T. Puangkrit, T. Narumi-Kawasaki, T. Takamura, S. Fukai
serious problem. To determine the effect of high temperature on the pigmentation, inflorescence development was divided into five stages. Plants were exposed to both 20 and 30 ℃ during various developmental stages of inflorescence. HPLC analysis showed the main anthocyanins of pink flower chrysanthemum (cv. Pelican) were cyanidin 3-O-(6 ≤ -O-monomalonyl- b -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3 ≤ ,6 ≤ -O-dimalonyl- b -glucopyranoside). The content of the two anthocyanins at 20 ℃ was much higher than that at 30 ℃ . In the inflorescence exposed to 30 ℃ during bud break to vertical stage, pigmentation was not enhanced, even though the plants were subjected to 20 ℃ from the vertical stage to 1-week-old. On the other hand, when the plants were exposed to 30 ℃ during vertical stage to 1-week-old, pigment content decreased drastically, even though the inflorescence was kept at 20 ℃ from the bud break to vertical stage. The results indicate that the petal extension to vertical stage is the most temperature sensitive and important for pigmentation. Expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes ( CmplCHS1 , CmplCHS2 , CmplCHI , CmplF3H2 , CmplC3’H , CmplDFR1 , CmplDFR2 , and CmplANS ) was depressed at 30 ℃ compared with those at 20 ℃ .
严重的问题。为了确定高温对色素沉着的影响，将花序发育分为五个阶段。植株在花序发育的不同阶段分别暴露于20℃和30℃。HPLC分析表明，红菊(cv;分别为花青素3- 0 -(6≤- o -单甘油酯- b -葡萄糖苷)和花青素3- 0 -(3≤，6≤- o -二丙二醇基- b -葡萄糖苷)。两种花青素在20℃处理下的含量明显高于30℃处理。从芽裂期到立交期，即使在立交期至1周龄期间，在20℃下处理，30℃下的花序色素沉着也没有增强。另一方面，从芽裂期到立交期，即使将花序保持在20℃，当植株垂直期至1周龄暴露在30℃时，色素含量也急剧下降。结果表明，花瓣伸展至垂直阶段对温度最敏感，对色素沉着最重要。花青素生物合成相关基因(cplchs1、cplchs2、cplchi、cplf3h2、cplc3’h、cpldfr1、cpldfr2和cplplans)在30℃下的表达比在20℃下降低。
{"title":"Inflorescence Developmental Stage-Specific High Temperature Effect on Petal Pigmentation in Chrysanthemum","authors":"T. Puangkrit, T. Narumi-Kawasaki, T. Takamura, S. Fukai","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.99","url":null,"abstract":"serious problem. To determine the effect of high temperature on the pigmentation, inflorescence development was divided into five stages. Plants were exposed to both 20 and 30 ℃ during various developmental stages of inflorescence. HPLC analysis showed the main anthocyanins of pink flower chrysanthemum (cv. Pelican) were cyanidin 3-O-(6 ≤ -O-monomalonyl- b -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3 ≤ ,6 ≤ -O-dimalonyl- b -glucopyranoside). The content of the two anthocyanins at 20 ℃ was much higher than that at 30 ℃ . In the inflorescence exposed to 30 ℃ during bud break to vertical stage, pigmentation was not enhanced, even though the plants were subjected to 20 ℃ from the vertical stage to 1-week-old. On the other hand, when the plants were exposed to 30 ℃ during vertical stage to 1-week-old, pigment content decreased drastically, even though the inflorescence was kept at 20 ℃ from the bud break to vertical stage. The results indicate that the petal extension to vertical stage is the most temperature sensitive and important for pigmentation. Expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes ( CmplCHS1 , CmplCHS2 , CmplCHI , CmplF3H2 , CmplC3’H , CmplDFR1 , CmplDFR2 , and CmplANS ) was depressed at 30 ℃ compared with those at 20 ℃ .","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"24 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81736147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Liamnimitr, M. Thammawong, S. Takeya, S. Matsuo, K. Nakano
We investigated the efficacy of hyperbaric storing for preserving ascorbic acid (AsA) in fresh-cut broccoli florets. The samples were stored in a container pressurized at 0.3 and 2.1 MPa of air at 8 ℃ for 14 d. Florets stored under atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) were used as a control. We assayed AsA content, enzyme activities involved in AsA degradation and recycling, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Changes in partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 in the storage container were also determined. AsA content was successfully maintained for 14 d under both of our hyperbaric treatments and was approximately twice as high as the AsA content in the control treatment. Activities of CAT, APX, GR and SOD increased at 0.3 MPa, except DHAR, whereas florets stored at 2.1 MPa showed almost no enzymatic activity. The respiration was slowed down in florets stored under hyperbaric conditions. Our results suggest that the physiological response of fresh-cut broccoli florets to the hyperbaric condition varied with the magnitude of pressure applied, especially the enhancement of CAT enzyme activity leads to the AsA retention at 0.3 MPa.
