Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449009
F. Gumrah, Ö. Izgec, U. Gokcesu, S. Baǧci
Abstract It is possible to predict the behavior of fluids in permeable and porous medium under different operating conditions by using reservoir models. Since geological data and reservoir properties can be defined most accurately by reservoir models, it has been accepted as a reliable prediction tool among reservoir engineers. In this study, a gas reservoir has been modeled with IMEX Module of CMG Reservoir Simulator. Rock properties, gas composition and certain production data were entered to the model as input data and the measured field data were matched with simulated ones. After the 5 year depletion of the reservoir by vertical wells, the average reservoir pressure dropped from an original reservoir pressure of 2150 psi to 1200 psi. This depleted reservoir was planned to be used for gas storage purposes. The remaining gas was used as cushion gas during the conversion of this reservoir to an underground gas storage field. Afterwards, horizontal wells were defined in the model and certain production/injection scenarios were simulated for the gas storage operation.
{"title":"Modeling of Underground Gas Storage in a Depleted Gas Field","authors":"F. Gumrah, Ö. Izgec, U. Gokcesu, S. Baǧci","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is possible to predict the behavior of fluids in permeable and porous medium under different operating conditions by using reservoir models. Since geological data and reservoir properties can be defined most accurately by reservoir models, it has been accepted as a reliable prediction tool among reservoir engineers. In this study, a gas reservoir has been modeled with IMEX Module of CMG Reservoir Simulator. Rock properties, gas composition and certain production data were entered to the model as input data and the measured field data were matched with simulated ones. After the 5 year depletion of the reservoir by vertical wells, the average reservoir pressure dropped from an original reservoir pressure of 2150 psi to 1200 psi. This depleted reservoir was planned to be used for gas storage purposes. The remaining gas was used as cushion gas during the conversion of this reservoir to an underground gas storage field. Afterwards, horizontal wells were defined in the model and certain production/injection scenarios were simulated for the gas storage operation.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74603860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450737
Samuel U. Amadi, A. Dandekar, G. Chukwu, S. Khataniar, S. Patil, William F. Haslebacher, J. Chaddock
As part of a major project on studying the operational challenges in gas-to-liquids (GTL) transportation through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), the wax appearance temperatures (WAT) of GTL products and the Alaska North Slope Crude (ANSC) and their blends were measured. The WAT measurements of GTL products were based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3117 standard, whereas the WAT measurements of ANSC and its blends with the GTL products were measured by the viscometry technique. The reliability of the viscometry technique was ascertained by comparing the WATs of the colorless GTL products measured by the ASTM D 3117 method. The WATs measured by the viscometry technique and the ASTM D3117 method were found to be in excellent agreement.
作为研究跨阿拉斯加管道系统(TAPS)气转液(GTL)运输操作挑战的主要项目的一部分，测量了GTL产品和阿拉斯加北坡原油(ANSC)及其混合物的蜡样温度(WAT)。GTL产品的WAT测量基于美国材料试验协会(ASTM) D3117标准，而ANSC及其与GTL产品的共混物的WAT测量采用粘度测定技术。通过比较ASTM D 3117法测定的无色GTL产品的WATs，确定了粘度测定技术的可靠性。用粘度法和ASTM D3117法测定的wts值非常吻合。
{"title":"Measurement of the Wax Appearance Temperature of Gas-to-Liquids Products, Alaska North Slope Crude, and their Blends","authors":"Samuel U. Amadi, A. Dandekar, G. Chukwu, S. Khataniar, S. Patil, William F. Haslebacher, J. Chaddock","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450737","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a major project on studying the operational challenges in gas-to-liquids (GTL) transportation through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), the wax appearance temperatures (WAT) of GTL products and the Alaska North Slope Crude (ANSC) and their blends were measured. The WAT measurements of GTL products were based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3117 standard, whereas the WAT measurements of ANSC and its blends with the GTL products were measured by the viscometry technique. The reliability of the viscometry technique was ascertained by comparing the WATs of the colorless GTL products measured by the ASTM D 3117 method. The WATs measured by the viscometry technique and the ASTM D3117 method were found to be in excellent agreement.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83312606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449108
M. Balat, N. Ozdemir
Turkey's natural gas (NG) production is very small and is almost all imported. Turkish natural gas production in 2000, 23 billion cubic feet (Bcf), met around 4% of domestic natural gas consumption requirements. NG consumption is estimated at around 700 Bcf in year 2002, accounting for around 17% of Turkey's total energy consumption. Turkish natural gas demand had been projected to increase extremely rapidly in coming years. Country oil production is 50,674 barrels per day (bbl/d) of which 46,674 bbl/d was crude oil in 2002. In 2002, oil consumption was 635,000 bbl/d and net oil imports was 584,326 bbl/d in Turkey. Oil provides around 43% of Turkey's total energy requirements.
