从农场到餐桌，不断收集各种数据。此外，还进行了室内实验，以表征新鲜芒果果实的生态生理特征(如呼吸速率和更年期成熟过程)。我们已经应用了机器学习方法来评估生产环境的影响，包括灌溉制度对新鲜芒果果实的产量和质量的影响(Fukuda et al.， 2013)，以及运输过程中储存温度等分配环境对水果质量动态的影响(Fukuda et al.， 2014)。基于过程的果实品质预测模型正被用于根据芒果果实采后成熟和呼吸等生理活动预测其品质变化。通过整合这些模型，将建立一个全面的水果质量预测系统，这将有助于改善高质量新鲜芒果的生产系统和先进的分销系统，从而实现从泰国到日本的长供应链，最大限度地减少质量损失。本特刊是在第九届智能机器人与应用国际会议(ICIRA2016)“环境与农业科学中的传感器与监测”特别会议之后组织的。论文“随机森林作为基于龙眼树根区CO2浓度分析部分干旱胁迫的工具”(Fukuda et al.， 2018)报告了如何应用先进的机器学习，即随机森林(Breiman, 2001)，根据不同灌溉制度(即完全灌溉和部分根区干燥)下的环境气候数据和土壤水分含量来估计根区CO2浓度。发现模型的性能是中等的。利用随机森林计算的响应曲线和变量重要性作为知识提取的工具。变量重要度表示土壤含水量对根区CO2估算的重要意义，响应曲线表示龙眼树在一定条件和灌溉处理下的生态生理响应。这种方法可以作为在观测数据和解释中找到输入-输出关系的第一次检查
{"title":"Sensors and Monitoring for Production and Distribution of a Tropical Fruit","authors":"S. Fukuda, W. Spreer, Marcus Mnagle, E. Yasunaga","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.23","url":null,"abstract":"able development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (2016). These comprehensive goals cover all possible topics toward sustainable development. Agriculture is a human activity which heavily relies on natural resources for food production, and thus directly and indirectly impacts natural systems. Considering the balance between environment and natural resources management including agriculture, the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus (Flammini et al., 2014) has emerged as a key approach towards SDGs. Self-evidently, human beings depend on WEF, and conserving them under the pressure of population growth and climate change is an important challenge. Worldwide, agricultural water use accounts for 70% of total water use, and more than 90% in the least developed countries (WWAP, 2012). It is expected to increase because of population growth and changing food demands. Water use for agriculture is in competition with domestic and industrial sectors. Climate change may further foster such conflicts, resulting in overexploitation of both surface water and groundwater resources. Therefore, agricultural water use and distribution need to be efficiently managed considering local conditions. Energy is another important factor for agriculture, covering the entire chain from production, harvesting, processing, distribution and consumption. Pressurized irrigation systems (e.g. drip and sprinkler irrigation) are important tools for water saving and increasing production but consumes significant amounts of energy. Fuels are used for processing, storage and transportation of fresh agricultural products to achieve a long shelf life during a supply chain. Advanced storage and transportation allow for supplying quality products to distant markets. A comprehensive research framework, adopting the WEF nexus approach, is needed for research and developed for an improved food system (e.g., from field to fork) from a viewpoint of sustainable development. In 2013, the research consortium established a project aiming at the development of intensive production system with improved distribution systems of fresh mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) between Thailand and Japan. To this end, various kinds of data have been collected continuously from farm to table using Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) such as advanced sensors and semi-real-time field monitoring devices. In addition, laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize ecophysiological traits (e.g., respiration rates and climacteric ripening process) of fresh mango fruit. We have applied machine learning methods in order to evaluate the effects of production environments including irrigation regimes on the yield and quality of fresh mango fruit (Fukuda et al., 2013) as well as the effects of distribution environments such as storage temperature on the dynamics of the fruit quality during transportation (Fukuda et al., 2014). Process-based fruit quality prediction models are being tested for predicting the","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74597140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Yasunaga, S. Fukuda, D. Takata, W. Spreer, V. Sardsud, K. Nakano
studies to evaluate quality not just under unsteady conditions but also during a long supply chain. The present study aimed to obtain data that could be applied to quality control during the distribution. For this purpose, we used immature mango fruits transported immediately after harvest from Thailand by air, and then stored under the actual temperature condition of ocean freight shipping for 3 weeks in the laboratory. The postharvest ripening state of immature mango fruits was investigated by monitoring the changes in fruit hardness, peel color, ascorbic acid and sugar-acid ratio. supply chains. The mango is a climacteric fruit that ripens after harvest. Therefore, it is very important to treat immature fruits appropriately during lengthy distribution period which can takes approximately three weeks from Thailand to Japan by shipping. The present study aimed to determine the effects of postharvest distribution and storage temperature on physiological changes in fresh mango fruits ( Mangifera indica L. ‘Nam Dok Mai’) imported from Thailand to Japan. Immature mango fruits were utilized that were transported immediately after harvest from Thailand by air, and were then stored in the actual distribution temperature conditions of shipping for 3 weeks and also heated to 25°C for 16 (cid:1) 18 d in the laboratory. Postharvest ripening of immature mango fruits was observed as changes in fruit firmness, peel color, and sugar content under the storage conditions. Softening and coloring were induced during postharvest storage, especially in the first 4 d. After the first 4 d of maturation enhancement, the change in maturation level remained small.