{"title":"Ascorbic Acid Retention in Fresh-Cut Broccoli Florets during Hyperbaric Storage","authors":"N. Liamnimitr, M. Thammawong, S. Takeya, S. Matsuo, K. Nakano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.113","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the efficacy of hyperbaric storing for preserving ascorbic acid (AsA) in fresh-cut broccoli florets. The samples were stored in a container pressurized at 0.3 and 2.1 MPa of air at 8 ℃ for 14 d. Florets stored under atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) were used as a control. We assayed AsA content, enzyme activities involved in AsA degradation and recycling, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Changes in partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 in the storage container were also determined. AsA content was successfully maintained for 14 d under both of our hyperbaric treatments and was approximately twice as high as the AsA content in the control treatment. Activities of CAT, APX, GR and SOD increased at 0.3 MPa, except DHAR, whereas florets stored at 2.1 MPa showed almost no enzymatic activity. The respiration was slowed down in florets stored under hyperbaric conditions. Our results suggest that the physiological response of fresh-cut broccoli florets to the hyperbaric condition varied with the magnitude of pressure applied, especially the enhancement of CAT enzyme activity leads to the AsA retention at 0.3 MPa.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"352 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76589764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mango has a high nutritional value and is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world (Sivakumar et al., 2011). Fresh mango fruit is also popular in Japan, marketed at a high price. Major mango production areas in Japan are located in Okinawa and Miyazaki in Kyushu. Total mango production in Japan was 3,664 tons in 2014 (MAFF, 2014), while a double amount of mango fruits (totaled 7,354 tons) were imported in 2014 (Japan fresh produce import-export and safety association, 2017). Of the imported mangoes, Mexico ranked the first in both amount (38.7%) and price (31.2%), followed by Philippines (17.7% in amount (ranked 2nd); 16.0% in price (ranked 4th)), Thailand (16.7% in amount (ranked 3rd); 19.8% in price (ranked 2nd)) and Taiwan (10.3% in amount (ranked 4th); 17.7% in price (ranked 3rd)). The Tokyo Customs reported (2015) that mango fruits were imported through the Narita airport (33.2%), the Port of Yokohama (23.8%), the Port of Tokyo (17.9%), and the Haneda Airport (16.7%), which exceeds 90% of total import in Japan. This report indicates that more than 40% of mango fruits were transported by ship in which postharvest quality loss is highly expected due to a long transportation time. However, little study has been conducted to assess the postharvest quality loss or ripening process of fresh mango fruits during a long distance distribution (Kienzle et al., 2011; 2012; Yasunaga et al., 2012; 2013a; 2013b). In our previous research, we have investigated the quality changes of fresh mango fruit before and after distribution (Yasunaga et al., 2013a), in which fruit quality at harvest were different between orchards in Thailand and Japan, mainly because of the distances to the final destination. While postharvest quality changes were reported, the results were limited to the two points in time, namely at harvest and after distribution. Because postharvest ripening is controlled by storage temperature, it is necessary to investigate the effects of temperature on the quality changes of fresh mango fruits exported for a long distance market. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of storage conditions on the postharvest quality changes of fresh mango fruit exported from Thailand to Japan. In addition to the monitoring of distribution conditions, two laboratory experiments under three different temperature conditions (i.e., 15, 25 and 35°C) were conducted at before and after distribution to better understand postharvest ripening processes during long-distance transportation. Results are compared with respect to postharvest quality changes under different distribution conditions for a better quality control system of fresh mango fruit for export.
