Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479592
E. Çulcuoğlu, E. Ünay, F. Karaosmanoglu, D. Angın, S. Şensöz
Pyrolysis is the most important process in the thermal conversion processes of biomass. In this study, pyrolysis of the rapeseed cake was performed within a fixed bed reactor under static nitrogen atmosphere at 650°C pyrolysis temperature and at 15°C min −1 heating rate. The various properties of bio-oil acquired under these conditions were identified. The results of bio-oil showed the green candidate fuel.
{"title":"Characterization of the Bio-Oil of Rapeseed Cake","authors":"E. Çulcuoğlu, E. Ünay, F. Karaosmanoglu, D. Angın, S. Şensöz","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479592","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrolysis is the most important process in the thermal conversion processes of biomass. In this study, pyrolysis of the rapeseed cake was performed within a fixed bed reactor under static nitrogen atmosphere at 650°C pyrolysis temperature and at 15°C min −1 heating rate. The various properties of bio-oil acquired under these conditions were identified. The results of bio-oil showed the green candidate fuel.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78684951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Treatment of the crude oil pollution in seawater has attracted global attention during the last two decades. This study was undertaken using circular conduits as a mechanical means to clean oil spills in seawater under different conditions of temperature, oil gravity, shaking frequency, conduit diameter, and initial thickness of oil layer. An experimental model was designed and built to achieve the study. It consists of shaking water bath (to represent sea waves) fitted with temperature controller and glass tubes of different inside diameters of 0.3 cm, 0.5 cm, and 0.7 cm. Three crude oils of different oil gravity of 35°API, 38°API, and 47°API were investigated under different shaking frequencies of 20, 40, and 60 stroke/minute with different tube diameters. The results proved that application of mechanical cleaning of oil spills using circular conduits is a practical technique. The cleaning of black oil spills is more efficient than one of volatile oil. Furthermore, the results indicated that the increase of shaking frequency and/or water temperature provide(s) faster cleaning of oil spills while temperature increase recovers the maximum oil.
{"title":"Mechanical Cleaning of Oil Spills in Seawater Using Circular Conduits","authors":"S. Shedid, J. H. Abou-Kassem, A. Zekri","doi":"10.1080/009083190519366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519366","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment of the crude oil pollution in seawater has attracted global attention during the last two decades. This study was undertaken using circular conduits as a mechanical means to clean oil spills in seawater under different conditions of temperature, oil gravity, shaking frequency, conduit diameter, and initial thickness of oil layer. An experimental model was designed and built to achieve the study. It consists of shaking water bath (to represent sea waves) fitted with temperature controller and glass tubes of different inside diameters of 0.3 cm, 0.5 cm, and 0.7 cm. Three crude oils of different oil gravity of 35°API, 38°API, and 47°API were investigated under different shaking frequencies of 20, 40, and 60 stroke/minute with different tube diameters. The results proved that application of mechanical cleaning of oil spills using circular conduits is a practical technique. The cleaning of black oil spills is more efficient than one of volatile oil. Furthermore, the results indicated that the increase of shaking frequency and/or water temperature provide(s) faster cleaning of oil spills while temperature increase recovers the maximum oil.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80412786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ailanthus altissima and Spruce orientalis chips were delignified by using glycerol as a solvent and alkaline-gliycerol with and without catalyst at different temperatures (438, 458, 478, and 498 K) in atmospheric pressure, and results were compared with the other organic solvent systems.
{"title":"Delignification of Biomass Using Alkaline Glycerol","authors":"M. Küçük","doi":"10.1080/009083190519375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519375","url":null,"abstract":"Ailanthus altissima and Spruce orientalis chips were delignified by using glycerol as a solvent and alkaline-gliycerol with and without catalyst at different temperatures (438, 458, 478, and 498 K) in atmospheric pressure, and results were compared with the other organic solvent systems.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75572339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of both the heating rate and temperature of pyrolysis on liquid product and charcoal yields. The temperature was maintained at 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, and 800 K, while the heating rates were 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 K/s. The maximum liquid product yield of 35.2% was obtained at a final pyrolysis temperature of 700 K. It was concluded that both the temperature and heating rate had a significant effect on both yield of liquid product and charcoal resulting from pyrolysis of beech trunkbark. The yield of liquid product increases from 23.4 to 27.3% for 2 K/s run and it increases from 30.5 to 35.2% for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 700 K. The yield of charcoal decreases from 66.8 to 49.6% for 2 K/s run and it decreases from 52.7 to 37.8% for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 800 K. The higher heating values (HHVs) of liquid products increase from 26 to 29 MJ/kg for 2 K/s run and it increases from 30 to 35 MJ/J for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 750 K. The HHVs increase with increasing both the heating rate and the pyrolysis temperature up to 750 K. The HHVs of charcoals increase from 23 to 29 MJ/kg for 2 K/s run and from 26 to 35 MJ/J for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 800 K.