研究不稳定条件下的质量评价，同时也研究长供应链中的质量评价。本研究的目的是获得可应用于分销过程中质量控制的数据。为此，我们使用了采摘后立即从泰国空运过来的未成熟的芒果果实，然后在海运的实际温度条件下在实验室储存3周。通过监测芒果果实硬度、果皮颜色、抗坏血酸和糖酸比的变化，研究芒果果实采后的成熟状态。供应链。芒果是一种更年期水果，在收获后成熟。因此，在从泰国到日本的漫长运输过程中，适当处理未成熟的水果是非常重要的，这可能需要大约三周的时间。本研究旨在研究采后分布和贮藏温度对泰国出口日本的新鲜芒果(Mangifera indica L. ' Nam Dok Mai ')生理变化的影响。未成熟的芒果果实在收获后立即从泰国空运，然后在运输的实际分布温度条件下储存3周，并在实验室加热到25°C 16 (cid:1) 18 d。在贮藏条件下，观察了未成熟芒果采后成熟过程中果实硬度、果皮颜色和含糖量的变化。在采后贮藏过程中，尤其是在前4 d，会引起软化和变色。在前4 d成熟增强后，成熟程度的变化仍然很小。
{"title":"Quality changes in fresh mango fruits (mangifera indica l. ‘nam dok mai’) under actual distribution temperature profile from Thailand to Japan","authors":"E. Yasunaga, S. Fukuda, D. Takata, W. Spreer, V. Sardsud, K. Nakano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.45","url":null,"abstract":"studies to evaluate quality not just under unsteady conditions but also during a long supply chain. The present study aimed to obtain data that could be applied to quality control during the distribution. For this purpose, we used immature mango fruits transported immediately after harvest from Thailand by air, and then stored under the actual temperature condition of ocean freight shipping for 3 weeks in the laboratory. The postharvest ripening state of immature mango fruits was investigated by monitoring the changes in fruit hardness, peel color, ascorbic acid and sugar-acid ratio. supply chains. The mango is a climacteric fruit that ripens after harvest. Therefore, it is very important to treat immature fruits appropriately during lengthy distribution period which can takes approximately three weeks from Thailand to Japan by shipping. The present study aimed to determine the effects of postharvest distribution and storage temperature on physiological changes in fresh mango fruits ( Mangifera indica L. ‘Nam Dok Mai’) imported from Thailand to Japan. Immature mango fruits were utilized that were transported immediately after harvest from Thailand by air, and were then stored in the actual distribution temperature conditions of shipping for 3 weeks and also heated to 25°C for 16 (cid:1) 18 d in the laboratory. Postharvest ripening of immature mango fruits was observed as changes in fruit firmness, peel color, and sugar content under the storage conditions. Softening and coloring were induced during postharvest storage, especially in the first 4 d. After the first 4 d of maturation enhancement, the change in maturation level remained small.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88803204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kajikawa, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Sachi Miyagawa, Yusuke Yamashita, Y. Hamaguchi, Y. Ueda, Masao Kobayashi, Kenichi Kaji, H. Itoh
The production of plants in plant factories supplies stable and very safe products regardless of the weather conditions, but is also associated with significant costs in terms of both the initial investment and ongoing electricity expenses. Therefore, to compensate for these high production costs, it is necessary to produce crops with a high unit price. This research focussed on production of the medicinal plant saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is considered an expensive spice globally. This bulbous plant of the genus Crocus (family Iridaceae) is traditionally cultivated in Iran, where 93.7 % of the world’s total production is grown (Ghorbani, 2008). The basic component of commercial saffron is the stigma, which contains the yellow-red carotenoid pigment crocin (C44H64O24). Crocin has a wide variety of applications not only in the food industry and as a colourant, but also in medicine (Gazerani et al., 2013), with several reports demonstrating its pharmacological activity, including anti-tumour properties and improved outcomes for alcoholic memory disorder (Shoyama, 2009). The life cycle of saffron can be divided into four stages: formation of the flower buds, flowering, formation of the daughter corms (FD) and development of the daughter corms (DD) (Miyagawa et al., 2015). Traditionally, saffron corms start to produce flowers in autumn following transplantation into the field in late summer. The plants’ leaves continue to grow from summer to winter, with two daughter corms usually forming and enlarging at the base of the shoot on their mother corm at low temperatures in winter. At the beginning of spring, the leaves begin to wither and the enlarged daughter corms are harvested and stored while dormant, during which time they undergo flower bud formation. It is well known that the bulbous plant stores a large quantity of carbohydrates in the bulb, which support root growth, nutrient absorption and differentiation of the flower buds, stems and leaves during its underground life (Ohyama et al., 1986). Consequently, since these carbohydrates may make a large contribution to flowering energy, saffron corms that contain a large amount of photosynthetic products are expected to have higher stigma yields, as indicated by the extremely strong correlation between flowering rate and corm weight (Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, 1995). In recent years, light quality (i.e. the spectral composition of light) has been identified as an important environmental factor for plant growth and quality improvement. Photosynthesis occurs under photoirradiation conditions that span a particular range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), from approximately 400 nm to 700 nm. Far-red radiation, which is the outside part of the PAR spectrum, is not directly involved in photosynthesis but does induce photomorphogenesis in plants via changes in phytochrome equilibrium. For instance, Lercari (1982) found that far-red light irradiation induced the translocation of carbo
无论天气条件如何，植物工厂的植物生产都能提供稳定和非常安全的产品，但在初始投资和持续的电力支出方面也有很大的成本。因此，为了补偿这些高昂的生产成本，有必要生产单价较高的作物。这项研究的重点是药用植物藏红花(Crocus sativus L.)的生产，它在全球被认为是一种昂贵的香料。这种藏红花属(鸢头科)的球茎植物传统上在伊朗种植，占世界总产量的93.7% (Ghorbani, 2008)。商品藏红花的基本成分是柱头，柱头含有黄红色类胡萝卜素藏红花素(C44H64O24)。藏红花素不仅在食品工业和作为着色剂，而且在医学上有广泛的应用(Gazerani等人，2013年)，有几份报告表明其药理活性，包括抗肿瘤特性和改善酒精性记忆障碍的结果(Shoyama, 2009年)。藏红花的生命周期可分为四个阶段:花蕾形成、开花、子球茎形成(FD)和子球茎发育(DD) (Miyagawa et al.， 2015)。传统上，藏红花球茎在夏末移栽到地里后，在秋天开始开花。这种植物的叶子从夏季持续生长到冬季，在冬季低温下，两个子球茎通常在母球茎的茎基部形成和扩大。在春天开始的时候，叶子开始枯萎，扩大的子球茎被收获并在休眠期间储存起来，在此期间它们会形成花芽。众所周知，球茎植物在球茎中储存了大量的碳水化合物，这些碳水化合物在其地下生命中支持根的生长、营养吸收和花蕾、茎叶的分化(Ohyama et al.， 1986)。因此，由于这些碳水化合物对开花能量的贡献很大，因此含有大量光合产物的藏红花球茎预计会有更高的柱头产量，正如开花速度和球茎重量之间的极强相关性所表明的那样(药物局，1995)。近年来，光质量(即光的光谱组成)已被确定为植物生长和品质改善的重要环境因子。光合作用发生在一个特定的光合有效辐射(PAR)范围内的光辐射条件下，从大约400纳米到700纳米。远红色辐射是PAR光谱的外部部分，它不直接参与光合作用，但通过光敏色素平衡的变化诱导植物的光形态发生。例如，Lercari(1982)发现，远红光照射诱导洋葱(Allium cepa)植物的碳水化合物从叶片转运到球茎，并得出结论，洋葱中的碳水化合物积累是光敏色素介导的反应;Terabun(1978)发现，在洋葱、wakegi洋葱和大蒜(A. sativum)鳞茎的放大过程中，红光和远红光之间存在相互作用。