芒果营养价值高，是世界上最受欢迎的热带水果之一(Sivakumar et al.， 2011)。新鲜的芒果在日本也很受欢迎，售价很高。日本主要的芒果产区位于冲绳和九州的宫崎。2014年日本芒果总产量为3664吨(MAFF, 2014)，而2014年芒果进口量翻了一番(总计7354吨)(日本生鲜农产品进出口和安全协会，2017)。进口芒果中，墨西哥以数量(38.7%)和价格(31.2%)居首位，菲律宾以数量(17.7%)居第二位;价格(16.0%)(第4位)、泰国(16.7%)(第3位);价格(19.8%)(第2位)、台湾(10.3%)(第4位);17.7%(第3位))。据东京海关统计(2015年)，芒果通过成田机场(33.2%)、横滨港(23.8%)、东京港(17.9%)、羽田机场(16.7%)进口，占日本进口总量的90%以上。该报告指出，超过40%的芒果果实是通过船舶运输的，由于运输时间长，收获后的质量损失是很有可能的。然而，很少有研究对新鲜芒果果实在长距离运输过程中的采后品质损失或成熟过程进行评估(Kienzle et al.， 2011;2012;Yasunaga等人，2012;2013年;2013 b)。在我们之前的研究中，我们调查了新鲜芒果水果在分销前后的质量变化(Yasunaga et al.， 2013)，其中泰国和日本果园收获时的水果质量不同，主要是因为距离最终目的地的距离。虽然报告了采后质量变化，但结果仅限于两个时间点，即收获时和分配后。由于采后成熟受贮藏温度控制，因此有必要研究温度对出口长途市场的新鲜芒果果实品质变化的影响。本研究旨在探讨泰国出口日本的新鲜芒果果实采后品质变化与贮藏条件的关系。在对配送条件进行监测的基础上，在配送前后分别进行了15℃、25℃和35℃三种不同温度条件下的室内实验，以更好地了解采后长距离运输过程中的成熟过程。通过对不同流通条件下芒果采后品质变化的比较研究，为建立出口芒果鲜果质量控制体系提供依据。
{"title":"Effect of Storage Conditions on the Postharvest Quality Changes of Fresh Mango Fruits for Export during Transportation","authors":"E. Yasunaga, S. Fukuda, M. Nagle, W. Spreer","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.39","url":null,"abstract":"Mango has a high nutritional value and is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world (Sivakumar et al., 2011). Fresh mango fruit is also popular in Japan, marketed at a high price. Major mango production areas in Japan are located in Okinawa and Miyazaki in Kyushu. Total mango production in Japan was 3,664 tons in 2014 (MAFF, 2014), while a double amount of mango fruits (totaled 7,354 tons) were imported in 2014 (Japan fresh produce import-export and safety association, 2017). Of the imported mangoes, Mexico ranked the first in both amount (38.7%) and price (31.2%), followed by Philippines (17.7% in amount (ranked 2nd); 16.0% in price (ranked 4th)), Thailand (16.7% in amount (ranked 3rd); 19.8% in price (ranked 2nd)) and Taiwan (10.3% in amount (ranked 4th); 17.7% in price (ranked 3rd)). The Tokyo Customs reported (2015) that mango fruits were imported through the Narita airport (33.2%), the Port of Yokohama (23.8%), the Port of Tokyo (17.9%), and the Haneda Airport (16.7%), which exceeds 90% of total import in Japan. This report indicates that more than 40% of mango fruits were transported by ship in which postharvest quality loss is highly expected due to a long transportation time. However, little study has been conducted to assess the postharvest quality loss or ripening process of fresh mango fruits during a long distance distribution (Kienzle et al., 2011; 2012; Yasunaga et al., 2012; 2013a; 2013b). In our previous research, we have investigated the quality changes of fresh mango fruit before and after distribution (Yasunaga et al., 2013a), in which fruit quality at harvest were different between orchards in Thailand and Japan, mainly because of the distances to the final destination. While postharvest quality changes were reported, the results were limited to the two points in time, namely at harvest and after distribution. Because postharvest ripening is controlled by storage temperature, it is necessary to investigate the effects of temperature on the quality changes of fresh mango fruits exported for a long distance market. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of storage conditions on the postharvest quality changes of fresh mango fruit exported from Thailand to Japan. In addition to the monitoring of distribution conditions, two laboratory experiments under three different temperature conditions (i.e., 15, 25 and 35°C) were conducted at before and after distribution to better understand postharvest ripening processes during long-distance transportation. Results are compared with respect to postharvest quality changes under different distribution conditions for a better quality control system of fresh mango fruit for export.