Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450656
Amit P. Sharma, A. Dandekar, G. Chukwu, S. Khataniar, S. Patil, William F. Haslebacher, J. Chaddock
The feasibility of transporting gas-to-liquids (GTL) products (natural gas chemically converted to liquid hydrocarbons) through an existing oil pipeline—the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)—for bringing value to Alaska's vast stranded natural gas resources is currently being investigated. As part of this major project, the phase behavior measurement and modeling of GTL and Alaska North Slope crude (ANSC) oil blends have been carried out. The saturation pressures for various types of GTL and ANSC oil blends were measured in a conventional windows based PVT apparatus. The phase behavior of GTL and ANSC oil blends were also modeled by the Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations-of-state. The measured and modeled saturation pressures were found to be in close agreement. The results also indicated that the GTL and ANSC oil blends would always exist as single-phase liquid under the current TAPS operating conditions.
{"title":"Phase Behavior Measurement and Modeling of Gas-to-Liquids and Alaska North Slope Crude Oil Blends","authors":"Amit P. Sharma, A. Dandekar, G. Chukwu, S. Khataniar, S. Patil, William F. Haslebacher, J. Chaddock","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450656","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility of transporting gas-to-liquids (GTL) products (natural gas chemically converted to liquid hydrocarbons) through an existing oil pipeline—the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)—for bringing value to Alaska's vast stranded natural gas resources is currently being investigated. As part of this major project, the phase behavior measurement and modeling of GTL and Alaska North Slope crude (ANSC) oil blends have been carried out. The saturation pressures for various types of GTL and ANSC oil blends were measured in a conventional windows based PVT apparatus. The phase behavior of GTL and ANSC oil blends were also modeled by the Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations-of-state. The measured and modeled saturation pressures were found to be in close agreement. The results also indicated that the GTL and ANSC oil blends would always exist as single-phase liquid under the current TAPS operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87956087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310590967283
J. Speight
{"title":"A Review of: “The Chemistry of Alberta Oil Sands Bitumens and Heavy Oils”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310590967283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310590967283","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88300189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Antoniadis, S. M. Abatzi, E. Mavridou, T. Gentzis
The lignite deposit at Pontokomi (Sector 6) in the Ptolemaida Basin of Greece was studied petrographically so that the conditions that prevailed in the paleo-environment could be analyzed. The above deposit is situated in the northwestern part of the broader basin of Ptolemaida in Macedonia, Greece. It consists of alternating beds of lignite and interbedded strata. The interburden is made of clay marls, occasionally enriched in sand. Thirty-seven samples of lignite were taken for analysis from two representative coreholes (Δ3 and Δ5) located in the central part of the lignite deposit. The study showed that macerals of the huminite group were dominant, followed by inertinite macerals. Liptinites made up a small percentage of the total population. Densinite, attrinite, eu-ulminite, corpohuminite and detrogelinite were the most abundant huminite group macerals, respectively. Inertodetrinite and fusinite were the dominant inertinite macerals, while sporinite and resinite were the predominant litpinite macerals. Mineral matter consisted mainly of clays, carbonates and pyrite. Detailed maceral analysis allowed us to obtain indices related to the wetness in the peat swamp (GI), degree of vegetation growth (VI), level of water table (GWI), and preservation of plant tissues (TPI). By comparing ratios of these indices and correlating them to ternary diagrams developed by different authors, we were able to obtain valuable information as to the conditions that dominated in the original peat swamp. The ratio of VI/GWI provided data on the hydrology and nutrient supply in the peat-forming environment, whereas the ratio of TPI/GI was used to interpret the paleo-environment in relation to the water table. Evaluation of the data showed that the environment that hosted the parent flora was limnic (open water) dominated by grasses and sedges under rheotrophic to mesotrophic nutrient supply conditions.
