Kensuke Kimura, Kyosuke Maruo, Takahiro Ooki, Kentaro Nakazono, K. Matsuo, M. Kitano
Frosts in agricultural fields often bring serious damage to crops and cause huge economic losses in the crop production. Many crops can enhance their freezing tolerance through a phenomenon known as cold acclimation (Thomashow, 1999). Under the climate change with global warming, however, warmer winters are prone to bring insufficient cold acclimation of the crops, and furthermore, strong radiative cooling and extremely cold weather in spring cause serious frost damage in the crop production. Tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) also severely suffer such frost damage, which cannot be prevented enough by the conventional methods of frost protection such as frost protective fan (wind machine), heater and sprinkler. For example, the frost in 2010 caused huge economic losses in the tea production; i.e., 247 million dollars in China (Lou et al., 2013) and 45 million dollars in Japan (Matsuo et al., 2010). In order to prevent frost damage, operation of the frost protection methods can be expected to improve heat balance between tea leaves and their environments, which prevents leaf temperature from dropping below a fatal level under severe frost conditions. Therefore, the effectiveness of the frost protection based on the leaf heat balance must be evaluated, and it is keenly desired to improve frost protection methods based on the quantitative evaluation of their effects. However, many recent studies related to the frost protection (Doesken et al., 1989; Ribeiro et al., 2006; Araki et al., 2008; Battany, 2012) have been focused on only changes in temperatures of the ambient air and/or leaf because of difficulties in assessing complicated convection between leaves and the ambient air under fluctuated environments. In this study, the new method for the quantitative analysis of the heat balance of a single tea leaf was developed for the quantitative evaluation of the thermal effect brought by the frost protection during the frost night. The reliable application of the newly analysis method of leaf heat balance was demonstrated in the tea field under the operation of a frost protective fan which has been used successfully in tea fields to protect tea plants during the frost night.
农田霜冻往往给农作物带来严重的危害，给农作物生产造成巨大的经济损失。许多作物可以通过一种被称为冷驯化的现象来提高它们的抗冻能力(Thomashow, 1999)。然而，在全球变暖的气候变化下，暖冬容易导致作物的冷驯化不足，而强烈的辐射冷却和春季的极寒天气给作物生产带来了严重的霜冻危害。茶树(Camellia sinensis (L.))O. Kuntze)也严重遭受这种霜冻损害，传统的霜冻保护方法，如防霜风扇(风机)、加热器和洒水车，都不足以防止这种霜冻损害。例如，2010年的霜冻给茶叶生产造成了巨大的经济损失;即中国2.47亿美元(Lou et al.， 2013)，日本4500万美元(Matsuo et al.， 2010)。为了防止霜冻损害，防冻方法的运行可以改善茶叶与环境之间的热平衡，从而防止叶片温度在严重霜冻条件下降至致命水平以下。因此，必须对基于叶片热平衡的防冻效果进行评价，并在对其效果进行定量评价的基础上改进防冻方法。然而，最近许多与防冻有关的研究(Doesken et al.， 1989;Ribeiro et al.， 2006;Araki et al.， 2008;batany, 2012)只关注环境空气和/或叶片温度的变化，因为在波动的环境中很难评估叶片和环境空气之间复杂的对流。本研究为定量评价霜冻夜防冻带来的热效应，建立了单叶热平衡定量分析的新方法。在防冻风机的运行下，验证了叶片热平衡分析新方法在茶田的可靠应用，并在霜夜茶田对茶树进行了成功的保护。
{"title":"Analysis of Leaf Heat Balance Affected by Operation of a Frost Protective Fan in Tea Fields","authors":"Kensuke Kimura, Kyosuke Maruo, Takahiro Ooki, Kentaro Nakazono, K. Matsuo, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.125","url":null,"abstract":"Frosts in agricultural fields often bring serious damage to crops and cause huge economic losses in the crop production. Many crops can enhance their freezing tolerance through a phenomenon known as cold acclimation (Thomashow, 1999). Under the climate change with global warming, however, warmer winters are prone to bring insufficient cold acclimation of the crops, and furthermore, strong radiative cooling and extremely cold weather in spring cause serious frost damage in the crop production. Tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) also severely suffer such frost damage, which cannot be prevented enough by the conventional methods of frost protection such as frost protective fan (wind machine), heater and sprinkler. For example, the frost in 2010 caused huge economic losses in the tea production; i.e., 247 million dollars in China (Lou et al., 2013) and 45 million dollars in Japan (Matsuo et al., 2010). In order to prevent frost damage, operation of the frost protection methods can be expected to improve heat balance between tea leaves and their environments, which prevents leaf temperature from dropping below a fatal level under severe frost conditions. Therefore, the effectiveness of the frost protection based on the leaf heat balance must be evaluated, and it is keenly desired to improve frost protection methods based on the quantitative evaluation of their effects. However, many recent studies related to the frost protection (Doesken et al., 1989; Ribeiro et al., 2006; Araki et al., 2008; Battany, 2012) have been focused on only changes in temperatures of the ambient air and/or leaf because of difficulties in assessing complicated convection between leaves and the ambient air under fluctuated environments. In this study, the new method for the quantitative analysis of the heat balance of a single tea leaf was developed for the quantitative evaluation of the thermal effect brought by the frost protection during the frost night. The reliable application of the newly analysis method of leaf heat balance was demonstrated in the tea field under the operation of a frost protective fan which has been used successfully in tea fields to protect tea plants during the frost night.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90446181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroki Nakahara, Taro Mori, Naoto Sadakari, H. Matsusaki, N. Matsuzoe
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Rsol is a devastating disease that has been observed in over 200 plant species such as tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and other economically important crops around the world (Hayward, 1991). This pathogen invades the host plants through wounds in roots or sites where secondary roots emerge, then colonizes the cortex, infects the vascular parenchyma, and invades the xylem vessels (Vasse et al., 1995). After Rsol penetrates into the vessels, the bacterium rapidly spreads and increases throughout the vascular system, resulting in wilting and the death of the plants. Rsol spontaneously undergoes a phenotypic conversion (PC) after prolonged culture in plants, water extract of plants, soil or broth culture (Kelman, 1954; Buddenhagen and Kelman, 1964; Kelman and Hruschka, 1973; Shekhawat and Perombelon, 1991; Mori et al., 2011; 2012). PC mutants are either weak pathogenic or non-pathogenic, but these mutants are still able to colonize host tissue without causing symptoms (Kelman, 1954; Denny et al., 1988; Mori et al., 2011). The bacterial wilt diseases of tomato and tobacco were suppressed by pre-inoculation with PC mutants (Tanaka, 1983; Hara and Ono, 1991; Arwiyanto et al., 1994). The suppression of bacterial wilt by PC mutants in eggplant has been investigated (Ogawa et al., 2011; 2012a; 2012b). Those studies revealed that PC mutants suppressed bacterial wilt in eggplant by colonizing the root and stem and preventing subsequent colonization by the Rsol wildtype strain. It was speculated that PC mutants have the potential to induce resistance against the wild-type strain in eggplant. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of resistance are still unknown. In studies of the suppression of plant diseases by beneficial microorganisms, the plant disease severity was reduced because of the expression and accumulation of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that inhibit infection of pathogen and have an antibacterial activity (Hase et al., 2006; Kawamura et al., 2009). PC mutant-infected plants seem to express and accumulate the PR proteins. In the present study, we investigate the expression of PR protein genes in ‘Micro-Tom’, a model cultivar of tomato suitable for genetic analysis (Meissner et al., 1997), after inoculation with PC mutants. The tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ that is miniature-dwarf cultivar, has a short life cycle in 2 3 months from sowing to fruit ripening in pots, and grows at high density (Meissner et al., 1997). Therefore, using this cultivar is suitable for the experiments that require many samples such as researches the plant growth or screening of PC mutants, and it is able to save the space and time for the tests in greenhouses or growth chambers. Among studies of disease control using microorganisms, the microorganisms showed either positive or negative effects on the growth of plants. As a positive example, Thanh et al. (2009) reported that plants pre-inoculated with plant
青枯病(Ralstonia solanacearum Rsol)引起的青枯病是一种毁灭性的病害，已在世界各地200多种植物中发现，如西红柿、茄子、土豆和其他重要的经济作物(Hayward, 1991)。这种病原体通过根部的伤口或次生根出现的地方侵入寄主植物，然后在皮层定植，感染维管薄壁，并侵入木质部血管(Vasse et al.， 1995)。当Rsol进入血管后，细菌迅速扩散并在整个血管系统中增加，导致植物枯萎和死亡。Rsol在植物、植物水提取物、土壤或肉汤培养中经过长时间培养后会自发地发生表型转化(PC) (Kelman, 1954;布登哈根和凯尔曼，1964;Kelman and Hruschka, 1973;Shekhawat and Perombelon, 1991;Mori et al.， 2011;2012)。PC突变体要么是弱致病性的，要么是非致病性的，但这些突变体仍然能够在宿主组织中定植而不引起症状(Kelman, 1954;Denny et al.， 1988;Mori et al.， 2011)。用PC突变体预接种番茄和烟草的青枯病(Tanaka, 1983;Hara and Ono, 1991;Arwiyanto et al.， 1994)。研究了PC突变体对茄子青枯病的抑制作用(Ogawa et al.， 2011;2012年;2012 b)。这些研究表明，PC突变体通过在茄子根和茎上定殖并阻止Rsol野生型菌株随后的定殖来抑制青枯病。推测PC突变体具有诱导茄子对野生型菌株产生抗性的潜力。然而，诱导耐药的分子机制尚不清楚。在有益微生物抑制植物病害的研究中，由于病原菌相关蛋白(PR)的表达和积累，抑制病原菌感染并具有抗菌活性，从而降低了植物病害的严重程度(Hase et al.， 2006;Kawamura等人，2009)。PC突变体感染的植物似乎表达并积累了PR蛋白。在本研究中，我们研究了适用于遗传分析的番茄模型品种“Micro-Tom”(Meissner et al.， 1997)接种PC突变体后PR蛋白基因的表达。微型矮型番茄“Micro-Tom”从播种到盆栽成熟的生命周期较短，为2 - 3个月，生长密度高(Meissner et al.， 1997)。因此，该品种适用于研究植物生长或筛选PC突变体等需要大量样品的试验，节省了温室或生长室内试验的空间和时间。在利用微生物防治病害的研究中，微生物对植物生长有积极或消极的影响。作为一个积极的例子，Thanh等人(2009)报道了预先接种了植物生长促进根瘤菌(PGPR)的植物
{"title":"Biological Control of the Bacterial Wilt of the Tomato ‘Micro-Tom' by Phenotypic Conversion Mutants of Ralstonia solanacearum","authors":"Hiroki Nakahara, Taro Mori, Naoto Sadakari, H. Matsusaki, N. Matsuzoe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.139","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Rsol is a devastating disease that has been observed in over 200 plant species such as tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and other economically important crops around the world (Hayward, 1991). This pathogen invades the host plants through wounds in roots or sites where secondary roots emerge, then colonizes the cortex, infects the vascular parenchyma, and invades the xylem vessels (Vasse et al., 1995). After Rsol penetrates into the vessels, the bacterium rapidly spreads and increases throughout the vascular system, resulting in wilting and the death of the plants. Rsol spontaneously undergoes a phenotypic conversion (PC) after prolonged culture in plants, water extract of plants, soil or broth culture (Kelman, 1954; Buddenhagen and Kelman, 1964; Kelman and Hruschka, 1973; Shekhawat and Perombelon, 1991; Mori et al., 2011; 2012). PC mutants are either weak pathogenic or non-pathogenic, but these mutants are still able to colonize host tissue without causing symptoms (Kelman, 1954; Denny et al., 1988; Mori et al., 2011). The bacterial wilt diseases of tomato and tobacco were suppressed by pre-inoculation with PC mutants (Tanaka, 1983; Hara and Ono, 1991; Arwiyanto et al., 1994). The suppression of bacterial wilt by PC mutants in eggplant has been investigated (Ogawa et al., 2011; 2012a; 2012b). Those studies revealed that PC mutants suppressed bacterial wilt in eggplant by colonizing the root and stem and preventing subsequent colonization by the Rsol wildtype strain. It was speculated that PC mutants have the potential to induce resistance against the wild-type strain in eggplant. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of resistance are still unknown. In studies of the suppression of plant diseases by beneficial microorganisms, the plant disease severity was reduced because of the expression and accumulation of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that inhibit infection of pathogen and have an antibacterial activity (Hase et al., 2006; Kawamura et al., 2009). PC mutant-infected plants seem to express and accumulate the PR proteins. In the present study, we investigate the expression of PR protein genes in ‘Micro-Tom’, a model cultivar of tomato suitable for genetic analysis (Meissner et al., 1997), after inoculation with PC mutants. The tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ that is miniature-dwarf cultivar, has a short life cycle in 2 3 months from sowing to fruit ripening in pots, and grows at high density (Meissner et al., 1997). Therefore, using this cultivar is suitable for the experiments that require many samples such as researches the plant growth or screening of PC mutants, and it is able to save the space and time for the tests in greenhouses or growth chambers. Among studies of disease control using microorganisms, the microorganisms showed either positive or negative effects on the growth of plants. As a positive example, Thanh et al. (2009) reported that plants pre-inoculated with plant ","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86384188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Embryophytes (bryophytes and ferns) perform both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in their life cycle, and sperms are used for their sexual reproduction, in place of pollens in higher plants (Renzaglia et al., 2000; Renzaglia and Garbary, 2001). Because sperm motility is one of the most important features for the fertility in human and animals, percentage of motility and the kinetic parameters for swimming and the guidance to eggs (known as taxis) are well focused in the field of reproductive biology to evaluate and improve the male infertility. However, the nature of plant sperms is rarely known even more than centuries has passed since the first description on the discharge of samen from embryophytes by Schmidel in 1747 (as note by Mirbel, 1835a; 1835b; Thuret, 1851; Cavers, 1903; 1904; see also recent review by Araki, 2012). The discovery of a freely swimming sperm in Ginkgo biloba at the end of the nineteenth century by Sakugoro Hirase was one of the most significant moments in botany (Ridge et al., 1997). In the end of nineteenth century, the freely swimming sperms in embryophytes, thus motile under microscopes, were first identified in Ginkgo biloba (Hirase, 1896a; 1896b) and Cycas revoluta (Ikeno, 1896; 1897; Ikeno and Hirase, 1897), nowadays