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74195115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than 90% of terrestrial plant species possess the C3 photosynthetic system, while only about 3% undergo C4 photosynthesis. Nevertheless, C4 plants are responsible for 25% of the annual total terrestrial plant biomass production (Langdale, 2011; Sage and Zhu, 2011). Compared with C3 plants, C4 plants generally exhibit higher CO2 assimilation abilities (about 1.5 2-fold higher in individual blades), higher yields per growing area (approximately 2 3-fold) and higher water and nitrogen use efficiencies (Black, 1979). The productivity of major C3 crops, such as rice, wheat and soybean, could be greatly increased if the CO2 concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis could be introduced into these C3 plants through genetic engineering. Such attempts have been made by various investigators (Häusler et al., 2002; Miyao et al., 2011), but no promising results have been obtained thus far. For example, several genes encoding C4 photosynthesis-related enzymes were successfully overexpressed individually or in combination in mesophyll cells of rice plants, but the transgenic plants did not perform C4-like photosynthesis and their growth rate was not accelerated appreciably (Taniguchi et al., 2008). These observations imply the introduction of genes for CO2-concentrating proteins is not sufficient to confer the C4 photosynthetic framework to C3 plants. In fact, two functionally differentiated cell types mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells and their structural arrangement called Kranz anatomy are required to concentrate CO2 and deliver it to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. This CO2 concentration system has been thought to be essential for C4 photosynthesis. To convert C3 plants into C4 ones, all genes that are related to cellular and functional C4 differentiation, including those associated with C4 metabolism, transport of C4-related compounds and development of Kranz anatomy, must be identified and introduced into C3 plants (Covshoff and Hibberd, 2012). To identify the genes required for C4 photosynthesis, a straightforward approach was comparative analysis of C4 and C3 plants. However, identification of the key C4 photosynthetic genes is difficult because many of them are species-specific even among C4 model plants (e.g., Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor). Although the genera Flaveria and Cleome include both C3 and C4 species and have attracted much attention as alternative systems (Brown et al., 2005; Külahoglu et al., 2014), there are still speciesspecific genes, which makes it difficult to identify the core functional set of C4 photosynthetic genes (Gowik et al., 2011). Eleocharis vivipara (Cyperaceae), first investigated by Ueno et al. (1988) is an amphibious leafless sedge. This plant develops Kranz anatomy and shows C4 biochemical traits under terrestrial conditions, and performs NADdependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME)-type C4 photosynthesis. Interestingly, under submerged conditions, it grows without Kranz anatomy and exhibits C3 bioc
90%以上的陆生植物具有C3光合系统，而只有约3%的陆生植物具有C4光合作用。然而，C4植物占陆地植物年总生物量产量的25% (Langdale, 2011;Sage and Zhu, 2011)。与C3植物相比，C4植物通常具有更高的CO2同化能力(单个叶片约高1.5倍)，每种植面积产量更高(约23倍)，水和氮利用效率更高(Black, 1979)。通过基因工程将C4光合作用的CO2浓缩机制引入到水稻、小麦和大豆等主要C3作物中，可以大大提高这些C3作物的产量。各种调查人员都进行了这种尝试(Häusler等人，2002年;Miyao et al.， 2011)，但到目前为止还没有得到有希望的结果。例如，几个编码C4光合作用相关酶的基因在水稻叶肉细胞中成功地单独或联合过表达，但转基因植株不进行类似C4的光合作用，其生长速度没有明显加快(Taniguchi et al.， 2008)。这些观察结果表明，二氧化碳浓缩蛋白基因的引入不足以将C4光合框架赋予C3植物。事实上，叶肉细胞和束鞘细胞两种功能分化的细胞类型及其结构安排(称为Kranz解剖)需要将CO2浓缩并将其传递给核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶。这种二氧化碳浓度系统被认为对C4光合作用至关重要。要将C3植物转化为C4植物，必须确定所有与细胞和功能C4分化相关的基因，包括与C4代谢、C4相关化合物的运输和克兰兹解剖发育相关的基因，并将其引入C3植物中(Covshoff和Hibberd, 2012)。为了确定C4光合作用所需的基因，比较分析C4和C3植物是一种简单的方法。然而，鉴定关键的C4光合作用基因是困难的，因为许多基因甚至在C4模式植物(如玉米和高粱双色)中也是种特异性的。尽管黄草属和克莱梅属同时包括C3和C4种，并且作为替代系统引起了广泛关注(Brown et al.， 2005;k lahoglu et al.， 2014)，但仍存在物种特异性基因，这使得C4光合作用基因的核心功能集难以识别(Gowik et al.， 2011)。Eleocharis vivipara(苏柏科)是一种两栖无叶莎草，最早由Ueno等人(1988)研究。该植物在陆生条件下具有克兰兹解剖和C4生化性状，并进行NADdependent malic enzyme (nade - me)型C4光合作用。有趣的是，在水下条件下，它生长没有克兰兹解剖结构，并表现出C3生化特征。当被淹没的植物暴露在空气中，它们在大约一周内长出具有C4特征的新芽。因此，该物种适合筛选从C3光合系统到C4光合系统的生化、细胞和结构转变所必需的基因;然而，其相关的基因组和转录组学信息目前还很少