{"title":"Yields and Heating Values of Liquids and Chars from Spruce Trunkbark Pyrolysis","authors":"A. Hilal DemirbaŞ","doi":"10.1080/009083190523208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523208","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were designed to investigate the effects of both the heating rate and temperature of pyrolysis on liquid product and charcoal yields. The temperature was maintained at 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, and 800 K, while the heating rates were 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 K/s. The maximum liquid product yield of 35.2% was obtained at a final pyrolysis temperature of 700 K. It was concluded that both the temperature and heating rate had a significant effect on both yield of liquid product and charcoal resulting from pyrolysis of beech trunkbark. The yield of liquid product increases from 23.4 to 27.3% for 2 K/s run and it increases from 30.5 to 35.2% for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 700 K. The yield of charcoal decreases from 66.8 to 49.6% for 2 K/s run and it decreases from 52.7 to 37.8% for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 800 K. The higher heating values (HHVs) of liquid products increase from 26 to 29 MJ/kg for 2 K/s run and it increases from 30 to 35 MJ/J for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 750 K. The HHVs increase with increasing both the heating rate and the pyrolysis temperature up to 750 K. The HHVs of charcoals increase from 23 to 29 MJ/kg for 2 K/s run and from 26 to 35 MJ/J for 100 K/s run as the final temperature was raised from 550 to 800 K.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84467644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the present study is to describe non-catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste materials and to determine yields of pyrolysis products. The waste plastics of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) were pyrolyzed in this study. Pyrolysis appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky, high polluting industrial waste while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes and aromatics. The total yields of paraffins and olefins of PE and PP wastes obtained by pyrolysis were higher than that of PS. The yields of paraffins from plastic wastes decrease from 34.4 to 27.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 800 K, and then slightly increase with temperature increasing from 825 to 875 K. The yields of olefins decrease from 41.3 to 32.4 with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875 K. The yields of naphthalenes increase from 19.5 to 22.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875 K. The yields of aromatics increase from 3.2 to 11.5% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875.
{"title":"Recovery of Chemicals and Gasoline-Range Fuels from Plastic Wastes via Pyrolysis","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/009083190519500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519500","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to describe non-catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste materials and to determine yields of pyrolysis products. The waste plastics of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) were pyrolyzed in this study. Pyrolysis appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky, high polluting industrial waste while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes and aromatics. The total yields of paraffins and olefins of PE and PP wastes obtained by pyrolysis were higher than that of PS. The yields of paraffins from plastic wastes decrease from 34.4 to 27.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 800 K, and then slightly increase with temperature increasing from 825 to 875 K. The yields of olefins decrease from 41.3 to 32.4 with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875 K. The yields of naphthalenes increase from 19.5 to 22.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875 K. The yields of aromatics increase from 3.2 to 11.5% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 625 to 875.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82014502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The simulation of multivariate petrophysical relationships between core and well-log derived parameters on the example of the South Caspian Basin is discussed. For developing the petrophysical relationships, a number of deterministic and stochastic calculating procedures are used by the authors. These relationships are widely used in petroleum geology and reservoir engineering for hydrocarbon reserves estimation, reservoir description and simulation, field development planning, and reservoir production management.
{"title":"Petrophysical Simulation in Petroleum Geology and Reservoir Engineering","authors":"L. Buryakovsky, G. Chilingar","doi":"10.1080/009083190519537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519537","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation of multivariate petrophysical relationships between core and well-log derived parameters on the example of the South Caspian Basin is discussed. For developing the petrophysical relationships, a number of deterministic and stochastic calculating procedures are used by the authors. These relationships are widely used in petroleum geology and reservoir engineering for hydrocarbon reserves estimation, reservoir description and simulation, field development planning, and reservoir production management.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88152113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recognition of traps most likely to contain hydrocarbons, while making reconnaissance surveys or at an early stage of exploration, has never been an easy task. Utilizing mathematical indicators can allow the identification of likely traps containing oil and/or gas accumulation during early exploratory drilling programs. The guidelines set forth in this article permit one to refine the exploration and delineation operations and focus exploration efforts on only those traps that are most likely to contain economic hydrocarbons. This “focusing” saves valuable time and economic resources.