{"title":"Effect of Far-red Light on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Growth and Crocin Yields","authors":"N. Kajikawa, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Sachi Miyagawa, Yusuke Yamashita, Y. Hamaguchi, Y. Ueda, Masao Kobayashi, Kenichi Kaji, H. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.51","url":null,"abstract":"The production of plants in plant factories supplies stable and very safe products regardless of the weather conditions, but is also associated with significant costs in terms of both the initial investment and ongoing electricity expenses. Therefore, to compensate for these high production costs, it is necessary to produce crops with a high unit price. This research focussed on production of the medicinal plant saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is considered an expensive spice globally. This bulbous plant of the genus Crocus (family Iridaceae) is traditionally cultivated in Iran, where 93.7 % of the world’s total production is grown (Ghorbani, 2008). The basic component of commercial saffron is the stigma, which contains the yellow-red carotenoid pigment crocin (C44H64O24). Crocin has a wide variety of applications not only in the food industry and as a colourant, but also in medicine (Gazerani et al., 2013), with several reports demonstrating its pharmacological activity, including anti-tumour properties and improved outcomes for alcoholic memory disorder (Shoyama, 2009). The life cycle of saffron can be divided into four stages: formation of the flower buds, flowering, formation of the daughter corms (FD) and development of the daughter corms (DD) (Miyagawa et al., 2015). Traditionally, saffron corms start to produce flowers in autumn following transplantation into the field in late summer. The plants’ leaves continue to grow from summer to winter, with two daughter corms usually forming and enlarging at the base of the shoot on their mother corm at low temperatures in winter. At the beginning of spring, the leaves begin to wither and the enlarged daughter corms are harvested and stored while dormant, during which time they undergo flower bud formation. It is well known that the bulbous plant stores a large quantity of carbohydrates in the bulb, which support root growth, nutrient absorption and differentiation of the flower buds, stems and leaves during its underground life (Ohyama et al., 1986). Consequently, since these carbohydrates may make a large contribution to flowering energy, saffron corms that contain a large amount of photosynthetic products are expected to have higher stigma yields, as indicated by the extremely strong correlation between flowering rate and corm weight (Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau, 1995). In recent years, light quality (i.e. the spectral composition of light) has been identified as an important environmental factor for plant growth and quality improvement. Photosynthesis occurs under photoirradiation conditions that span a particular range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), from approximately 400 nm to 700 nm. Far-red radiation, which is the outside part of the PAR spectrum, is not directly involved in photosynthesis but does induce photomorphogenesis in plants via changes in phytochrome equilibrium. For instance, Lercari (1982) found that far-red light irradiation induced the translocation of carbo","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87815909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To evaluate the effects of leaf wetting on midday depression of photosynthesis in horticultural crops, we analyzed leaf gas exchange (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate) of tomato plants under two different treatments (the Wet treatment and No-wet treatment as control). The gas exchange was measured at 11:00 (the time at which leaf gas exchange was assumed to be active) and 14:00 (the time at which leaf gas exchange was assumed to be inactive due to midday depression) on the clear days of November 2 to 7, 2016. The gas exchange measurements in the Wet treatment were conducted just after droplets on the leaf surface had evaporated. In the No-wet treatment, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate at 14:00 were decreased compared to those at 11:00. This suggests that midday depression occurred due to stomatal closure induced by excessive transpirational water loss. In contrast, in the Wet treatment, there was no such depression of leaf gas exchange, suggesting that leaf wetting might contribute to maintaining stomatal aperture through improving leaf water status. Thus, leaf wetting could avoid midday depression of photosynthesis in tomato plants.
{"title":"A Preliminary Experiment on the Effects of Leaf Wetting on Gas Exchange in Tomato Leaves","authors":"G. Yokoyama, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.13","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the effects of leaf wetting on midday depression of photosynthesis in horticultural crops, we analyzed leaf gas exchange (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate) of tomato plants under two different treatments (the Wet treatment and No-wet treatment as control). The gas exchange was measured at 11:00 (the time at which leaf gas exchange was assumed to be active) and 14:00 (the time at which leaf gas exchange was assumed to be inactive due to midday depression) on the clear days of November 2 to 7, 2016. The gas exchange measurements in the Wet treatment were conducted just after droplets on the leaf surface had evaporated. In the No-wet treatment, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate at 14:00 were decreased compared to those at 11:00. This suggests that midday depression occurred due to stomatal closure induced by excessive transpirational water loss. In contrast, in the Wet treatment, there was no such depression of leaf gas exchange, suggesting that leaf wetting might contribute to maintaining stomatal aperture through improving leaf water status. Thus, leaf wetting could avoid midday depression of photosynthesis in tomato plants.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90037512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chihiro Hanawa, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Kazuki Higashiuchi, M. Shibata, Tatsuki Matsui, C. Wong, P. Leung, C. Lau, H. Itoh
Plant factories are year-round production systems that produce a high-quality, safe and steady supply of vegetables in a technologically controlled and automated environment. These systems are costly and consume considerable energy, which lowers their profitability. However, this weakness can be improved by cultivating medicinal plants which are one example of value-added crops. Since medicinal plants are used for medicinal purposes, high quality and safety are required. However, Higashiuchi et al. (2016) previously stated that medicinal plants are imported from foreign countries and quality and cost of the medicinal plants are not stable. Therefore, there is a real demand to promote the domestic cultivation of these plants by an improvement of cultivation technique. Hedyotis diffusa (family Rubiaceae) is used in Chinese herbal medicine to treat cancer, urinary infections, appendicitis and bronchitis (Takagi et al., 1982). This species is naturally distributed in the subtropical and tropical zones of East Asia, and its availability depends on the harvesting of wild crops. However, H. diffusa is cultivated with other similar cultivars (Lin et al., 1987; Wee and Keng, 1990), which can result in contamination and thus a lower-quality product. Therefore, it is considered that the cultivation