{"title":"De novo Short Read Assembly and Functional Annotation of Eleocharis vivipara , a C 3 /C 4 Interconvertible Sedge Plant","authors":"Daijiro Harada, K. Yamato, K. Izui, M. Akita","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.81","url":null,"abstract":"More than 90% of terrestrial plant species possess the C3 photosynthetic system, while only about 3% undergo C4 photosynthesis. Nevertheless, C4 plants are responsible for 25% of the annual total terrestrial plant biomass production (Langdale, 2011; Sage and Zhu, 2011). Compared with C3 plants, C4 plants generally exhibit higher CO2 assimilation abilities (about 1.5 2-fold higher in individual blades), higher yields per growing area (approximately 2 3-fold) and higher water and nitrogen use efficiencies (Black, 1979). The productivity of major C3 crops, such as rice, wheat and soybean, could be greatly increased if the CO2 concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis could be introduced into these C3 plants through genetic engineering. Such attempts have been made by various investigators (Häusler et al., 2002; Miyao et al., 2011), but no promising results have been obtained thus far. For example, several genes encoding C4 photosynthesis-related enzymes were successfully overexpressed individually or in combination in mesophyll cells of rice plants, but the transgenic plants did not perform C4-like photosynthesis and their growth rate was not accelerated appreciably (Taniguchi et al., 2008). These observations imply the introduction of genes for CO2-concentrating proteins is not sufficient to confer the C4 photosynthetic framework to C3 plants. In fact, two functionally differentiated cell types mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells and their structural arrangement called Kranz anatomy are required to concentrate CO2 and deliver it to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. This CO2 concentration system has been thought to be essential for C4 photosynthesis. To convert C3 plants into C4 ones, all genes that are related to cellular and functional C4 differentiation, including those associated with C4 metabolism, transport of C4-related compounds and development of Kranz anatomy, must be identified and introduced into C3 plants (Covshoff and Hibberd, 2012). To identify the genes required for C4 photosynthesis, a straightforward approach was comparative analysis of C4 and C3 plants. However, identification of the key C4 photosynthetic genes is difficult because many of them are species-specific even among C4 model plants (e.g., Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor). Although the genera Flaveria and Cleome include both C3 and C4 species and have attracted much attention as alternative systems (Brown et al., 2005; Külahoglu et al., 2014), there are still speciesspecific genes, which makes it difficult to identify the core functional set of C4 photosynthetic genes (Gowik et al., 2011). Eleocharis vivipara (Cyperaceae), first investigated by Ueno et al. (1988) is an amphibious leafless sedge. This plant develops Kranz anatomy and shows C4 biochemical traits under terrestrial conditions, and performs NADdependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME)-type C4 photosynthesis. Interestingly, under submerged conditions, it grows without Kranz anatomy and exhibits C3 bioc","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"47 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79479782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When chlorophyll fluorescence is measured on leaves with restricted gas exchange by a transparent film or Vaseline seal, the obtained electron transport rate in photosystem II (J PSIIseal ) was reported show a positive linear correlation with the maximum photosynthetic activity. This is because in a sealed leaf, the CO 2 substrate for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase is derived primarily from photorespiration. Our objective was to clarify whether the J PSIIseal also corresponds to photosynthetic activity in tomato leaflets. The J PSIIseal of a leaflet had a positive linear relationship with the gross photosynthetic rate at 30 mmol mol (cid:4) 1 oxygen. This suggests that the J PSIIseal represents the photosynthetic carbon fixation activity. Maintaining a tight seal with the transparent film was difficult because of the gap between the film and leaflet during transpiration. In contrast, the tight seal with Vaseline enabled measurements for at least 30 min. Additionally, the measurements could be completed faster for the Vaseline-sealed leaflets. The variation in the J PSIIseal of tomato leaflets increased with increasing leaf age. The leaf J PSIIseal (i.e., calculated based on 10 (cid:1) 13 leaflets) decreased with increasing leaf age. We propose that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for Vaseline-sealed leaflets may be useful for comprehensive analyses of tomato leaf photosynthetic characteristics.