{"title":"Prediction of Hydrocarbon Reservoir/Trap Type in Stratified Sedimentary Deposits","authors":"L. A. Buryakovsky, G. Chilingar","doi":"10.1080/009083190523127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523127","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition of traps most likely to contain hydrocarbons, while making reconnaissance surveys or at an early stage of exploration, has never been an easy task. Utilizing mathematical indicators can allow the identification of likely traps containing oil and/or gas accumulation during early exploratory drilling programs. The guidelines set forth in this article permit one to refine the exploration and delineation operations and focus exploration efforts on only those traps that are most likely to contain economic hydrocarbons. This “focusing” saves valuable time and economic resources.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80843757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The viscosity of raw vegetable oil is rather higher than that of diesel fuel. High viscosity has a negative effect on atomization quality, and so engine performance and exhaust emission are affected badly; this causes failure of engine parts. To decrease viscosity of vegetable oil, methyl ester was produced and tested as an alternative fuel in a single cylinder, four strokes, air-cooled diesel engine. The viscosity of sunflower oil methyl ester obtained after transesterification was reduced considerably and heating value was improved. Engine tests were carried out at full load-different speed range; the engine torque and power of sunflower oil methyl ester was lower than that of diesel fuel in range of 6–18% and specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel of approximately 3%. CO 2 , CO and NO x emissions of sunflower methyl ester were lower than that of diesel fuel. The sunflower oil methyl ester fuel was used successfully as alternative fuel in short-term tests.
{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of Sunflower Oil Methyl Esther on the Performance of a Diesel Engine","authors":"C. İlkiliç, H. S. Yücesu","doi":"10.1080/009083190519311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519311","url":null,"abstract":"The viscosity of raw vegetable oil is rather higher than that of diesel fuel. High viscosity has a negative effect on atomization quality, and so engine performance and exhaust emission are affected badly; this causes failure of engine parts. To decrease viscosity of vegetable oil, methyl ester was produced and tested as an alternative fuel in a single cylinder, four strokes, air-cooled diesel engine. The viscosity of sunflower oil methyl ester obtained after transesterification was reduced considerably and heating value was improved. Engine tests were carried out at full load-different speed range; the engine torque and power of sunflower oil methyl ester was lower than that of diesel fuel in range of 6–18% and specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel of approximately 3%. CO 2 , CO and NO x emissions of sunflower methyl ester were lower than that of diesel fuel. The sunflower oil methyl ester fuel was used successfully as alternative fuel in short-term tests.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78239039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The models of the nonlinear radial flow for the finite fractal reservoirs including a quadratic gradient term are presented. Generalized orthogonal transform is given by using the orthogonality of eigenfunction. We give the exact solution in real space for flow equation including quadratic gradient term for both constant-rate and constant-pressure production cases from in a finite system by using generalized orthogonal transform. Both closed and constant pressure outer boundary conditions are considered. Moreover, the difference between the nonlinear pressure solution and linear pressure solution is analyzed, and the difference may be reached about 10% in the long time. The effect of the quadratic gradient term in the large time well test may be considered.
{"title":"Exact Solution of Pressure Transient Model for Fluid Flow in Fractal Reservoir Including a Quadratic Gradient Term","authors":"Tong Deng-ke, Wang Rui-he","doi":"10.1080/009083190519168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519168","url":null,"abstract":"The models of the nonlinear radial flow for the finite fractal reservoirs including a quadratic gradient term are presented. Generalized orthogonal transform is given by using the orthogonality of eigenfunction. We give the exact solution in real space for flow equation including quadratic gradient term for both constant-rate and constant-pressure production cases from in a finite system by using generalized orthogonal transform. Both closed and constant pressure outer boundary conditions are considered. Moreover, the difference between the nonlinear pressure solution and linear pressure solution is analyzed, and the difference may be reached about 10% in the long time. The effect of the quadratic gradient term in the large time well test may be considered.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89247456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, heavy metal levels in selected fly ash samples of various biomass types (municipal solid waste, hazelnut shell, wheat straw, olive husk, walnut shell, almond shell, sunflower shell, and beech wood) were determined. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Sn, Sb, Se, V, Mo, and As metals were determined in the fly ash samples. Chemical analyses of biomass fly ashes showed that they were mainly composed of SiO 2 , CaO, K 2 O, and Al 2 O 3 . The highest heavy metal levels were found in MSW fly ash. The fly ash from beech wood has generally higher As, Cd, Pb, and Hg contents than those of agricultural residues. Compared with bottom ash, Pb and Cd concentrations in fly ash were 10–20 times higher. The fly ash samples from beech wood and hazelnut shell have aerosol particles of more than 30 and 10%, respectively.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Contents of Fly Ashes from Selected Biomass Samples","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/009083190519384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519384","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, heavy metal levels in selected fly ash samples of various biomass types (municipal solid waste, hazelnut shell, wheat straw, olive husk, walnut shell, almond shell, sunflower shell, and beech wood) were determined. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Sn, Sb, Se, V, Mo, and As metals were determined in the fly ash samples. Chemical analyses of biomass fly ashes showed that they were mainly composed of SiO 2 , CaO, K 2 O, and Al 2 O 3 . The highest heavy metal levels were found in MSW fly ash. The fly ash from beech wood has generally higher As, Cd, Pb, and Hg contents than those of agricultural residues. Compared with bottom ash, Pb and Cd concentrations in fly ash were 10–20 times higher. The fly ash samples from beech wood and hazelnut shell have aerosol particles of more than 30 and 10%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86498365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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