of this crop in a plant factory would be beneficial in order to prevent from the contamination. However, to allow the year-round cultivation of high-quality H. diffusa in plant factories, it is first necessary to analyse the effects of environmental factors on its growth and the biosynthesis of its medicinal properties. The main medicinal properties of H. diffusa is the iridoids, which exist in the form of iridoid glycosides. It is considered that iridoid glycosides exist in the vacuole or cytoplasm of plant cell (Kamata, 2009). It has been reported that H. diffusa contains various types of iridoid glycosides and each of them has a unique medicinal effect (Rui et al., 2016). The Iridoid glycosides begins with glucose (Shioi et al., 2009; Takaishi et al., 2010). Therefore, it is expected that an increase in glucose output through the promotion of photosynthesis will improve the synthesis of iridoid glycosides. Photosynthesis is affected by several environmental factors, such as light intensity, humidity, CO2 concentration and temperature. Higashiuchi et al. (2016) previously showed that a high light intensity and long light period promotes the production of asperuloside, which is one kind of iridoid glycoside. However, Martz et al. (2009) found that high temperatures had a negative effect on the synthesis of iridoid glycosides in Menyanthes trifoliate L. leaves, indicating that a high production of glucose at high temperatures is not directly correlated with high levels of iridoid glycoside synthesis. In a preliminary study, Mori et al. (2015) analyzed the effects of three different air temperatures on plant growth
植物工厂是全年生产系统，在技术控制和自动化的环境中生产高质量，安全和稳定的蔬菜供应。这些系统成本高昂，消耗大量能源，这降低了它们的盈利能力。然而，这一弱点可以通过种植药用植物来改善，药用植物是增值作物的一个例子。药用植物是药用植物，对其质量和安全性要求很高。然而，Higashiuchi et al.(2016)先前指出药用植物是从国外进口的，药用植物的质量和成本不稳定。因此，迫切需要通过改进栽培技术来促进这些植物的国内种植。白花蛇舌草(Rubiaceae)在中草药中用于治疗癌症、泌尿系统感染、阑尾炎和支气管炎(Takagi et al.， 1982)。本种自然分布于东亚的亚热带和热带地区，其可得性取决于野生作物的收获。然而，白花蓟马与其他类似品种一起栽培(Lin et al.， 1987;Wee和Keng, 1990)，这可能导致污染，从而导致低质量的产品。因此，人们认为在植物工厂种植这种作物是有益的，以防止污染。然而，为了在植物工厂中实现高品质白花菊的全年栽培，首先有必要分析环境因素对其生长和药用特性生物合成的影响。白花花的主要药用成分是环烯醚萜，以环烯醚萜苷的形式存在。环烯醚萜苷被认为存在于植物细胞的液泡或细胞质中(Kamata, 2009)。据报道，白花荷花含有多种类型的环烯醚萜苷，每种苷都具有独特的药用效果(Rui et al.， 2016)。环烯醚萜苷始于葡萄糖(Shioi et al.， 2009;Takaishi et al.， 2010)。因此，预计通过促进光合作用增加葡萄糖产量将改善环烯醚萜苷的合成。光合作用受多种环境因素的影响，如光照强度、湿度、CO2浓度和温度。Higashiuchi et al.(2016)先前研究表明，高光照强度和长光照周期促进了asperuloside的产生，asperuloside是环烯醚萜苷的一种。然而，Martz et al.(2009)发现高温对三叶Menyanthes troliate L.叶片环烯醚萜苷的合成有负面影响，这表明高温下葡萄糖的高产量与环烯醚萜苷的高合成水平并不直接相关。Mori et al.(2015)在初步研究中分析了三种不同气温对植物生长的影响
{"title":"Effect of air temperature during light and dark periods on the iridoid glycoside content of Hedyotis diffusa.","authors":"Chihiro Hanawa, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Kazuki Higashiuchi, M. Shibata, Tatsuki Matsui, C. Wong, P. Leung, C. Lau, H. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.73","url":null,"abstract":"Plant factories are year-round production systems that produce a high-quality, safe and steady supply of vegetables in a technologically controlled and automated environment. These systems are costly and consume considerable energy, which lowers their profitability. However, this weakness can be improved by cultivating medicinal plants which are one example of value-added crops. Since medicinal plants are used for medicinal purposes, high quality and safety are required. However, Higashiuchi et al. (2016) previously stated that medicinal plants are imported from foreign countries and quality and cost of the medicinal plants are not stable. Therefore, there is a real demand to promote the domestic cultivation of these plants by an improvement of cultivation technique. Hedyotis diffusa (family Rubiaceae) is used in Chinese herbal medicine to treat cancer, urinary infections, appendicitis and bronchitis (Takagi et al., 1982). This species is naturally distributed in the subtropical and tropical zones of East Asia, and its availability depends on the harvesting of wild crops. However, H. diffusa is cultivated with other similar cultivars (Lin et al., 1987; Wee and Keng, 1990), which can result in contamination and thus a lower-quality product. Therefore, it is considered that the cultivation of this crop in a plant factory would be beneficial in order to prevent from the contamination. However, to allow the year-round cultivation of high-quality H. diffusa in plant factories, it is first necessary to analyse the effects of environmental factors on its growth and the biosynthesis of its medicinal properties. The main medicinal properties of H. diffusa is the iridoids, which exist in the form of iridoid glycosides. It is considered that iridoid glycosides exist in the vacuole or cytoplasm of plant cell (Kamata, 2009). It has been reported that H. diffusa contains various types of iridoid glycosides and each of them has a unique medicinal effect (Rui et al., 2016). The Iridoid glycosides begins with glucose (Shioi et al., 2009; Takaishi et al., 2010). Therefore, it is expected that an increase in glucose output through the promotion of photosynthesis will improve the synthesis of iridoid glycosides. Photosynthesis is affected by several environmental factors, such as light intensity, humidity, CO2 concentration and temperature. Higashiuchi et al. (2016) previously showed that a high light intensity and long light period promotes the production of asperuloside, which is one kind of iridoid glycoside. However, Martz et al. (2009) found that high temperatures had a negative effect on the synthesis of iridoid glycosides in Menyanthes trifoliate L. leaves, indicating that a high production of glucose at high temperatures is not directly correlated with high levels of iridoid glycoside synthesis. In a preliminary study, Mori et al. (2015) analyzed the effects of three different air temperatures on plant growth","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89916397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hara, Takumi Matsubara, I. Takahashi, Hiroki Murano
Heat tolerance enhancers are chemicals which prevent the physiological damages of plants by heat. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (ITC), which is known as the heat tolerance enhancer, induced the expression of heat shock protein genes in Arabidopsis . Here we measured the heat shock response (HSR)-inducing activities of ITCs to find more active ITCs than phenethyl ITC. We prepared transgenic Arabidopsis possessing the b - glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the promoter of a small heat shock protein ( HSP17.6C-CI ) gene which was induced by heat tolerance enhancers. We tested 16 naturally occurring ITCs for their HSR-inducing activities: 5 aromatic ITCs, 7 aliphatic ITCs, and 4 sulfur-containing aliphatic ITCs. The results showed that the short-chain aliphatic ITCs, especially isobutyl ITC, promoted the HSR more strongly than the aromatic and sulfur-containing aliphatic ITCs. Isobutyl ITC induced the HSR in the whole Arabidopsis seedlings. The isobutyl ITC-treated plants showed higher heat tolerance than the phenethyl ITC-treated plants. These results suggest that isobutyl ITC is a more potent heat tolerance enhancer than phenethyl ITC.