{"title":"Evaluation of tomato photosynthetic potential based on the chlorophyll fluorescence of leaflets sealed with transparent film or Vaseline.","authors":"K. Nada, S. Kitade, S. Hiratsuka","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.7","url":null,"abstract":"When chlorophyll fluorescence is measured on leaves with restricted gas exchange by a transparent film or Vaseline seal, the obtained electron transport rate in photosystem II (J PSIIseal ) was reported show a positive linear correlation with the maximum photosynthetic activity. This is because in a sealed leaf, the CO 2 substrate for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase is derived primarily from photorespiration. Our objective was to clarify whether the J PSIIseal also corresponds to photosynthetic activity in tomato leaflets. The J PSIIseal of a leaflet had a positive linear relationship with the gross photosynthetic rate at 30 mmol mol (cid:4) 1 oxygen. This suggests that the J PSIIseal represents the photosynthetic carbon fixation activity. Maintaining a tight seal with the transparent film was difficult because of the gap between the film and leaflet during transpiration. In contrast, the tight seal with Vaseline enabled measurements for at least 30 min. Additionally, the measurements could be completed faster for the Vaseline-sealed leaflets. The variation in the J PSIIseal of tomato leaflets increased with increasing leaf age. The leaf J PSIIseal (i.e., calculated based on 10 (cid:1) 13 leaflets) decreased with increasing leaf age. We propose that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for Vaseline-sealed leaflets may be useful for comprehensive analyses of tomato leaf photosynthetic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"35 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89473912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Yasuba, Hidehito Kurosaki, T. Hoshi, T. Okayasu, Yoshiyuki Tanaka, T. Goto, Y. Yoshida
A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the “Arduino Ethernet” and the “Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield” microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.
为了构建一个低成本的温室环境控制系统，开发了一个用于开源硬件的程序库。该图书馆促进了符合泛在环境控制系统(UECS)协议的环境传感和控制设备的发展。使用的开源硬件是“Arduino Ethernet”和“Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield”微控制器板。UECS是一个通过局域网进行信息通信的温室环境控制系统，利用我们开发的库可以自动执行UECS定义的通信任务。在这个库的帮助下，设备开发人员不再需要对设备的通信方面进行编程，可以集中精力对设备的设置和控制逻辑进行编程。库占用目标板只读内存约29kb。该库和相关的开源微控制器板是开发低成本环境控制系统的强大工具。
{"title":"Development of program library using an open-source hardware for implementation of low-cost greenhouse environmental control system","authors":"K. Yasuba, Hidehito Kurosaki, T. Hoshi, T. Okayasu, Yoshiyuki Tanaka, T. Goto, Y. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.107","url":null,"abstract":"A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the “Arduino Ethernet” and the “Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield” microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"84 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72641076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar simulating light (SSL) has been widely used for evaluating the performance of photovoltaic cells and algal photosynthesis. Green plants and algae utilize chlorophylls, thus, the chlorophyll-targeting light components mostly contribute to photosynthesis. In contrast, near infrared (NIR) light hardly energizes photosynthesis. Since SSL spectrum covers a wide range of light from ultraviolet to NIR, we examined the roles of NIR components in SSL during photosynthetic O 2 evolution in Synechocystis (sp. PCC6803), by selectively and step-wisely eliminating the NIR using several NIR-cut filters. Here, the effects of intact SSL spectrum and the NIR-cut filtered SSL spectra (lacking NIR light greater than 690, 710, 750, or 810 nm) were examined. We observed that the 750 nm shortpass filter lowered the maximal photosynthetic velocity ( P max ), and concomitantly, the Michaelis constant-like value for light intensity ( K j ), whereas no significant change was observed with the 810 nm shortpass filter. We concluded that the 750 (cid:1) 810 nm band may contain the photosynthesis-stimulating NIR component acting differently from the known phenomenon (Emerson effect). In contrast, Synechocystis unexpectedly regained the photosynthetic performance by eliminating all range of NIR ( (cid:6) 710 nm), suggesting that 710 (cid:1) 750 nm far-red band corresponding to the absorption band for bacterial phytochrome is possibly inhibitory to photosynthesis.