known as members of sperm-generating plant species. As the first step in fertilization mechanism in bryophytes, semen enriched with the biflagellated sperms are discharged from the antheridia of males as the top of antheridial receptacle are wet by the rain drops (Carothers and Kreitner, 1967; 1968, Shimomura, 2012). Discharge of semen is promoted by a droplet of water but not by touch, indicating that swelling rather than mechanical stimuli, and some following signal transduction might be playing key role(s) in the process. For the opening of covering jacket of an antheridium and distending of the antheridium wall cells which give a pressure to discharge sperms, swelling of the cells and mucus are supposed to be important (Renzaglia et al., 2000; Shimomura, 2012), which is different from the motive contraction of alveoli of human breast for lactation, which initiated by baby’s suck, a mechanical stress. A recent study on the “airborne” sperms of C. conicum indicated that liverwort sperms are discharged as pre-motile form, then shift to the motile form when they swell or they are subjected to hypo-osmotic stress (Shimomura et al., 2008). Thus, swelling and/or hypoosmotic stress, but not mechanical stress may distinctly play key roles in the phases of sperm discharge and transition to motile form in liverwort sperms. In general, swimming ability is one of the most important features of sperms because they must reach and fertil-
胚胎植物(苔藓植物和蕨类植物)在其生命周期中进行孤雌生殖和有性生殖，精子用于有性生殖，代替高等植物的花粉(Renzaglia et al.， 2000;Renzaglia and Garbary, 2001)。由于精子活力是人类和动物生育能力的重要特征之一，精子活力百分比和游动动力学参数以及对卵子的引导(称为的士)是生殖生物学领域评价和改善男性不育症的重点。然而，自1747年schmidl首次描述从胚胎中排出精液以来，人们对植物精子的性质知之甚少(如Mirbel, 1835a;1835 b;Thuret, 1851;凯弗斯,1903;1904;参见Araki 2012年的最新评论)。19世纪末，平濑Sakugoro Hirase在银杏叶中发现了一种自由游动的精子，这是植物学上最重要的时刻之一(Ridge et al.， 1997)。19世纪末，在银杏(Ginkgo biloba)中首次发现了胚胎植物中自由游动的精子，在显微镜下可运动(Hirase, 1896a;1896b)和苏铁(池野，1896;1897;Ikeno和Hirase, 1897)，现在被认为是产生精子的植物物种的成员。作为苔藓植物受精机制的第一步，由于雨水湿润了雄虫的生殖道顶端，富含双鞭毛精子的精液从生殖道排出(Carothers and Kreitner, 1967;1968, Shimomura, 2012)。精液的排出是由一滴水促进的，而不是通过触摸，这表明肿胀而不是机械刺激，并且一些后续的信号转导可能在这个过程中起关键作用。对于打开包膜和扩张给精子施加压力的精子壁细胞来说，细胞和粘液的膨胀应该是重要的(Renzaglia et al.， 2000;Shimomura, 2012)，它不同于人类乳房的肺泡在哺乳时的动力收缩，后者是由婴儿吸吮引起的，是一种机械应力。最近一项关于C. conicum“空气传播”精子的研究表明，肝草精子以前运动形式排出，然后当它们膨胀或受到低渗透胁迫时转向运动形式(Shimomura et al.， 2008)。因此，肿胀和/或低渗应激，而不是机械应激，可能在肝植物精子放电和向运动形态转变的过程中发挥关键作用。一般来说，游动能力是精子最重要的特征之一，因为它们必须到达并受精
{"title":"Kinetic Analysis on the Motility of Liverwort Sperms Using a Microscopic Computer-Assisted Sperm Analyzing System","authors":"T. Furuichi, K. Matsuura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.45","url":null,"abstract":"Embryophytes (bryophytes and ferns) perform both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in their life cycle, and sperms are used for their sexual reproduction, in place of pollens in higher plants (Renzaglia et al., 2000; Renzaglia and Garbary, 2001). Because sperm motility is one of the most important features for the fertility in human and animals, percentage of motility and the kinetic parameters for swimming and the guidance to eggs (known as taxis) are well focused in the field of reproductive biology to evaluate and improve the male infertility. However, the nature of plant sperms is rarely known even more than centuries has passed since the first description on the discharge of samen from embryophytes by Schmidel in 1747 (as note by Mirbel, 1835a; 1835b; Thuret, 1851; Cavers, 1903; 1904; see also recent review by Araki, 2012). The discovery of a freely swimming sperm in Ginkgo biloba at the end of the nineteenth century by Sakugoro Hirase was one of the most significant moments in botany (Ridge et al., 1997). In the end of nineteenth century, the freely swimming sperms in embryophytes, thus motile under microscopes, were first identified in Ginkgo biloba (Hirase, 1896a; 1896b) and Cycas revoluta (Ikeno, 1896; 1897; Ikeno and Hirase, 1897), nowadays known as members of sperm-generating plant species. As the first step in fertilization mechanism in bryophytes, semen enriched with the biflagellated sperms are discharged from the antheridia of males as the top of antheridial receptacle are wet by the rain drops (Carothers and Kreitner, 1967; 1968, Shimomura, 2012). Discharge of semen is promoted by a droplet of water but not by touch, indicating that swelling rather than mechanical stimuli, and some following signal transduction might be playing key role(s) in the process. For the opening of covering jacket of an antheridium and distending of the antheridium wall cells which give a pressure to discharge sperms, swelling of the cells and mucus are supposed to be important (Renzaglia et al., 2000; Shimomura, 2012), which is different from the motive contraction of alveoli of human breast for lactation, which initiated by baby’s suck, a mechanical stress. A recent study on the “airborne” sperms of C. conicum indicated that liverwort sperms are discharged as pre-motile form, then shift to the motile form when they swell or they are subjected to hypo-osmotic stress (Shimomura et al., 2008). Thus, swelling and/or hypoosmotic stress, but not mechanical stress may distinctly play key roles in the phases of sperm discharge and transition to motile form in liverwort sperms. In general, swimming ability is one of the most important features of sperms because they must reach and fertil-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87500543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ibtissem Ben Hamed-Louati, F. Bouteau, C. Abdelly, K. Hamed
Salinization is one of the main environmental constraints that threat global crop biomass production and thus food security. Hence halophytic species are currently widely studied in world because of their value for the development of saline agriculture. However, when applying salt two distinct protocols could be used salt stress and salt shock leading to different responses (Shavrukov, 2012). Gradual salt application (usually of 25 or maximum 50 mM increments of NaCl, until a final, predetermined salt concentration is reached) reflects the reactions expected for salt stress in saline field environments (Shavrukov et al., 2012). Various researchers refer to this method as progressive imposition (Almansouri et al., 1999), salt acclimation, gradual step acclimation (Rodriguez et al., 1997; Sanchez et al., 2008), or salt-adapting (Baisakh et al., 2006). Most of plants in natural ecosystems risk salt stress, but coastal halophytes growing on sand dunes are subject to inundation with seawater (Davy, 2006) and thus repetitive salt shocks. The main component of salt shock is osmotic shock inducing plasmolysis, especially in root cells (Munns, 2002). Desperate attempts by the cells to maintain equilibrium between external and internal water content results in the leakage of cell solution into open spaces between the cell wall and plasma membrane. These apoplastic solutes, containing high concentrations of Na , can freely flow through the open spaces in root cells and be transported to the shoot with minimal control by the plant. There is consequently rapid activation of many genes, in response to osmotic shock and damaged plasma membrane in root cells and to ionic stress in shoot cells (Shavrukov et al., 