{"title":"Turkey's Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines System","authors":"M. Balat, N. Ozdemir","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449108","url":null,"abstract":"Turkey's natural gas (NG) production is very small and is almost all imported. Turkish natural gas production in 2000, 23 billion cubic feet (Bcf), met around 4% of domestic natural gas consumption requirements. NG consumption is estimated at around 700 Bcf in year 2002, accounting for around 17% of Turkey's total energy consumption. Turkish natural gas demand had been projected to increase extremely rapidly in coming years. Country oil production is 50,674 barrels per day (bbl/d) of which 46,674 bbl/d was crude oil in 2002. In 2002, oil consumption was 635,000 bbl/d and net oil imports was 584,326 bbl/d in Turkey. Oil provides around 43% of Turkey's total energy requirements.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82841991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448992
A. Hepbasli
Abstract For conventional energy technologies, energy and exergy analyses have been performed and have yielded useful results. Besides this, for advanced energy technologies, the use of energy and exergy analyses can be expected to provide meaningful insights into performance that will assist in achieving optimal designs. In this regard, this study describes the modeling and analysis of sectoral energy and exergy utilization. The sectors considered are subgrouped into four main sectors, namely, utility, industrial, commercial-residential and transportation. The modeling presented here is expected to assist in the simulation and optimization activities and also in the planned studies towards increasing energy efficiencies in the sectors studied.
{"title":"Modeling of Sectoral Energy and Exergy Utilization","authors":"A. Hepbasli","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448992","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For conventional energy technologies, energy and exergy analyses have been performed and have yielded useful results. Besides this, for advanced energy technologies, the use of energy and exergy analyses can be expected to provide meaningful insights into performance that will assist in achieving optimal designs. In this regard, this study describes the modeling and analysis of sectoral energy and exergy utilization. The sectors considered are subgrouped into four main sectors, namely, utility, industrial, commercial-residential and transportation. The modeling presented here is expected to assist in the simulation and optimization activities and also in the planned studies towards increasing energy efficiencies in the sectors studied.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78512734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449360
G. Mushrush, J. Wynne, C. T. Lloyd, H. Willauer, J. Hughes
It has been proposed that biodiesel liquids be used as blending stocks for middle distillate ground transportation fuels by the Department of Defense. The U.S. Navy is considering allowing up to 20% biodiesel to be added as a blending stock to petroleum diesel fuels. It is important for operational consideration to look at the many problems this could present. Among the more important considerations are storage stability, filterability, fuel solubility, oxidative stability and induced instability reactions. This article reports on the use of recycled soybean derived fuel liquids. The fuel liquid was derived from recycled restaurant cooking oil with no added antioxidant after reprocessing. We compare this biodiesel in blends of both 10% and 20% with stable and unstable middle distillate fuels for storage stability, oxidative stability, solubility, and chemical instability results.