{"title":"Possible Roles of Near-infrared Light on the Photosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under Solar Simulating Artificial Light","authors":"Kota Oshita, Takuya Suzuki, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.17","url":null,"abstract":"Solar simulating light (SSL) has been widely used for evaluating the performance of photovoltaic cells and algal photosynthesis. Green plants and algae utilize chlorophylls, thus, the chlorophyll-targeting light components mostly contribute to photosynthesis. In contrast, near infrared (NIR) light hardly energizes photosynthesis. Since SSL spectrum covers a wide range of light from ultraviolet to NIR, we examined the roles of NIR components in SSL during photosynthetic O 2 evolution in Synechocystis (sp. PCC6803), by selectively and step-wisely eliminating the NIR using several NIR-cut filters. Here, the effects of intact SSL spectrum and the NIR-cut filtered SSL spectra (lacking NIR light greater than 690, 710, 750, or 810 nm) were examined. We observed that the 750 nm shortpass filter lowered the maximal photosynthetic velocity ( P max ), and concomitantly, the Michaelis constant-like value for light intensity ( K j ), whereas no significant change was observed with the 810 nm shortpass filter. We concluded that the 750 (cid:1) 810 nm band may contain the photosynthesis-stimulating NIR component acting differently from the known phenomenon (Emerson effect). In contrast, Synechocystis unexpectedly regained the photosynthetic performance by eliminating all range of NIR ( (cid:6) 710 nm), suggesting that 710 (cid:1) 750 nm far-red band corresponding to the absorption band for bacterial phytochrome is possibly inhibitory to photosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73353469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Localized Circadian Arrhythmias in Plant Roots","authors":"N. Seki, Yusuke Tanigaki, A. Yoshida, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"24 1","pages":"93-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83233490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been steadily rising each year, from approximately 315 ppm in 1958 to 385 ppm in 2009 (Keeling et al., 2009), and are continuing to rise, with some estimates showing an increase to 700 ppm by the end of this century (Meehl et al., 2007). Generally, increases in CO2 are largely attributed to anthropogenic causes, including fossil fuel combustion and land use changes such as deforestation and urbanization (Hegerl et al., 2007). It is well established that elevated CO2 increases growth and yield of most plant species (Kimball, 1983). This added growth and yield is primarily attributed to increased rates of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (Rogers and Dahlman, 1993; Amthor, 1995). Growth in elevated CO2 induces a partial closure of leaf stomatal guard cells resulting in reduced transpiration and water loss (Jones and Mansfield, 1970) which increases water use efficiency for plants with both C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways (Prior et al., 2011). However, research has shown that biomass response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment is generally greater for plants with a C3 (33 40% increase) vs. a C4 (10 15% increase) photosynthetic pathway (Kimball, 1983; Poorter, 1993; Prior et al., 2003; 2005). Plants with a C3 photosynthetic pathway show both increased water use efficiency and increased photosynthesis, while the CO2concentrating mechanism used by C4 plants limits their photosynthetic response to CO2 enrichment (Amthor and Loomis, 1996). Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] have a C3 photosynthetic pathway and, like most plants, have a positive growth response to elevated CO2 (Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Biswas et al., 1996). In fact, total storage root dry weight response to CO2 enrichment can exceed the general range for C3 plants. Bhattacharya et al. (1985) reported increases of 87% at 675 mol mol 1 and 172.6% at 1,000 mol mol 1 for dry weight of ‘Georgia Jet’ storage roots. Biswas et al. (1996) reported total storage root dry weight increases of 44% and 75% at 665 mol mol 1 for two growing seasons. These large increases are not surprising since it is known that plants with a strong sink for photosynthate, such as sweetpotato storage roots, can respond to a greater degree than plants with other growth habits (Idso et al., 1988). In addition to use as a food crop, sweetpotato storage roots have been shown to be a good source material for bioethanol production (Qiu et al., 2010). In fact, Ziska et al. (2009) reported that sweetpotatoes (cv. Beauregard) have the ability to out-produce other sources of crop plant bioethanol (e.g., corn, potatoes, sugar cane, and sugar beets) in both Maryland and Alabama. Recently, several “industrial cultivars” of sweetpotatoes have been bred specifically for bioethanol production. For example, storage roots of the industrial sweetpotato cultivar CX-1 (Ryan-