2012). High cellular NaCl concentrations are also supposed to increase formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Hernandez and Almansa, 2002), which is considered as a primary event under a salt stress conditions (Noctor and Foyer, 1998). ROS could damage photosynthetic components, inactivate proteins and enzymes, and permeabilize membranes by causing lipid peroxidation (Price and Hendry, 1991; Meloni et al., 2003). Plants with high levels of anti-oxidants, either constitutive or induced, have been reported to have greater resistance to this oxidative damage (Shalata and Tal, 1998; Bor et al., 2003). Such correlation between anti-oxidant capacity and salt tolerance has also been demonstrated in a large number of plants, including salt-tolerant glycophytes and true halophytes (Broetto et al., 2002; Bor et al., 2003; Agarwal and Pandey, 2004; Ben Amor et al., 2005). Sea rocket or Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) is an annual, succulent halophyte widely distributed in sandy coasts throughout the world (Clausing et al., 2000) and thus subjected to salt shocks. This plant displays potential for economical nutrient food (leaf comestible), for therapeutic utilization (Casal, 2004) and for it seeds contain up to 40% of oil (Ghars et al., 2005). Since at this time
盐碱化是威胁全球作物生物量生产和粮食安全的主要环境制约因素之一。因此，盐生植物因其在盐碱地农业开发中的应用价值而受到世界各国的广泛研究。然而，当应用盐时，可以使用盐胁迫和盐冲击两种不同的方案，导致不同的反应(Shavrukov, 2012)。逐渐施盐(通常为25或最多50 mM的NaCl增量，直到达到最终预定的盐浓度)反映了盐田环境中盐胁迫的预期反应(Shavrukov et al.， 2012)。各种研究人员将这种方法称为渐进式强制(Almansouri et al.， 1999)、盐驯化、逐步驯化(Rodriguez et al.， 1997;Sanchez et al.， 2008)或适应盐(Baisakh et al.， 2006)。自然生态系统中的大多数植物都有盐胁迫的风险，但生长在沙丘上的沿海盐生植物受到海水的淹没(Davy, 2006)，因此会受到反复的盐冲击。盐休克的主要成分是渗透休克引起的质溶解，特别是在根细胞中(Munns, 2002)。细胞不顾一切地试图维持外部和内部水分含量的平衡，结果导致细胞溶液渗漏到细胞壁和质膜之间的开放空间。这些胞外溶质含有高浓度的Na，可以在根细胞的开放空间中自由流动，并在植物的最小控制下运输到茎部。因此，许多基因会快速激活，以响应根细胞的渗透休克和质膜受损以及茎细胞的离子胁迫(Shavrukov et al.， 2012)。高细胞NaCl浓度也被认为会增加活性氧(ROS)的形成(Hernandez and Almansa, 2002)，这被认为是盐胁迫条件下的主要事件(Noctor and Foyer, 1998)。活性氧可以通过引起脂质过氧化作用破坏光合成分，使蛋白质和酶失活，并使膜渗透(Price and Hendry, 1991;Meloni et al.， 2003)。据报道，具有高水平抗氧化剂的植物，无论是组成的还是诱导的，对这种氧化损伤具有更大的抵抗力(Shalata和Tal, 1998;Bor et al.， 2003)。抗氧化能力与耐盐性之间的这种相关性也已在大量植物中得到证实，包括耐盐糖叶植物和真盐生植物(Broetto et al.， 2002;Bor et al.， 2003;Agarwal and Pandey, 2004;Ben Amor et al.， 2005)。海芥(芸苔科)是一种一年生多肉盐生植物，广泛分布在世界各地的沙质海岸(Clausing et al.， 2000)，因此受到盐冲击。这种植物显示出经济营养食品(叶片可食用)和治疗利用的潜力(Casal, 2004)，其种子含有高达40%的油(Ghars等人，2005)。由于此时大多数关于海苔的研究都是采用逐渐施盐的方法进行的(Ben Amor et al.， 2005;Debez et al.， 2006;Ellouzi et al.， 2014)，我们研究了重复盐冲击对模拟海水淹没的影响，记录了不同器官中离子和水状态、生长参数和一些氧化应激标志物的变化
{"title":"Impact of Repetitive Salt Shocks on Seedlings of the Halophyte Cakile maritima","authors":"Ibtissem Ben Hamed-Louati, F. Bouteau, C. Abdelly, K. Hamed","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.23","url":null,"abstract":"Salinization is one of the main environmental constraints that threat global crop biomass production and thus food security. Hence halophytic species are currently widely studied in world because of their value for the development of saline agriculture. However, when applying salt two distinct protocols could be used salt stress and salt shock leading to different responses (Shavrukov, 2012). Gradual salt application (usually of 25 or maximum 50 mM increments of NaCl, until a final, predetermined salt concentration is reached) reflects the reactions expected for salt stress in saline field environments (Shavrukov et al., 2012). Various researchers refer to this method as progressive imposition (Almansouri et al., 1999), salt acclimation, gradual step acclimation (Rodriguez et al., 1997; Sanchez et al., 2008), or salt-adapting (Baisakh et al., 2006). Most of plants in natural ecosystems risk salt stress, but coastal halophytes growing on sand dunes are subject to inundation with seawater (Davy, 2006) and thus repetitive salt shocks. The main component of salt shock is osmotic shock inducing plasmolysis, especially in root cells (Munns, 2002). Desperate attempts by the cells to maintain equilibrium between external and internal water content results in the leakage of cell solution into open spaces between the cell wall and plasma membrane. These apoplastic solutes, containing high concentrations of Na , can freely flow through the open spaces in root cells and be transported to the shoot with minimal control by the plant. There is consequently rapid activation of many genes, in response to osmotic shock and damaged plasma membrane in root cells and to ionic stress in shoot cells (Shavrukov et al., 2012). High cellular NaCl concentrations are also supposed to increase formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Hernandez and Almansa, 2002), which is considered as a primary event under a salt stress conditions (Noctor and Foyer, 1998). ROS could damage photosynthetic components, inactivate proteins and enzymes, and permeabilize membranes by causing lipid peroxidation (Price and Hendry, 1991; Meloni et al., 2003). Plants with high levels of anti-oxidants, either constitutive or induced, have been reported to have greater resistance to this oxidative damage (Shalata and Tal, 1998; Bor et al., 2003). Such correlation between anti-oxidant capacity and salt tolerance has also been demonstrated in a large number of plants, including salt-tolerant glycophytes and true halophytes (Broetto et al., 2002; Bor et al., 2003; Agarwal and Pandey, 2004; Ben Amor et al., 2005). Sea rocket or Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) is an annual, succulent halophyte widely distributed in sandy coasts throughout the world (Clausing et al., 2000) and thus subjected to salt shocks. This plant displays potential for economical nutrient food (leaf comestible), for therapeutic utilization (Casal, 2004) and for it seeds contain up to 40% of oil (Ghars et al., 2005). Since at this time","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84903794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kensuke Kimura, D. Yasutake, Yuta Miyoshi, Atsushi Yamanami, Kaoru Daiou, Haruo Ueno, M. Kitano
In greenhouses, ventilation systems and circulating fans are generally employed to improve air currents in crop canopies and to produce spatial uniformity across crop environments. Low efficiency and inadequate management of these air control systems result in poor control over the crop microclimate, which significantly affects yield and the quality of crop production (Katsoulas et al., 2007). Therefore, a method to design the optimal air currents is required to facilitate optimal control over the crop microclimate, i.e., heat and mass exchange between the plant canopy and the environment. Leaves play a dominant role in heat and mass exchange between crop canopies and the environment as they comprise the majority of the plant surface (Defraeye et al., 2013). As the primary organs of photosynthesis and transpiration, leaves are considered the most important sources or sinks of heat and mass in the canopy (Schuepp, 1993). The balance of heat and mass on leaf surfaces is strongly influenced by the convective exchange between leaves and the environment through the leaf boundary layer. A key factor in the convective exchange is leaf boundary layer conductance (GA), which represents the transfer