{"title":"Isobutyl Isothiocyanate is a Potent Heat Tolerance Enhancer for Arabidopsis","authors":"M. Hara, Takumi Matsubara, I. Takahashi, Hiroki Murano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.121","url":null,"abstract":"Heat tolerance enhancers are chemicals which prevent the physiological damages of plants by heat. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (ITC), which is known as the heat tolerance enhancer, induced the expression of heat shock protein genes in Arabidopsis . Here we measured the heat shock response (HSR)-inducing activities of ITCs to find more active ITCs than phenethyl ITC. We prepared transgenic Arabidopsis possessing the b - glucuronidase reporter gene driven by the promoter of a small heat shock protein ( HSP17.6C-CI ) gene which was induced by heat tolerance enhancers. We tested 16 naturally occurring ITCs for their HSR-inducing activities: 5 aromatic ITCs, 7 aliphatic ITCs, and 4 sulfur-containing aliphatic ITCs. The results showed that the short-chain aliphatic ITCs, especially isobutyl ITC, promoted the HSR more strongly than the aromatic and sulfur-containing aliphatic ITCs. Isobutyl ITC induced the HSR in the whole Arabidopsis seedlings. The isobutyl ITC-treated plants showed higher heat tolerance than the phenethyl ITC-treated plants. These results suggest that isobutyl ITC is a more potent heat tolerance enhancer than phenethyl ITC.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87193600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Syukri, M. Thammawong, Hushna Ara Naznin, K. Nakano
Soybean is one of the small sized food legumes that contains high amount of nutritional compounds such as isoflavones, amino acids, vitamins, soyasaponin (Kim et al., 2013). As a food source, soybean can be consumed as it is or processed into other products such as tofu, soy sauce, soy paste and soybean sprouts. The variety of soybased food is produced to enhance the flavour and digestibility for increasing customer acceptance (Liu, 2008). Soybean sprout is one of the soy-based foods that produced by cultivating soybean seedlings for certain period to get certain length. It has been reported that most of the nutritional compounds such as amino acids, myo-inositol metabolites, isoflavone glycosides, soyasaponins, phytosterol (Gu et al., 2017), tocopherol (Vasantharuba et al., 2007) and dietary fibre (Tiansawang et al., 2016) increase during cultivation process of soybean sprouts, while some compounds such as phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, compounds with lipoxygenase activity and oligosaccharides decrease (Labaneiah and Luh, 1981; Mostafa et al., 1987; Bau et al., 1997). Previously, it has been reported that the soy oligosaccharides, which is classified as raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), causes flatulence and is recognized as one of the undesirable substances for human diet (Rackis, 1981). However, the recent research reported that RFOs could provide good impact to human health especially in the absorption process of isoflavones into the body (Tamura et al., 2003). Soybean sprout contains higher amount of isoflavones compared to soybean seed as raw material. Twelve distinct forms of isoflavone are found in soybean sprout; aglycones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein), -glycosides (daidzin, genistin and glycitin), malonyl glycosides (6 -Omalonyldaidzin, 6 -O-malonylgenistin and 6 -Omalonylglycitin) and acetylglycosides (6 -O-acetyldaidzin, 6 -O-acetylgenistin and 6 -O-acetylglycitin). Among them, malonyl glycosides are considered as main isoflavone form in soybean sprouts, especially 6 -Omalonylgenistin is the major compound (Quinhone Júnior and Ida, 2015). Isoflavones glycosides have a poor absorbance in human body (Izumi et al., 2000; Setchell et al., 2002) and poor bioactivity compared to their aglycones due to the presence of sugar moiety by -glycosidic linkage. In human digestion process, the beneficial isoflavone aglycones can be produced by hydrolysing -glycosidic bond of isoflavone glycosides including malonyl glycosides and acetyl glycosides. Moreover, the production of equol, which has much higher bioactivity than isoflavone glycoside is also related to the hydrolysis of daidzin (Setchell et al., 2002; Zubik and Meydani, 2003). Enteric bacteria in human intestine play main role on the hydrolysing process of -glycosidic bond by producing -glycosidase (Ki Suk et al., 2002). RFOs are the staple food for the growth of human enteric bacteria population (Saito et al., 1992). The abundance of enteric bacteria in human intestine will e
大豆是一种小型食用豆类，含有大量的营养化合物，如异黄酮、氨基酸、维生素、大豆皂苷(Kim et al.， 2013)。作为一种食物来源，大豆可以直接食用，也可以加工成豆腐、酱油、豆酱和豆芽等其他产品。大豆基食品的品种是为了增强风味和消化性而生产的，以提高顾客的接受度(Liu, 2008)。豆芽是大豆幼苗经过一定时间的培育，达到一定长度而制成的大豆基食品之一。据报道，在豆芽培养过程中，氨基酸、肌醇代谢物、异黄酮苷、大豆皂苷、植物甾醇(Gu et al.， 2017)、生育酚(Vasantharuba et al.， 2007)和膳食纤维(Tiansawang et al.， 2016)等大部分营养成分增加，而植酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、具有脂氧合酶活性的化合物和低聚糖等部分成分减少(Labaneiah and Luh, 1981;Mostafa et al.， 1987;Bau et al.， 1997)。以前有报道称，大豆低聚糖被归类为棉子糖家族低聚糖(RFOs)，可引起肠胃胀气，被认为是人类饮食中不受欢迎的物质之一(Rackis, 1981)。然而，最近的研究报告称，rfo可对人体健康产生良好影响，特别是在异黄酮进入人体的吸收过程中(Tamura等，2003年)。以豆芽为原料的大豆异黄酮含量高于大豆种子。在豆芽中发现了12种不同形式的异黄酮;糖苷元(大豆苷元、染料木素和糖苷)、糖苷元(大豆苷元、染料木素和糖苷)、丙二醇糖苷元(6 -Omalonyldaidzin、6 -O-malonylgenistin和6 -Omalonylglycitin)和乙酰糖苷元(6 - o -乙酰大豆苷元、6 - o -乙酰染料木素和6 - o -乙酰糖苷)。其中丙二醇苷被认为是豆芽中主要的异黄酮形式，特别是6 -Omalonylgenistin是主要的化合物(Quinhone Júnior and Ida, 2015)。异黄酮苷在人体中的吸收性较差(Izumi et al.， 2000;Setchell等人，2002)，与它们的苷元相比，由于-糖苷键存在糖部分，生物活性较差。在人体消化过程中，可以通过水解丙二醇苷和乙酰醇苷等异黄酮苷的-糖苷键生成有益的异黄酮苷元。此外，产生比异黄酮苷具有更高生物活性的雌马酚也与大豆苷的水解有关(Setchell et al.， 2002;Zubik and Meydani, 2003)。人类肠道内的肠道细菌通过产生-糖苷酶在-糖苷键的水解过程中起主要作用(Ki Suk et al.， 2002)。rfo是人类肠道菌群生长的主要食物(Saito et al.， 1992)。肠道菌群的丰富会增强-糖苷酶的活性，使异黄酮苷水解，产生更有活性的异黄酮化合物。因此，生产大豆