{"title":"Reconstruction of the Paleoenvironment of the Lignite Deposit at Pontokomi (Sector 6), Ptolemaida Basin, Greece, Based on Its Maceral Composition","authors":"P. Antoniadis, S. M. Abatzi, E. Mavridou, T. Gentzis","doi":"10.1080/009083190518998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190518998","url":null,"abstract":"The lignite deposit at Pontokomi (Sector 6) in the Ptolemaida Basin of Greece was studied petrographically so that the conditions that prevailed in the paleo-environment could be analyzed. The above deposit is situated in the northwestern part of the broader basin of Ptolemaida in Macedonia, Greece. It consists of alternating beds of lignite and interbedded strata. The interburden is made of clay marls, occasionally enriched in sand. Thirty-seven samples of lignite were taken for analysis from two representative coreholes (Δ3 and Δ5) located in the central part of the lignite deposit. The study showed that macerals of the huminite group were dominant, followed by inertinite macerals. Liptinites made up a small percentage of the total population. Densinite, attrinite, eu-ulminite, corpohuminite and detrogelinite were the most abundant huminite group macerals, respectively. Inertodetrinite and fusinite were the dominant inertinite macerals, while sporinite and resinite were the predominant litpinite macerals. Mineral matter consisted mainly of clays, carbonates and pyrite. Detailed maceral analysis allowed us to obtain indices related to the wetness in the peat swamp (GI), degree of vegetation growth (VI), level of water table (GWI), and preservation of plant tissues (TPI). By comparing ratios of these indices and correlating them to ternary diagrams developed by different authors, we were able to obtain valuable information as to the conditions that dominated in the original peat swamp. The ratio of VI/GWI provided data on the hydrology and nutrient supply in the peat-forming environment, whereas the ratio of TPI/GI was used to interpret the paleo-environment in relation to the water table. Evaluation of the data showed that the environment that hosted the parent flora was limnic (open water) dominated by grasses and sedges under rheotrophic to mesotrophic nutrient supply conditions.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87752872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448550
A. Demirbaş
Abstract In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Turkey theoretically has 160 terrawatt hours a year of wind potential. Substantial potential of wind energy in Turkey is important with respect to the economic, financing, and environmental benefits. Therefore, the evaluation of the substitution potential of wind energy is becoming an important task by generation planning of power systems. Wind energy is among the fastest developing energy sources in Turkey. The Marmara, southeast Anatolian and Aegean regions are highly suitable for wind power generation since wind speeds exceed 3 m/s in most of these areas. Old windmills found in the Marmara and Aegean regions are good indicators of the wind energy potential for these regions. While the average density of wind power is below the 40 W/m2 in 89.3% of Turkey's total domain, it is over 40 W/m2 in 10.7% and it exceeds 100 W/m2 in 0.8%. There are also some regions of Turkey where average density of wind power reaches 294.1 W/m2 level.
{"title":"Competition Potential of Wind Power Plants","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448550","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Turkey, wind energy has great potential. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Turkey theoretically has 160 terrawatt hours a year of wind potential. Substantial potential of wind energy in Turkey is important with respect to the economic, financing, and environmental benefits. Therefore, the evaluation of the substitution potential of wind energy is becoming an important task by generation planning of power systems. Wind energy is among the fastest developing energy sources in Turkey. The Marmara, southeast Anatolian and Aegean regions are highly suitable for wind power generation since wind speeds exceed 3 m/s in most of these areas. Old windmills found in the Marmara and Aegean regions are good indicators of the wind energy potential for these regions. While the average density of wind power is below the 40 W/m2 in 89.3% of Turkey's total domain, it is over 40 W/m2 in 10.7% and it exceeds 100 W/m2 in 0.8%. There are also some regions of Turkey where average density of wind power reaches 294.1 W/m2 level.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82909880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448631
H. Ceylan, H. Ozturk, A. Hepbasli, Z. Utlu
Abstract The main objective of the present study is to investigate the application of the genetic algorithm (GA) method with various scenarios for the future estimation of the energy and exergy production and consumption values. The methodology developed and presented in detail in Part 1 of this study was applied to Turkey's energy and exergy utilization values. Good correlations were obtained in all cases, indicating the validity of the models proposed that can be used to estimate total energy and exergy production and consumption of Turkey for the period of 2000–2020. It may be concluded that the models reported here will provide the investigators with knowledge about how a country can model its natural resources in terms of energy and exergy utilizations.
{"title":"Estimating Energy and Exergy Production and Consumption Values Using Three Different Genetic Algorithm Approaches. Part 2: Application and Scenarios","authors":"H. Ceylan, H. Ozturk, A. Hepbasli, Z. Utlu","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448631","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main objective of the present study is to investigate the application of the genetic algorithm (GA) method with various scenarios for the future estimation of the energy and exergy production and consumption values. The methodology developed and presented in detail in Part 1 of this study was applied to Turkey's energy and exergy utilization values. Good correlations were obtained in all cases, indicating the validity of the models proposed that can be used to estimate total energy and exergy production and consumption of Turkey for the period of 2000–2020. It may be concluded that the models reported here will provide the investigators with knowledge about how a country can model its natural resources in terms of energy and exergy utilizations.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77338004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448640
Nuray Tokgöz
Abstract It is stated in the report of the World Energy Committee that coal will be the first energy source in the year of 2000 because of reserve capacity and widespread existence of the coal geographic region. Solid fuels especially are increasingly dominated inputs for primary electricity generation (54% total input in 1980, and increasing to 66% in 1997) and in a few key industrial sectors, such as steel, cement and chemical. However, since 1990, coal consumption in the European Union was declining due to the restructuring coal industry. It was the only part of the world, except for the “CIS and Central—Eastern Europe” for other reasons (economical and political reforms), in which the trend was observed. These scientific evidences and observations indicated that coal would be the most favored energy source of the next century in spite of decreasing economic petroleum reserves. Besides of this, according to environmental problems, the technologies of coal preparing, washing, and combustion for obtaining appropriate methods and limits progressed fast. Based on these aspects, to provide numerical information on fundamental SO2 value, two different equations are derived and showed in nomogram based on coal technological parameters (according to coal [hard and brown coal] consumption [C, tons] lower heat value [LHV, GJ/tons], moisture content [N, %], sulphur content [S, %] and sulphur content in ash [K s , %]). These equations and nomograms contain data of 17 different Central and Eastern Western countries of Europe from 1997. It is obvious that large coal consumer's countries are also large amount SO2 value producer countries. For instance, CIS (8.85 × 106 ton), Ukraine (4.26 × 106 ton), Poland (3.11 × 106 ton), Germany (2.36 × 106 ton), and Czechoslovakia (2.27 × 106 ton.).