coefficient of convection on leaf surfaces. Thus, for optimal design of air currents in crop canopies, GA, which is regulated by the convective airflow adjacent to leaves, must be evaluated. Due to the difficulty of directly measuring the air currents adjacent to leaves (Boulard et al., 2002), GA is generally estimated using the semi-empirical formulae of forced convection (e.g., Monteith and Unsworth, 1990). However, such formulae cannot be applied under the lower air velocity in crop canopies within greenhouses, which requires consideration of both free and forced convection (i.e., mixed convection) (Kitano and Eguchi, 1989). Leaf boundary layer conductance can be measured using the heat balance of electrically heated artificial leaves, and many researches have evaluated GA by using various types of artificial leaves (Grace et al., 1980; Dixon and Grace, 1983; Kitano and Eguchi, 1990; Leuning and Foster, 1990; Brenner and Jarvis, 1995; Grantz and Vaughn, 1999; Stokes et al., 2006; Katsoulas et al., 2007; Kimura et al., 2016). Profiles of GA in a greenhouse under ventilated conditions have been reported by Katsoulas et al. (2007). However, there is little information on GA in closed conditions, which are typical of heated greenhouses during winter nights. Under such conditions, circulating fans are employed to maintain uniformity in air conditions and convective heat transfer in the crop canopies. In this study, continuous and multipoint measurements of GA in a tomato canopy were carried out using electrically heated artificial leaves. In addition, the vertical and horizontal distributions of GA in the canopy within the green-
在温室中，通常采用通风系统和循环风扇来改善作物冠层的气流，并在作物环境中产生空间均匀性。这些空气控制系统的低效率和管理不足导致对作物小气候的控制不力，从而严重影响作物生产的产量和质量(Katsoulas et al.， 2007)。因此，需要一种设计最佳气流的方法来促进对作物小气候的最优控制，即植物冠层与环境之间的热量和质量交换。叶片在作物冠层与环境之间的热量和质量交换中起主导作用，因为它们占植物表面的大部分(Defraeye et al.， 2013)。叶片作为光合作用和蒸腾作用的主要器官，被认为是冠层最重要的热量和质量的来源或汇(Schuepp, 1993)。叶片表面的热量和质量平衡受到叶片与环境之间通过叶片边界层的对流交换的强烈影响。对流交换的一个关键因素是叶片边界层电导(GA)，它代表了叶片表面对流的传递系数。因此，对于作物冠层气流的优化设计，必须对叶片附近对流气流调节的遗传系数进行评估。由于难以直接测量叶片附近的气流(Boulard et al.， 2002)，一般采用强制对流的半经验公式估算总风量(例如，Monteith and Unsworth, 1990)。然而，在温室内作物冠层空气流速较低的情况下，该公式不适用，需要同时考虑自由对流和强制对流(即混合对流)(Kitano and Eguchi, 1989)。叶片边界层电导率可以通过电加热人工叶片的热平衡来测量，许多研究已经通过使用各种类型的人工叶片来评估GA (Grace et al.， 1980;Dixon and Grace, 1983;Kitano and Eguchi, 1990;Leuning and Foster, 1990;Brenner and Jarvis, 1995;Grantz and Vaughn, 1999;Stokes et al.， 2006;Katsoulas et al.， 2007;木村等人，2016)。Katsoulas等人(2007)报道了通风条件下温室中GA的分布。然而，很少有关于封闭条件下GA的信息，这是冬季夜间加热温室的典型情况。在这种情况下，使用循环风机来保持空气条件的均匀性和作物冠层内的对流换热。在本研究中，利用电加热人工叶片对番茄冠层内的GA进行了连续和多点测量。绿化带内冠层GA的垂直和水平分布
{"title":"Leaf Boundary Layer Conductance in a Tomato Canopy under the Convective Effect of Circulating Fans in a Greenhouse Heated by an Air Duct Heater","authors":"Kensuke Kimura, D. Yasutake, Yuta Miyoshi, Atsushi Yamanami, Kaoru Daiou, Haruo Ueno, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.171","url":null,"abstract":"In greenhouses, ventilation systems and circulating fans are generally employed to improve air currents in crop canopies and to produce spatial uniformity across crop environments. Low efficiency and inadequate management of these air control systems result in poor control over the crop microclimate, which significantly affects yield and the quality of crop production (Katsoulas et al., 2007). Therefore, a method to design the optimal air currents is required to facilitate optimal control over the crop microclimate, i.e., heat and mass exchange between the plant canopy and the environment. Leaves play a dominant role in heat and mass exchange between crop canopies and the environment as they comprise the majority of the plant surface (Defraeye et al., 2013). As the primary organs of photosynthesis and transpiration, leaves are considered the most important sources or sinks of heat and mass in the canopy (Schuepp, 1993). The balance of heat and mass on leaf surfaces is strongly influenced by the convective exchange between leaves and the environment through the leaf boundary layer. A key factor in the convective exchange is leaf boundary layer conductance (GA), which represents the transfer coefficient of convection on leaf surfaces. Thus, for optimal design of air currents in crop canopies, GA, which is regulated by the convective airflow adjacent to leaves, must be evaluated. Due to the difficulty of directly measuring the air currents adjacent to leaves (Boulard et al., 2002), GA is generally estimated using the semi-empirical formulae of forced convection (e.g., Monteith and Unsworth, 1990). However, such formulae cannot be applied under the lower air velocity in crop canopies within greenhouses, which requires consideration of both free and forced convection (i.e., mixed convection) (Kitano and Eguchi, 1989). Leaf boundary layer conductance can be measured using the heat balance of electrically heated artificial leaves, and many researches have evaluated GA by using various types of artificial leaves (Grace et al., 1980; Dixon and Grace, 1983; Kitano and Eguchi, 1990; Leuning and Foster, 1990; Brenner and Jarvis, 1995; Grantz and Vaughn, 1999; Stokes et al., 2006; Katsoulas et al., 2007; Kimura et al., 2016). Profiles of GA in a greenhouse under ventilated conditions have been reported by Katsoulas et al. (2007). However, there is little information on GA in closed conditions, which are typical of heated greenhouses during winter nights. Under such conditions, circulating fans are employed to maintain uniformity in air conditions and convective heat transfer in the crop canopies. In this study, continuous and multipoint measurements of GA in a tomato canopy were carried out using electrically heated artificial leaves. In addition, the vertical and horizontal distributions of GA in the canopy within the green-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83279813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants which are surface-irrigated periodically, i.e., twice a week on root media, show greater -tocopherol content in their tuberous roots with no apparent change in either tuberous root development or oxygen concentration around the roots as compared to sub-irrigated plants (Eguchi et al., 2012). We speculated that surface irrigation might temporarily cover the tuberous root surface with water and inhibit oxygen movement into the roots, thereby increasing the antioxidant -tocopherol content as a coping mechanism for the slight oxidative stress, i.e. hypoxia, occurring within the roots. Therefore, we performed instantaneous flooding, which completely covered the entire root surface of sweetpotato plants with water (Eguchi et al., 2015) and demonstrated that electrolyte leakage from the tuberous root flesh cells showed a temporal increase with flooding treatment and is an indicator of cellular responses to various stress factors (Demidchik et al., 2014). Rise in temperature activates respiration within the heated plant part; in a similar way, high-temperature treatment applied to the tuberous root can also cause slight oxidative stress within the root similar to that caused by instantaneous flooding. We therefore investigated electrolyte leakage from tuberous roots subjected to high temperature for short durations.