{"title":"Influence of Cultivation Temperature on Oligosaccharides and Isoflavones in Soybean Sprouts","authors":"D. Syukri, M. Thammawong, Hushna Ara Naznin, K. Nakano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.59","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean is one of the small sized food legumes that contains high amount of nutritional compounds such as isoflavones, amino acids, vitamins, soyasaponin (Kim et al., 2013). As a food source, soybean can be consumed as it is or processed into other products such as tofu, soy sauce, soy paste and soybean sprouts. The variety of soybased food is produced to enhance the flavour and digestibility for increasing customer acceptance (Liu, 2008). Soybean sprout is one of the soy-based foods that produced by cultivating soybean seedlings for certain period to get certain length. It has been reported that most of the nutritional compounds such as amino acids, myo-inositol metabolites, isoflavone glycosides, soyasaponins, phytosterol (Gu et al., 2017), tocopherol (Vasantharuba et al., 2007) and dietary fibre (Tiansawang et al., 2016) increase during cultivation process of soybean sprouts, while some compounds such as phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors, compounds with lipoxygenase activity and oligosaccharides decrease (Labaneiah and Luh, 1981; Mostafa et al., 1987; Bau et al., 1997). Previously, it has been reported that the soy oligosaccharides, which is classified as raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), causes flatulence and is recognized as one of the undesirable substances for human diet (Rackis, 1981). However, the recent research reported that RFOs could provide good impact to human health especially in the absorption process of isoflavones into the body (Tamura et al., 2003). Soybean sprout contains higher amount of isoflavones compared to soybean seed as raw material. Twelve distinct forms of isoflavone are found in soybean sprout; aglycones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein), -glycosides (daidzin, genistin and glycitin), malonyl glycosides (6 -Omalonyldaidzin, 6 -O-malonylgenistin and 6 -Omalonylglycitin) and acetylglycosides (6 -O-acetyldaidzin, 6 -O-acetylgenistin and 6 -O-acetylglycitin). Among them, malonyl glycosides are considered as main isoflavone form in soybean sprouts, especially 6 -Omalonylgenistin is the major compound (Quinhone Júnior and Ida, 2015). Isoflavones glycosides have a poor absorbance in human body (Izumi et al., 2000; Setchell et al., 2002) and poor bioactivity compared to their aglycones due to the presence of sugar moiety by -glycosidic linkage. In human digestion process, the beneficial isoflavone aglycones can be produced by hydrolysing -glycosidic bond of isoflavone glycosides including malonyl glycosides and acetyl glycosides. Moreover, the production of equol, which has much higher bioactivity than isoflavone glycoside is also related to the hydrolysis of daidzin (Setchell et al., 2002; Zubik and Meydani, 2003). Enteric bacteria in human intestine play main role on the hydrolysing process of -glycosidic bond by producing -glycosidase (Ki Suk et al., 2002). RFOs are the staple food for the growth of human enteric bacteria population (Saito et al., 1992). The abundance of enteric bacteria in human intestine will e","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81428291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fruit color is an important factor in fruit quality. Anthocyanins are common pigments that accumulate in many fruits, including grape, apple, and strawberry. The regulation of their biosynthesis has been studied widely and frequently (review in Jaakola, 2013). In particular, UFGT (UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) plays an important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape (Boss et al., 1996; Kobayashi, 2009), and FaMYB10 regulates the expression of FaUFGT in strawberry (Medina-Puche et al., 2014; Kadomura-Ishikawa et al., 2015a). It is well known that anthocyanin accumulation in fruits is affected by temperature, and is decreased when fruits are grown at high temperature (Saure, 1990; Ikeda et al., 2011). Recently, we demonstrated that the anthocyanin concentration and the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis decreased in strawberry ‘Sachinoka’ fruits grown at high temperature (Matsushita et al., 2016). In grape, high temperature inhibits anthocyanin accumulation by reducing the activity of UFGT (Mori et al., 2004). In apple, rapidly reduces the expression of the R2R3MYB transcription factor (TF) gene (MYB10), which regulates the coordination of red skin coloration (Lin-Wang et al., 2011). Although high temperature stress could occur at any time during fruit coloring, published studies of the effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis applied high temperature throughout the coloring period (Mori et al., 2004; Matsushita et al., 2016), but not at different ripening stages. There are two studies examined the effect of temperature on coloring in grapes and rose: Yamane et al. (2006) investigated the temperature-sensitive stages for coloration and the mechanisms that underlie the effect of temperature on anthocyanin accumulation using 2-week treatments at 20 and 30°C. Then, they elucidated that stage3 (from one to three weeks after the onset of coloring) is the most sensitive for anthocyanin accumulation in the berry skins of ‘Aki Queen’. Dela et al. (2003) described the effect of transient high temperature on the concentration and composition of anthocyanins in ‘Jaguar’ rose flowers, and showed that although a 1-d high temperature treatment (39/18°C day/ night) had no effect on pigmentation, a 3-d treatment had a substantial effect on pigmentation due to decreasing anthocyanin accumulation. However, we cannot find any report of the effect of applying high temperature at different coloring stages or of the relationship between anthocyanin concentration and the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry. Therefore, we designed two experiments to explore this. Experiment 1 investigated the influence of high air temperature (30/15°C) on anthocyanin biosynthesis at different coloring stages. Experiment 2 examined the effect of high air temperature in fruits exposed to the high temperature at different coloring stages and harvested when fully ripe.