大气中的二氧化碳浓度每年都在稳步上升，从1958年的大约315 ppm上升到2009年的385 ppm (Keeling等人，2009年)，并且还在继续上升，一些估计显示到本世纪末将增加到700 ppm (Meehl等人，2007年)。一般来说，二氧化碳的增加主要归因于人为原因，包括化石燃料燃烧和土地利用变化，如森林砍伐和城市化(Hegerl et al.， 2007)。众所周知，二氧化碳浓度升高会促进大多数植物物种的生长和产量(Kimball, 1983)。这种增加的生长和产量主要归因于光合作用和水分利用效率的提高(Rogers和Dahlman, 1993;Amthor, 1995)。在高CO2环境下的生长诱导叶片气孔保护细胞部分关闭，导致蒸腾作用和水分损失减少(Jones和Mansfield, 1970)，从而提高了具有C3和C4光合途径的植物的水分利用效率(Prior等，2011)。然而，研究表明，对于C3(增加33.40%)光合途径的植物，生物量对大气CO2富集的响应通常大于C4(增加10.15%)光合途径的植物(Kimball, 1983;要隘,1993;Prior et al.， 2003;2005)。C3光合途径的植物既提高了水分利用效率，也增加了光合作用，而C4植物使用的CO2浓缩机制限制了它们对CO2富集的光合反应(Amthor和Loomis, 1996)。红薯(L.)林。]有C3光合途径，并且像大多数植物一样，对升高的CO2有积极的生长反应(Bhattacharya et al.， 1985;Biswas et al.， 1996)。事实上，总库存量根干重对CO2富集的响应可以超过C3植物的一般范围。Bhattacharya等人(1985)报道，在675 mol mol 1条件下，“Georgia Jet”储存根的干重增加了87%，在1000 mol mol 1条件下增加了172.6%。Biswas et al.(1996)报道，在665 mol mol / 1条件下，两个生长季节总储藏根干重分别增加44%和75%。这些大幅增加并不令人惊讶，因为众所周知，具有强大光合作用库的植物，如甘薯储存根，可以比具有其他生长习惯的植物做出更大程度的响应(Idso等人，1988)。除了用作粮食作物外，甘薯储藏根已被证明是生产生物乙醇的良好原料(Qiu et al.， 2010)。事实上，Ziska et al.(2009)报道甘薯(cv。在马里兰州和阿拉巴马州，博雷加德(Beauregard)有能力生产出比其他农作物(如玉米、土豆、甘蔗和甜菜)更多的生物乙醇。最近，一些专门用于生物乙醇生产的甘薯“工业品种”被培育出来。例如，工业红薯品种CX-1 (Ryan- 1)的储存根
{"title":"Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Growth of the Industrial Sweetpotato Cultivar CX-1","authors":"G. Runion, S. Prior, T. Monday, J. Ryan-Bohac","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.89","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been steadily rising each year, from approximately 315 ppm in 1958 to 385 ppm in 2009 (Keeling et al., 2009), and are continuing to rise, with some estimates showing an increase to 700 ppm by the end of this century (Meehl et al., 2007). Generally, increases in CO2 are largely attributed to anthropogenic causes, including fossil fuel combustion and land use changes such as deforestation and urbanization (Hegerl et al., 2007). It is well established that elevated CO2 increases growth and yield of most plant species (Kimball, 1983). This added growth and yield is primarily attributed to increased rates of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (Rogers and Dahlman, 1993; Amthor, 1995). Growth in elevated CO2 induces a partial closure of leaf stomatal guard cells resulting in reduced transpiration and water loss (Jones and Mansfield, 1970) which increases water use efficiency for plants with both C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways (Prior et al., 2011). However, research has shown that biomass response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment is generally greater for plants with a C3 (33 40% increase) vs. a C4 (10 15% increase) photosynthetic pathway (Kimball, 1983; Poorter, 1993; Prior et al., 2003; 2005). Plants with a C3 photosynthetic pathway show both increased water use efficiency and increased photosynthesis, while the CO2concentrating mechanism used by C4 plants limits their photosynthetic response to CO2 enrichment (Amthor and Loomis, 1996). Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] have a C3 photosynthetic pathway and, like most plants, have a positive growth response to elevated CO2 (Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Biswas et al., 1996). In fact, total storage root dry weight response to CO2 enrichment can exceed the general range for C3 plants. Bhattacharya et al. (1985) reported increases of 87% at 675 mol mol 1 and 172.6% at 1,000 mol mol 1 for dry weight of ‘Georgia Jet’ storage roots. Biswas et al. (1996) reported total storage root dry weight increases of 44% and 75% at 665 mol mol 1 for two growing seasons. These large increases are not surprising since it is known that plants with a strong sink for photosynthate, such as sweetpotato storage roots, can respond to a greater degree than plants with other growth habits (Idso et al., 1988). In addition to use as a food crop, sweetpotato storage roots have been shown to be a good source material for bioethanol production (Qiu et al., 2010). In fact, Ziska et al. (2009) reported that sweetpotatoes (cv. Beauregard) have the ability to out-produce other sources of crop plant bioethanol (e.g., corn, potatoes, sugar cane, and sugar beets) in both Maryland and Alabama. Recently, several “industrial cultivars” of sweetpotatoes have been bred specifically for bioethanol production. For example, storage roots of the industrial sweetpotato cultivar CX-1 (Ryan-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"141 1","pages":"89-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91195958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relationships between the Number of First-Flush Flowers and Leaf Water Potential or Leaf ABA Content Affected by Varying Degrees of Water Stress in Meiwa Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle)","authors":"N. Iwasaki, Y. Nakano, Kaori Suzuki, A. Mochizuki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.59","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"2015 1","pages":"59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87845849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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