甘薯(iomoea batatas)(Lam.)与次灌溉植物相比，定期表面灌溉(即每周两次在根介质上灌溉)的植物，其块根中-生育酚含量更高，块根发育和根周围氧浓度均无明显变化(Eguchi等，2012)。我们推测，地表灌溉可能暂时将水覆盖在块根表面，抑制氧进入根部，从而增加抗氧化剂-生育酚含量，作为根内发生的轻微氧化应激(即缺氧)的应对机制。因此，我们进行了瞬时淹水，将水完全覆盖甘薯植株的整个根表面(Eguchi et al.， 2015)，并证明了在淹水处理下，块根肉细胞的电解质泄漏呈时间性增加，这是细胞对各种胁迫因素反应的一个指标(Demidchik et al.， 2014)。温度升高会激活加热植物部分的呼吸作用;同样，对块根进行高温处理也会在块根内引起轻微的氧化应激，类似于瞬时淹水造成的氧化应激。因此，我们研究了短时间高温下块根的电解质泄漏。
{"title":"Time-course Pattern of Electrolyte Leakage from Tuberous Roots of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) after Short-term High Temperature","authors":"T. Eguchi, S. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.183","url":null,"abstract":"Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants which are surface-irrigated periodically, i.e., twice a week on root media, show greater -tocopherol content in their tuberous roots with no apparent change in either tuberous root development or oxygen concentration around the roots as compared to sub-irrigated plants (Eguchi et al., 2012). We speculated that surface irrigation might temporarily cover the tuberous root surface with water and inhibit oxygen movement into the roots, thereby increasing the antioxidant -tocopherol content as a coping mechanism for the slight oxidative stress, i.e. hypoxia, occurring within the roots. Therefore, we performed instantaneous flooding, which completely covered the entire root surface of sweetpotato plants with water (Eguchi et al., 2015) and demonstrated that electrolyte leakage from the tuberous root flesh cells showed a temporal increase with flooding treatment and is an indicator of cellular responses to various stress factors (Demidchik et al., 2014). Rise in temperature activates respiration within the heated plant part; in a similar way, high-temperature treatment applied to the tuberous root can also cause slight oxidative stress within the root similar to that caused by instantaneous flooding. We therefore investigated electrolyte leakage from tuberous roots subjected to high temperature for short durations.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84308776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tamaoki, T. Yabe, J. Furukawa, Mirai Watanabe, K. Ikeda, I. Yasutani, T. Nishizawa
In 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident occurred following the Great East Japan Earthquake at March 2011. As a result, a huge amount of radionuclides, such as I, cesium (Cs) and Cs, were discharged to the surrounding environment from the site of accident (Tokyo Electric Power Company, 2012). Agricultural lands and forests were heavily contaminated with these radionuclides, consequently, commercial distribution of many crops cultivated (and to be cultivated) in severely contaminated area, chiefly in Fukushima prefecture, have been restricted since agricultural products from these area often exceeded the regulatory level of radioactivity defined by laws in Japan (100 Bq kg ). Among the soil-contaminating radionuclides, C is the major radionuclide to be concerned since its half-life is relatively long (30.1 years; Chino et al., 2011) in comparison to other radionuclides released from the FDNPP. In addition, Cs can emit gamma ( )-ray, hence long-term biological effects by the -ray released from Cs in biota including wild animals might also be concerned. Indeed, following adverse effects in ecosystem in Fukushima have been reported; increased frequency of morphological abnormality in the pale grass blue butterfly (Hiyama et al., 2012), reduced abundance in common birds (Møller et al., 2012), and decrease in blood cell number in wild Japanese monkeys (Ochiai et al., 2014). Therefore, clean-up of radionuclides from the contaminated soil becomes a big issue in reconstruction and revitalization of Fukushima area. Previous studies relevant to Chernobyl accident showed that soil-penetrated Cs binds strongly to the clay and showed low mobility. For example, Kirk and Staunton (1989) showed that migration rate of Cs was less than 1 cm per year. Thus, the major portion of the Cs must be distributed in the upper 10 cm-thick surface layer of the soil column in most types of soils even seven years after of the accident (Arapis et al., 1997). In the FDNPP accident, contamination of Cs occurred in vast land area especially in Fukushima prefecture. Because of the high cost, decontamination of the large area polluted with Cs by conventional engineering methods remains an intractable problem. Furthermore, these methods often encompass negative effects for physical properties of the soil and also wreak ecosystem and landscape. Phytoremediation, the use of higher plants to clean-up the contaminants from soil through accumulation of contaminants in plants, is an alternative technology to conventional methods (Pilon-Smits and Freeman, 2006). The behavior of Cs in soil and plants is similar to that of potas-
2011年，福岛第一核电站(FDNPP)事故发生在2011年3月东日本大地震之后。因此，大量的放射性核素，如I、铯(Cs)和铯从事故现场排放到周围环境(东京电力公司，2012)。农田和森林受到这些放射性核素的严重污染，因此，在严重污染地区(主要是福岛县)种植(和将要种植)的许多作物的商业分销受到限制，因为这些地区的农产品往往超过日本法律规定的放射性管制水平(100 Bq kg)。在污染土壤的放射性核素中，碳是最值得关注的放射性核素，因为它的半衰期较长(30.1年;Chino et al.， 2011)，与FDNPP释放的其他放射性核素相比。此外，Cs可释放γ射线，因此，Cs释放的γ射线对包括野生动物在内的生物群也可能产生长期的生物效应。事实上，福岛生态系统的负面影响已经被报道;浅草蓝蝴蝶形态异常频率增加(Hiyama et al.， 2012)，普通鸟类丰度减少(Møller et al.， 2012)，野生日本猴子血细胞数量减少(Ochiai et al.， 2014)。因此，从受污染土壤中清除放射性核素成为福岛地区重建与振兴的一大课题。以往与切尔诺贝利事故相关的研究表明，土壤渗透的铯与粘土结合强烈，流动性低。例如Kirk和Staunton(1989)表明，Cs的迁移速率小于1 cm /年。因此，即使在事故发生7年后，大多数类型的土壤中，Cs的主要部分仍然分布在土柱表层10 cm厚的上部(Arapis et al.， 1997)。在福岛核电站事故中，碳污染发生在大片土地上，特别是福岛县。由于成本高，用常规的工程方法对大面积的铯污染进行净化仍然是一个棘手的问题。此外，这些方法往往会对土壤的物理性质产生负面影响，也会破坏生态系统和景观。植物修复，即利用高等植物通过污染物在植物中的积累来清除土壤中的污染物，是一种替代传统方法的技术(Pilon-Smits和Freeman, 2006)。土壤和植物中碳元素的行为与钾元素相似
{"title":"Comparison of Potentials of Higher Plants for Phytoremediation of Radioactive Cesium from Contaminated Soil","authors":"M. Tamaoki, T. Yabe, J. Furukawa, Mirai Watanabe, K. Ikeda, I. Yasutani, T. Nishizawa","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.65","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident occurred following the Great East Japan Earthquake at March 2011. As a result, a huge amount of radionuclides, such as I, cesium (Cs) and Cs, were discharged to the surrounding environment from the site of accident (Tokyo Electric Power Company, 2012). Agricultural lands and forests were heavily contaminated with these radionuclides, consequently, commercial distribution of many crops cultivated (and to be cultivated) in severely contaminated area, chiefly in Fukushima prefecture, have been restricted since agricultural products from these area often exceeded the regulatory level of radioactivity defined by laws in Japan (100 Bq kg ). Among the soil-contaminating radionuclides, C is the major radionuclide to be concerned since its half-life is relatively long (30.1 years; Chino et al., 2011) in comparison to other radionuclides released from the FDNPP. In addition, Cs can emit gamma ( )-ray, hence long-term biological effects by the -ray released from Cs in biota including wild animals might also be concerned. Indeed, following adverse effects in ecosystem in Fukushima have been reported; increased frequency of morphological abnormality in the pale grass blue butterfly (Hiyama et al., 2012), reduced abundance in common birds (Møller et al., 2012), and decrease in blood cell number in wild Japanese monkeys (Ochiai et al., 2014). Therefore, clean-up of radionuclides from the contaminated