果实颜色是影响果实品质的重要因素。花青素是一种常见的色素，积累在许多水果中，包括葡萄、苹果和草莓。它们的生物合成调控已被广泛而频繁地研究(review in Jaakola, 2013)。其中，UFGT (UDP-glucose: flavonoids 3-O-glucosyltransferase)在葡萄花青素的生物合成中起着重要作用(Boss等，1996;Kobayashi, 2009)， FaMYB10调控草莓中FaUFGT的表达(Medina-Puche et al.， 2014;Kadomura-Ishikawa et al.， 2015)。众所周知，花青素在果实中的积累受温度的影响，当果实在高温下生长时，花青素的积累会减少(Saure, 1990;Ikeda et al.， 2011)。最近，我们证明在高温下生长的草莓' Sachinoka '果实中花青素浓度和与花青素生物合成相关的基因表达降低(Matsushita et al.， 2016)。在葡萄中，高温通过降低UFGT的活性来抑制花青素的积累(Mori et al.， 2004)。在苹果中，迅速降低了R2R3MYB转录因子(TF)基因(MYB10)的表达，该基因调节了红色皮肤颜色的协调(Lin-Wang et al.， 2011)。尽管高温胁迫可能在水果着色过程中的任何时候发生，但已发表的研究表明，在整个着色期间，高温对花青素生物合成的影响(Mori et al.， 2004;Matsushita et al.， 2016)，但在不同的成熟阶段没有。有两项研究考察了温度对葡萄和玫瑰着色的影响:Yamane等人(2006)在20和30°C下进行了为期2周的处理，研究了着色的温度敏感阶段和温度对花青素积累影响的机制。然后，他们阐明了第三阶段(开始着色后的一到三周)是“Aki Queen”浆果皮中花青素积累最敏感的阶段。Dela等人(2003)描述了瞬态高温对“美洲虎”玫瑰花青素浓度和组成的影响，并表明虽然1 d高温处理(39/18°C昼夜)对色素沉着没有影响，但3 d高温处理由于减少了花青素的积累，对色素沉着有实质性影响。然而，在不同着色期施用高温对草莓花色苷的影响以及花色苷浓度与草莓花色苷生物合成相关基因表达关系的研究尚未见报道。因此，我们设计了两个实验来探讨这一点。实验1考察了高温(30/15℃)对不同着色阶段花青素生物合成的影响。实验二考察了高温对不同上色期和熟透期果实的影响。
{"title":"Differential Anthocyanin Concentrations and Expression of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes in Strawberry ‘Sachinoka’ during Fruit Ripening under High-temperature Stress","authors":"Keisuke Okutsu, K. Matsushita, T. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.1","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit color is an important factor in fruit quality. Anthocyanins are common pigments that accumulate in many fruits, including grape, apple, and strawberry. The regulation of their biosynthesis has been studied widely and frequently (review in Jaakola, 2013). In particular, UFGT (UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) plays an important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape (Boss et al., 1996; Kobayashi, 2009), and FaMYB10 regulates the expression of FaUFGT in strawberry (Medina-Puche et al., 2014; Kadomura-Ishikawa et al., 2015a). It is well known that anthocyanin accumulation in fruits is affected by temperature, and is decreased when fruits are grown at high temperature (Saure, 1990; Ikeda et al., 2011). Recently, we demonstrated that the anthocyanin concentration and the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis decreased in strawberry ‘Sachinoka’ fruits grown at high temperature (Matsushita et al., 2016). In grape, high temperature inhibits anthocyanin accumulation by reducing the activity of UFGT (Mori et al., 2004). In apple, rapidly reduces the expression of the R2R3MYB transcription factor (TF) gene (MYB10), which regulates the coordination of red skin coloration (Lin-Wang et al., 2011). Although high temperature stress could occur at any time during fruit coloring, published studies of the effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis applied high temperature throughout the coloring period (Mori et al., 2004; Matsushita et al., 2016), but not at different ripening stages. There are two studies examined the effect of temperature on coloring in grapes and rose: Yamane et al. (2006) investigated the temperature-sensitive stages for coloration and the mechanisms that underlie the effect of temperature on anthocyanin accumulation using 2-week treatments at 20 and 30°C. Then, they elucidated that stage3 (from one to three weeks after the onset of coloring) is the most sensitive for anthocyanin accumulation in the berry skins of ‘Aki Queen’. Dela et al. (2003) described the effect of transient high temperature on the concentration and composition of anthocyanins in ‘Jaguar’ rose flowers, and showed that although a 1-d high temperature treatment (39/18°C day/ night) had no effect on pigmentation, a 3-d treatment had a substantial effect on pigmentation due to decreasing anthocyanin accumulation. However, we cannot find any report of the effect of applying high temperature at different coloring stages or of the relationship between anthocyanin concentration and the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry. Therefore, we designed two experiments to explore this. Experiment 1 investigated the influence of high air temperature (30/15°C) on anthocyanin biosynthesis at different coloring stages. Experiment 2 examined the effect of high air temperature in fruits exposed to the high temperature at different coloring stages and harvested when fully ripe.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89058433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fukuda, W. Spreer, W. Wiriya-Alongkorn, K. Spohrer, E. Yasunaga, C. Tiyayon
This study aims at establishing a relationship between water supply and CO 2 concentration in the rootzone, and to identify disturbing factors using data-driven modelling. In our previous study, 10 longan trees were planted in split-root technique and kept under controlled conditions. During six months, 5 trees were partially irrigated on one side of the root system, while the other side was kept non-irrigated. The sides were switched in a two-week interval. Five control trees received full irrigation on both sides. Monitoring results on CO 2 concentration in the rootzone, soil moisture and stomatal con-ductance indicated a weak correlation between the CO 2 concentration in the rootzone and the soil moisture, but without a statistically significant correlation, partially because air temperature was a main disturbing factor. In this study, Random Forests was applied to establish a CO 2 -water stress relationship based on air temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture. It was shown that the most important factor on CO 2 concentration in the rootzone was soil moisture, followed by air temperature. Together with the information retrieved, the results suggest a potential of CO 2 monitoring in the rootzone for assessing plant water status continuously and with a minimum level of invasion.