{"title":"Recycled Soybean Derived Cooking Oils as Blending Stocks for Middle Distillate Transportation Fuels","authors":"G. Mushrush, J. Wynne, C. T. Lloyd, H. Willauer, J. Hughes","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449360","url":null,"abstract":"It has been proposed that biodiesel liquids be used as blending stocks for middle distillate ground transportation fuels by the Department of Defense. The U.S. Navy is considering allowing up to 20% biodiesel to be added as a blending stock to petroleum diesel fuels. It is important for operational consideration to look at the many problems this could present. Among the more important considerations are storage stability, filterability, fuel solubility, oxidative stability and induced instability reactions. This article reports on the use of recycled soybean derived fuel liquids. The fuel liquid was derived from recycled restaurant cooking oil with no added antioxidant after reprocessing. We compare this biodiesel in blends of both 10% and 20% with stable and unstable middle distillate fuels for storage stability, oxidative stability, solubility, and chemical instability results.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74327415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490478791
S. Baǧci
In this study, 16 experiments were conducted to study the effects of pressure on crude oil oxidation in limestone medium. Karakus (29°API), Beykan (32°API), Bati Raman (12°API), Camurlu (12°API), Adiyaman (26°API), Garzan (28°API) and Raman (18°API) crude oil from Turkish oil fields were used. The mixture of limestone and the crude oil was subjected to a controlled heating schedule under a constant flow rate of air. The produced gas was analyzed for its oxygen and carbon oxides contents. The results of reaction kinetics showed that the molar CO2/CO ratio values of fuel combustion increased with increasing pressure. A decrease in the atomic H/C ratio with an increase in temperature was observed for all runs. Results indicate that oxygen consumed increases with increasing operating pressure. This means more fuel is burnt by increasing the pressure, which is due to the effect of pressure on the volatility of the oil components. Because increasing pressure will depress oil volatility, the fuel availability would increase. This also suggests that distillation might be the dominant mechanism for fuel deposition. A trend of increase in activation energy values by increasing pressure is observed.
{"title":"Effect of Pressure on Combustion Kinetics of Heavy Oils","authors":"S. Baǧci","doi":"10.1080/00908310490478791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490478791","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, 16 experiments were conducted to study the effects of pressure on crude oil oxidation in limestone medium. Karakus (29°API), Beykan (32°API), Bati Raman (12°API), Camurlu (12°API), Adiyaman (26°API), Garzan (28°API) and Raman (18°API) crude oil from Turkish oil fields were used. The mixture of limestone and the crude oil was subjected to a controlled heating schedule under a constant flow rate of air. The produced gas was analyzed for its oxygen and carbon oxides contents. The results of reaction kinetics showed that the molar CO2/CO ratio values of fuel combustion increased with increasing pressure. A decrease in the atomic H/C ratio with an increase in temperature was observed for all runs. Results indicate that oxygen consumed increases with increasing operating pressure. This means more fuel is burnt by increasing the pressure, which is due to the effect of pressure on the volatility of the oil components. Because increasing pressure will depress oil volatility, the fuel availability would increase. This also suggests that distillation might be the dominant mechanism for fuel deposition. A trend of increase in activation energy values by increasing pressure is observed.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78569545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449081
M. Balat
With a young and growing population, low per capita electricity consumption, rapid urbanization and strong economic growth, for nearly two decades, Turkey has been one of the fastest growing power markets in the world. Projections by Turkey's Electricity Generating and Transmission Corporation (TEAŞ), a public company which owns and operates 15 thermal and 30 hydroelectric plants generating 91% of Turkey's electricity, indicate that rapid (as high as 10% annual) growth in electricity consumption will continue over the next 15 years. Turkey's electric production was 160 billion kilowatt-hours [kWh] in year 2002. Turkey may need to triple its total electric power generating capacity to around 64 gigawatts (GW) by 2010. According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), this would also require investments of $4–$4.5 billion per year.
{"title":"Turkey's Hydropower Potential and Electricity Generation Policy Overview Beginning in the Twenty-First Century","authors":"M. Balat","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449081","url":null,"abstract":"With a young and growing population, low per capita electricity consumption, rapid urbanization and strong economic growth, for nearly two decades, Turkey has been one of the fastest growing power markets in the world. Projections by Turkey's Electricity Generating and Transmission Corporation (TEAŞ), a public company which owns and operates 15 thermal and 30 hydroelectric plants generating 91% of Turkey's electricity, indicate that rapid (as high as 10% annual) growth in electricity consumption will continue over the next 15 years. Turkey's electric production was 160 billion kilowatt-hours [kWh] in year 2002. Turkey may need to triple its total electric power generating capacity to around 64 gigawatts (GW) by 2010. According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), this would also require investments of $4–$4.5 billion per year.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83892696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450845
S. Akin, M. Demiral
The broad objective of this study is to determine the limitations of the three-phase relative permeability estimation technique by using the experimental approach. In order to achieve this goal, three-phase relative permeability experiments were conducted on a Berea sandstone core plug by using brine, hexane and nitrogen gas. An unsteady-state analytical technique and a numerical technique where a black oil simulator was coupled with a global optimization algorithm in a least squares manner was used to compute three-phase relative permeabilities. It has been found that basic assumptions of linear flow and monotonic saturation changes, required for three-phase extensions of two-phase Johnson-Bossler-Nauman (JBN) theory, are violated in the displacement experiments, leading to errors in computed relative permeabilites even at high rates.