soil becomes a big issue in reconstruction and revitalization of Fukushima area. Previous studies relevant to Chernobyl accident showed that soil-penetrated Cs binds strongly to the clay and showed low mobility. For example, Kirk and Staunton (1989) showed that migration rate of Cs was less than 1 cm per year. Thus, the major portion of the Cs must be distributed in the upper 10 cm-thick surface layer of the soil column in most types of soils even seven years after of the accident (Arapis et al., 1997). In the FDNPP accident, contamination of Cs occurred in vast land area especially in Fukushima prefecture. Because of the high cost, decontamination of the large area polluted with Cs by conventional engineering methods remains an intractable problem. Furthermore, these methods often encompass negative effects for physical properties of the soil and also wreak ecosystem and landscape. Phytoremediation, the use of higher plants to clean-up the contaminants from soil through accumulation of contaminants in plants, is an alternative technology to conventional methods (Pilon-Smits and Freeman, 2006). The behavior of Cs in soil and plants is similar to that of potas-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75657650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydroponics Culture of Edible Opuntia ‘Maya’: Effect of Constant Red and Blue Lights on Daughter Cladodes Growth and Spine Development","authors":"T. Horibe, Yohei Iwagawa, Hiroki Kondo, K. Yamada","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88858282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Wambrauw, T. Kashiwatani, A. Komura, H. Hasegawa, K. Narita, Satoshi Oku, Takayuki Yamaguchi, K. Honda, O. Maeda
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is known to be a rich of some functional compounds beneficial for human health. In recent years, consumer’s interests on functional food such as flavonoids are increasing (Maeda et al., 2010). Green asparagus contains certain amount of rutin (Chin et al., 2002, Maeda et al., 2005; Sun et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2010; 2012; Motoki et al., 2012). Rutin is one of the major flavonoids that have been reported to show biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-bacterial/viral properties along with potent radical-scavenging activity, as well as protective effects in protecting against capillary fragility and arteriosclerotic vascular changes (Griffith et al., 1944; Hellerstein et al., 1951; Calabro et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2007). Asparagus is widely grown in Japan. The conventional spring harvest and mother-fern culture is the most popular method of harvesting asparagus. Therefore, during winter season, domestic production of asparagus almost drops to zero; the price tends to be high substantially; but asparagus are imported from other country to respond the market needs. Winter ‘fusekomi’ forcing culture system has been conducted in Japan to make asparagus production possible during this season (Koizumi et al., 2003) by heating one to two years old rootstocks in a ‘fusekomi’ forcing system. The preparation of this method is usually started in January; the seeds are sown and grown in the greenhouse. Then in the early May, seedlings are transplanted into an open field. After the yellowing of the fern (October-November), the rootstocks are dug up from the field and densely planted in the ‘fusekomi’ forcing system. In the ‘fusekomi’ forcing system, heating wires were set under the bed, and the rootstocks were covered by the soil and warmed by the heating wires. Finally asparagus could be produced even in the winter, but spears are mostly growing under small amount of light because of much snow and low sunlight in the production area. These conditions cause some problems; namely, the color of the spear is pale, and rutin content is relatively low as compared to those harvested in spring. According to the previous study, reported by Maeda et al., 2010, in the mother fern culture, improvement of the light condition by net screen method led to both the increase of rutin content of spears and the improvement of spear color. On the other hand, ‘fusekomi’ forcing cultivation is conducted in a relatively small space with dense planting (planting density is more than twenty times, comparing to the open field cultivation). Therefore, this method makes ‘environment control’ easier such as light condition. The objective of this study was to obtain basic knowledge to improve the quality (color and rutin) of asparagus
众所周知，芦笋(Asparagus officinalis L.)富含一些对人体健康有益的功能化合物。近年来，消费者对类黄酮等功能性食品的兴趣不断增加(Maeda et al.， 2010)。绿芦笋中含有一定量的芦丁(Chin et al.， 2002; Maeda et al.， 2005;Sun et al.， 2007;Maeda et al.， 2010;2012;Motoki et al.， 2012)。芦丁是主要的类黄酮之一，据报道，芦丁具有生物和药理学活性，如抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌/病毒特性，以及有效的自由基清除活性，并具有保护毛细血管易碎性和动脉硬化性血管变化的保护作用(Griffith et al.， 1944;Hellerstein et al.， 1951;Calabro等人，2005;郭等人，2007)。芦笋在日本广泛种植。传统的春季收获和母蕨栽培是收获芦笋最流行的方法。因此，在冬季，国内芦笋的产量几乎降至零;价格趋于高得多;但为了满足市场需求，我们从其他国家进口芦笋。在日本进行了冬季“fusekomi”强制培养系统，通过在“fusekomi”强制系统中加热一到两年的砧木，使这个季节的芦笋生产成为可能(Koizumi等人，2003年)。这种方法的准备工作通常在一月份开始;种子在温室里播种和生长。然后在五月初，将幼苗移栽到空地上。在蕨类植物变黄后(10 - 11月)，从地里挖出根茎，并在“fusekomi”强迫系统中密集种植。在“fusekomi”强制系统中，在床下设置加热丝，根茎被土壤覆盖并通过加热丝加热。最后，芦笋即使在冬季也可以生产，但由于生产区积雪多，日照少，矛多在光照不足的情况下生长。这些情况造成了一些问题;也就是说，矛的颜色是苍白的，芦丁含量相对于春天收获的相对较低。Maeda et al.， 2010报道的前期研究表明，在母羊蕨培养中，通过网筛法改善光照条件，既提高了叶柄芦丁含量，又改善了叶柄颜色。另一方面，“fusekomi”强迫种植是在相对较小的空间内进行的，种植密集(种植密度是露天种植的20倍以上)。因此，这种方法使光线条件等“环境控制”更容易。本研究的目的是获得提高芦笋质量(颜色和芦丁)的基础知识
{"title":"Effect of Supplemental Light on the Quality of Green Asparagus Spears in Winter ‘Fusekomi’ Forcing Culture","authors":"D. Wambrauw, T. Kashiwatani, A. Komura, H. Hasegawa, K. Narita, Satoshi Oku, Takayuki Yamaguchi, K. Honda, O. Maeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.147","url":null,"abstract":"Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is known to be a rich of some functional compounds beneficial for human health. In recent years, consumer’s interests on functional food such as flavonoids are increasing (Maeda et al., 2010). Green asparagus contains certain amount of rutin (Chin et al., 2002, Maeda et al., 2005; Sun et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2010; 2012; Motoki et al., 2012). Rutin is one of the major flavonoids that have been reported to show biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-bacterial/viral properties along with potent radical-scavenging activity, as well as protective effects in protecting against capillary fragility and arteriosclerotic vascular changes (Griffith et al., 1944; Hellerstein et al., 1951; Calabro et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2007). Asparagus is widely grown in Japan. The conventional spring harvest and mother-fern culture is the most popular method of harvesting asparagus. Therefore, during winter season, domestic production of asparagus almost drops to zero; the price tends to be high substantially; but asparagus are imported from other country to respond the market needs. Winter ‘fusekomi’ forcing culture system has been conducted in Japan to make asparagus production possible during this season (Koizumi et al., 2003) by heating one to two years old rootstocks in a ‘fusekomi’ forcing system. The preparation of this method is usually started in January; the seeds are sown and grown in the greenhouse. Then in the early