{"title":"Random forests as a tool for analyzing partial drought stress based on CO2 concentrations in the rootzone of longan trees.","authors":"S. Fukuda, W. Spreer, W. Wiriya-Alongkorn, K. Spohrer, E. Yasunaga, C. Tiyayon","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.25","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at establishing a relationship between water supply and CO 2 concentration in the rootzone, and to identify disturbing factors using data-driven modelling. In our previous study, 10 longan trees were planted in split-root technique and kept under controlled conditions. During six months, 5 trees were partially irrigated on one side of the root system, while the other side was kept non-irrigated. The sides were switched in a two-week interval. Five control trees received full irrigation on both sides. Monitoring results on CO 2 concentration in the rootzone, soil moisture and stomatal con-ductance indicated a weak correlation between the CO 2 concentration in the rootzone and the soil moisture, but without a statistically significant correlation, partially because air temperature was a main disturbing factor. In this study, Random Forests was applied to establish a CO 2 -water stress relationship based on air temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure deficit and soil moisture. It was shown that the most important factor on CO 2 concentration in the rootzone was soil moisture, followed by air temperature. Together with the information retrieved, the results suggest a potential of CO 2 monitoring in the rootzone for assessing plant water status continuously and with a minimum level of invasion.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87471220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariko Takeoka, Takanobu Higashi, M. Honjo, A. Tezuka, A. Nagano, Yusuke Tanigaki, H. Fukuda
Plants have a circadian clock, a biological oscillator with an approximately 24 h period, which is known to dominate various physiologically active rhythms (Harmer et al., 2000). Photoperiodicity induction of flowering, stomatal opening, and concentration of nutrients (e.g. ascorbic acid) are also regulated by the circadian clock (Kotchoni et al., 2008). Recent research has clarified that the internal body time of the circadian clock (the phase of the circadian clock) is also related to pest resistance and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (Lai et al., 2012; Goodspeed et al., 2013). Therefore, knowledge of the phase of circadian clock is thought to be important in control of growth and crop quality. The circadian clock works via clock genes, whose expression varies periodically. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a set of genes with periodic variation in expression level, called clock genes or clock-related genes, such as LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL), CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1), and TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1) and PRRs (PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATORs) are known factors related to the central oscillator of the clock (Nakamichi et al., 2012; Nagel et al., 2015; Kamioka et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Ezer et al., 2017). Such genes generate a self-sustained circadian rhythm by negative feedback loops (Nohales and Kay, 2016). On the other hand, based on global gene expression analysis through microarray analysis, about 20% of plant genes are under the control of the circadian clock (Li et al., 2017). Recently, for crop species such as rice, tomato and lettuce, the circadian rhythm of the transcriptome in the field and in the plant factory has been clarified (Nagano et al., 2012; Matsuzaki et al., 2015; Tanigaki et al., 2015; Higashi et al., 2016a; 2016b). It is also possible to estimate the phase of the circadian clock by analyzing the periodicity of the transcriptome (Matsushika et al., 2000; Ueda et al., 2004). A method for estimating the phase of the circadian clock, called the molecular timetable method, has been constructed for mammals (Ueda et al., 2004). It is possible to estimate body time from transcriptome data with high accuracy within about 2 h. In the standard application of this method, the period of the circadian rhythm for each expressed gene is regarded as a constant value, 24 h. In addition, the waveform of the circadian rhythm is assumed to be a simple form, that is, a cosine curve. However, in plants, the period and the waveform of the circadian rhythm varies depending on species, environment of cultivation, and other factors (Ninomiya, 1984; Higashi et al., 2014). In this study, the model plant A. thaliana, and lettuce
植物有一个生物钟，一个大约24小时周期的生物振荡器，已知它支配着各种生理上的活跃节律(Harmer et al.， 2000)。光周期诱导的开花、气孔开放和营养物质(如抗坏血酸)浓度也受到生物钟的调节(Kotchoni等人，2008)。最近的研究表明，生物钟的体内时间(生物钟的相位)也与害虫抗性和活性氧代谢有关(Lai et al.， 2012;Goodspeed et al.， 2013)。因此，了解生物钟的阶段被认为是重要的控制生长和作物的质量。生物钟通过生物钟基因起作用，生物钟基因的表达会周期性地变化。对于模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)，一组表达水平有周期性变化的基因被称为时钟基因或时钟相关基因，如LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL)、CCA1 (CIRCADIAN clock ASSOCIATED 1)、TOC1 (CAB表达时序1)和PRRs (PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATORs)是已知的与时钟中央振荡器相关的因素(Nakamichi et al.， 2012;Nagel et al.， 2015;Kamioka等人，2016;Liu et al.， 2016;Ezer et al.， 2017)。这些基因通过负反馈循环产生自我维持的昼夜节律(Nohales和Kay, 2016)。另一方面，基于微阵列分析的全球基因表达分析，约20%的植物基因受生物钟控制(Li et al.， 2017)。最近，对于水稻、番茄和生菜等作物物种，田间和植物工厂中转录组的昼夜节律已经得到澄清(Nagano et al.， 2012;Matsuzaki et al.， 2015;Tanigaki等人，2015;Higashi等，2016a;2016 b)。也可以通过分析转录组的周期性来估计生物钟的阶段(Matsushika et al.， 2000;Ueda et al.， 2004)。已经为哺乳动物构建了一种估计生物钟阶段的方法，称为分子时间表方法(Ueda et al.， 2004)。在大约2小时内，可以从转录组数据中高精度地估计出身体时间。在该方法的标准应用中，每个表达基因的昼夜节律周期被视为一个恒定值，即24小时。此外，昼夜节律波形被假设为一种简单形式，即余弦曲线。然而，在植物中，昼夜节律的周期和波形因物种、栽培环境和其他因素而异(Ninomiya, 1984;Higashi et al.， 2014)。在本研究中，模式植物拟南芥和莴苣
{"title":"Estimation of the Circadian Phase by Oscillatory Analysis of the Transcriptome in Plants","authors":"Mariko Takeoka, Takanobu Higashi, M. Honjo, A. Tezuka, A. Nagano, Yusuke Tanigaki, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.67","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have a circadian clock, a biological oscillator with an approximately 24 h period, which is known to dominate various physiologically active rhythms (Harmer et al., 2000). Photoperiodicity induction of flowering, stomatal opening, and concentration of nutrients (e.g. ascorbic acid) are also regulated by the circadian clock (Kotchoni et al., 2008). Recent research has clarified that the internal body time of the circadian clock (the phase of the circadian clock) is also related to pest resistance and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (Lai et al., 2012; Goodspeed et al., 2013). Therefore, knowledge of the phase of circadian clock is thought to be important in control of growth and crop quality. The circadian clock works via clock genes, whose expression varies periodically. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a set of genes with periodic variation in expression level, called clock genes or clock-related genes, such as LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL), CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1), and TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1) and PRRs (PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATORs) are known factors related to the central oscillator of the clock (Nakamichi et al., 2012; Nagel et al., 2015; Kamioka et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Ezer et al., 2017). Such genes generate a self-sustained circadian rhythm by negative feedback loops (Nohales and Kay, 2016). On the other hand, based on global gene expression analysis through microarray analysis, about 20% of plant genes are under the control of the circadian clock (Li et al., 2017). Recently, for crop species such as rice, tomato and lettuce, the circadian rhythm of the transcriptome in the field and in the plant factory has been clarified (Nagano et al., 2012; Matsuzaki et al., 2015; Tanigaki et al., 2015; Higashi et al., 2016a; 2016b). It is also possible to estimate the phase of the circadian clock by analyzing the periodicity of the transcriptome (Matsushika et al., 2000; Ueda et al., 2004). A method for estimating the phase of the circadian clock, called the molecular timetable method, has been constructed for mammals (Ueda et al., 2004). It is possible to estimate body time from transcriptome data with high accuracy within about 2 h. In the standard application of this method, the period of the circadian rhythm for each expressed gene is regarded as a constant value, 24 h. In addition, the waveform of the circadian rhythm is assumed to be a simple form, that is, a cosine curve. However, in plants, the period and the waveform of the circadian rhythm varies depending on species, environment of cultivation, and other factors (Ninomiya, 1984; Higashi et al., 2014). In this study, the model plant A. thaliana, and lettuce","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86493270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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