{"title":"Limitations of Three-Phase Buckley-Leverett Theory","authors":"S. Akin, M. Demiral","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450845","url":null,"abstract":"The broad objective of this study is to determine the limitations of the three-phase relative permeability estimation technique by using the experimental approach. In order to achieve this goal, three-phase relative permeability experiments were conducted on a Berea sandstone core plug by using brine, hexane and nitrogen gas. An unsteady-state analytical technique and a numerical technique where a black oil simulator was coupled with a global optimization algorithm in a least squares manner was used to compute three-phase relative permeabilities. It has been found that basic assumptions of linear flow and monotonic saturation changes, required for three-phase extensions of two-phase Johnson-Bossler-Nauman (JBN) theory, are violated in the displacement experiments, leading to errors in computed relative permeabilites even at high rates.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83016614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449045
M. Balat, G. Ayar
Abstract The aim of biomass development projects is to identify whether it is possible to utilize biomass in the energy production sector by substituting a portion of conventional fuel by biomass to perform combined combustion. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the near future. The world production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth. Biomass accounts for 35% of primary energy consumption in developing countries, raising the world total to 14% of primary energy consumption. In the future, biomass has the potential to provide a cost-effective and sustainable supply of energy, while at the same time aiding countries in meeting their greenhouse gas reduction targets. By the year 2050, it is estimated that 90% of the world population will live in developing countries.
{"title":"Biomass Energy in the World, Use of Biomass and Potential Trends","authors":"M. Balat, G. Ayar","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of biomass development projects is to identify whether it is possible to utilize biomass in the energy production sector by substituting a portion of conventional fuel by biomass to perform combined combustion. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the near future. The world production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth. Biomass accounts for 35% of primary energy consumption in developing countries, raising the world total to 14% of primary energy consumption. In the future, biomass has the potential to provide a cost-effective and sustainable supply of energy, while at the same time aiding countries in meeting their greenhouse gas reduction targets. By the year 2050, it is estimated that 90% of the world population will live in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74796978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449342
H. Karaca
In this study, effects of coal liquefaction parameters on the removal of oxygen, the higher heating value of char, and soluble products during the catalyst physically mixing or impregnation of the two Turkish lignites were investigated. According to the results, the effects on the higher heating value of char and the soluble products of the reaction parameters were almost similar for both lignites. In the case of catalysts physically mixing, the higher heating value of total soluble products of Beypazari lignite increased as a result of increase in solvent/coal ratio and temperature. In the case of the catalyst physically mixing and impregnation of Tuncbilek lignite, the higher heating value of char and the soluble products was observed to have increased considerably at 350–400°C of the reaction temperature in 10–60 minutes of reaction time. According to the results of FT-I.R., it was observed that functional groups with oxygen (carboxylic, carbonyl and etheric) were decreased or removed completely, depending on the liquefaction conditions.
{"title":"Effects of Coal Liquefaction Parameters on the Removal of Oxygen and the Higher Heating Value of the Soluble Products","authors":"H. Karaca","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449342","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, effects of coal liquefaction parameters on the removal of oxygen, the higher heating value of char, and soluble products during the catalyst physically mixing or impregnation of the two Turkish lignites were investigated. According to the results, the effects on the higher heating value of char and the soluble products of the reaction parameters were almost similar for both lignites. In the case of catalysts physically mixing, the higher heating value of total soluble products of Beypazari lignite increased as a result of increase in solvent/coal ratio and temperature. In the case of the catalyst physically mixing and impregnation of Tuncbilek lignite, the higher heating value of char and the soluble products was observed to have increased considerably at 350–400°C of the reaction temperature in 10–60 minutes of reaction time. According to the results of FT-I.R., it was observed that functional groups with oxygen (carboxylic, carbonyl and etheric) were decreased or removed completely, depending on the liquefaction conditions.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82336056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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