May, seedlings are transplanted into an open field. After the yellowing of the fern (October-November), the rootstocks are dug up from the field and densely planted in the ‘fusekomi’ forcing system. In the ‘fusekomi’ forcing system, heating wires were set under the bed, and the rootstocks were covered by the soil and warmed by the heating wires. Finally asparagus could be produced even in the winter, but spears are mostly growing under small amount of light because of much snow and low sunlight in the production area. These conditions cause some problems; namely, the color of the spear is pale, and rutin content is relatively low as compared to those harvested in spring. According to the previous study, reported by Maeda et al., 2010, in the mother fern culture, improvement of the light condition by net screen method led to both the increase of rutin content of spears and the improvement of spear color. On the other hand, ‘fusekomi’ forcing cultivation is conducted in a relatively small space with dense planting (planting density is more than twenty times, comparing to the open field cultivation). Therefore, this method makes ‘environment control’ easier such as light condition. The objective of this study was to obtain basic knowledge to improve the quality (color and rutin) of asparagus","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79590475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABT-888, may an effective combination chemotherapeutic Ferulic acid (FA) is one of phenolics found in most higher plants. It is important to quantify the internal FA level in vegetables and fruits, since it was epidemiologically demonstrated and a number of study supported that consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in phenolic acids including FA is associated with the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In order to allow handling of the intact fresh produces, non-invasive methods are desired. Previously, 355 nm ultraviolet (UV) laser-induced fluorescence spectrum revealed that living plants contain fluorophore corresponding to blue-green fluorescence (shown to be FA). However, quantification of FA based on fluorescence in UV-excited leaves can be hardly achieved since FA fluorescence measured at fixed excitation and emission can be applied only to the limited range of FA concentration. Here, we report a model experiment for fluorometric quantification of FA in solution in vitro which may provide a series of useful information required for estimation of FA concentrations in vivo fluid inside the vegetables. Based on deconvolution of intrinsic fluorescence spectra, we observed that FA fluorescence signals can be deciphered to determine the concentration of FA. By viewing that the recorded FA fluorescence ( h ) is reflecting the primitive function ( f ) corresponding to FA concentrations and kernel function ( g ) determining the spike position in the spectra. Thus, f should be obtained as f (cid:5) h (cid:6) g (cid:7) 1 . In practice, cumulative curves of fluorescence signals at fixed emission wavelength (460 nm) along with the changes in excitation wavelength (200 (cid:1) 400 nm) were plotted and the midpoints (along the scale of excitation wavelength) in the resultant curves corresponding to different FA concentration were graphically deter-mined. FA’s concentration-specific changes in fluorescence profiles must be due to the fact that FA possesses multiple fluorophores within the molecule despite its simple structure. Lastly, simplified protocol for determination of FA concentration using dual UV excitation wavelengths was proposed. In this assay, ratio of 460 nm fluorescence intensities induced by two distinct excitation wavelengths (short, 260 nm; long, 330 (cid:1) 380 nm) were shown to be highly correlated with FA concentration ranged from (cid:1) M to mM orders.
阿魏酸(Ferulic acid, FA)是高等植物中广泛存在的酚类物质之一。量化蔬菜和水果中的内部FA水平是很重要的，因为流行病学证明和许多研究支持食用富含酚酸(包括FA)的水果和蔬菜与预防慢性疾病(如癌症和心血管疾病)有关。为了处理完整的新鲜农产品，需要采用非侵入性的方法。此前，355nm紫外激光诱导荧光光谱显示，活的植物含有与蓝绿色荧光相对应的荧光团(显示为FA)。然而，由于在固定的激发和发射下测量的FA荧光仅适用于有限的FA浓度范围，因此很难实现基于紫外激发叶片中FA荧光的定量。在此，我们报道了一个体外溶液中FA荧光定量的模型实验，这可能为估计蔬菜体内液体中FA浓度提供一系列有用的信息。基于本征荧光光谱的反褶积，我们观察到FA荧光信号可以被破译，以确定FA的浓度。通过观察，记录的FA荧光(h)反映了FA浓度对应的原始函数(f)和确定光谱中峰位置的核函数(g)。因此，f应为f (cid:5) h (cid:6) g (cid:7) 1。在实际应用中，绘制了固定发射波长(460 nm)下荧光信号随激发波长(200 (cid:1) 400 nm)变化的累积曲线，并以图形方式确定了不同FA浓度对应的合成曲线中点(沿激发波长尺度)。FA在荧光谱上的浓度特异性变化一定是由于FA在分子内具有多个荧光团，尽管其结构简单。最后，提出了双紫外激发波长法测定FA浓度的简化方案。在本实验中，两种不同激发波长(短，260 nm;长330 (cid:1) 380 nm)与FA浓度高度相关，范围从(cid:1) M到mM级。
{"title":"Fluorometric Quantification of Ferulic Acid Concentrations Based on Deconvolution of Intrinsic Fluorescence Spectra","authors":"Reina Inokuchi, H. Takaichi, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.57","url":null,"abstract":"ABT-888, may an effective combination chemotherapeutic Ferulic acid (FA) is one of phenolics found in most higher plants. It is important to quantify the internal FA level in vegetables and fruits, since it was epidemiologically demonstrated and a number of study supported that consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in phenolic acids including FA is associated with the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In order to allow handling of the intact fresh produces, non-invasive methods are desired. Previously, 355 nm ultraviolet (UV) laser-induced fluorescence spectrum revealed that living plants contain fluorophore corresponding to blue-green fluorescence (shown to be FA). However, quantification of FA based on fluorescence in UV-excited leaves can be hardly achieved since FA fluorescence measured at fixed excitation and emission can be applied only to the limited range of FA concentration. Here, we report a model experiment for fluorometric quantification of FA in solution in vitro which may provide a series of useful information required for estimation of FA concentrations in vivo fluid inside the vegetables. Based on deconvolution of intrinsic fluorescence spectra, we observed that FA fluorescence signals can be deciphered to determine the concentration of FA. By viewing that the recorded FA fluorescence ( h ) is reflecting the primitive function ( f ) corresponding to FA concentrations and kernel function ( g ) determining the spike position in the spectra. Thus, f should be obtained as f (cid:5) h (cid:6) g (cid:7) 1 . In practice, cumulative curves of fluorescence signals at fixed emission wavelength (460 nm) along with the changes in excitation wavelength (200 (cid:1) 400 nm) were plotted and the midpoints (along the scale of excitation wavelength) in the resultant curves corresponding to different FA concentration were graphically deter-mined. FA’s concentration-specific changes in fluorescence profiles must be due to the fact that FA possesses multiple fluorophores within the molecule despite its simple structure. Lastly, simplified protocol for determination of FA concentration using dual UV excitation wavelengths was proposed. In this assay, ratio of 460 nm fluorescence intensities induced by two distinct excitation wavelengths (short, 260 nm; long, 330 (cid:1) 380 nm) were shown to be highly correlated with FA concentration ranged from (cid:1) M to mM orders.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.54.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72402357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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