{"title":"General Outlook of World Main Energy Resources and Numerical Approach for Prediction of SO2 Emission Value","authors":"Nuray Tokgöz","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448640","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is stated in the report of the World Energy Committee that coal will be the first energy source in the year of 2000 because of reserve capacity and widespread existence of the coal geographic region. Solid fuels especially are increasingly dominated inputs for primary electricity generation (54% total input in 1980, and increasing to 66% in 1997) and in a few key industrial sectors, such as steel, cement and chemical. However, since 1990, coal consumption in the European Union was declining due to the restructuring coal industry. It was the only part of the world, except for the “CIS and Central—Eastern Europe” for other reasons (economical and political reforms), in which the trend was observed. These scientific evidences and observations indicated that coal would be the most favored energy source of the next century in spite of decreasing economic petroleum reserves. Besides of this, according to environmental problems, the technologies of coal preparing, washing, and combustion for obtaining appropriate methods and limits progressed fast. Based on these aspects, to provide numerical information on fundamental SO2 value, two different equations are derived and showed in nomogram based on coal technological parameters (according to coal [hard and brown coal] consumption [C, tons] lower heat value [LHV, GJ/tons], moisture content [N, %], sulphur content [S, %] and sulphur content in ash [K s , %]). These equations and nomograms contain data of 17 different Central and Eastern Western countries of Europe from 1997. It is obvious that large coal consumer's countries are also large amount SO2 value producer countries. For instance, CIS (8.85 × 106 ton), Ukraine (4.26 × 106 ton), Poland (3.11 × 106 ton), Germany (2.36 × 106 ton), and Czechoslovakia (2.27 × 106 ton.).","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83551502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448604
H. Ceylan, H. Ozturk, A. Hepbasli, Z. Utlu
Abstract The present study, consisting of two parts, proposes new models for estimating energy and exergy production and consumption values using the genetic algorithm approach. Part 1 of this study deals with the model development, while the application and testing with various scenarios will be treated in Part 2. In this regard, the genetic algorithm energy (GAEN) and genetic algorithm exergy (GAEX) estimating models have been proposed. During the energy and exergy estimation, independent variables are the GDP, population, and the ratio of export to import. The three forms of the GAEN and GAEX are developed, of which one is linear, second is exponential and the third is a mix of the exponential and linear form of the equations. Among them, the best fit models in terms of average relative errors and for the testing period are selected for future estimation and proposed both for GAEN and GAEX. It may be concluded that the models proposed here can be used as an alternative solution and estimation techniques to available estimation techniques.
{"title":"Estimating Energy and Exergy Production and Consumption Values Using Three Different Genetic Algorithm Approaches. Part 1: Model Development","authors":"H. Ceylan, H. Ozturk, A. Hepbasli, Z. Utlu","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448604","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study, consisting of two parts, proposes new models for estimating energy and exergy production and consumption values using the genetic algorithm approach. Part 1 of this study deals with the model development, while the application and testing with various scenarios will be treated in Part 2. In this regard, the genetic algorithm energy (GAEN) and genetic algorithm exergy (GAEX) estimating models have been proposed. During the energy and exergy estimation, independent variables are the GDP, population, and the ratio of export to import. The three forms of the GAEN and GAEX are developed, of which one is linear, second is exponential and the third is a mix of the exponential and linear form of the equations. Among them, the best fit models in terms of average relative errors and for the testing period are selected for future estimation and proposed both for GAEN and GAEX. It may be concluded that the models proposed here can be used as an alternative solution and estimation techniques to available estimation techniques.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81823794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448569
A. Demirbaş, R. Bakış
Abstract According to some projections, Turkey's primary energy demand is expected to increase four times its 1998 value in the next 20 years. Turkish gas demand is expected to increase more than five folds in 2010 and eight times in 2020. Supplies of fossil and nuclear sources are generally acknowledged to be finite; non-fossil energy sources, such as nuclear, hydropower, biomass, solar and wind, are generally considered renewable and therefore sustainable over the relative long term. Turkey plans to increase hydropower production in the near future. The sharp growth of the energy sector has been accompanied by institutional reforms. One of the most important developments has been liberalization of all energy sectors, including electricity production and distribution, to private capital both national and foreign. Turkey possesses a relatively high abundance of hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass, moderate wind speeds and solar radiation, and nuclear energy resources. Renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented and demonstrated for use in Turkey.
{"title":"Turkey's Non-fossil Energy Sources and Positive Expectations in the Next Decades","authors":"A. Demirbaş, R. Bakış","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448569","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract According to some projections, Turkey's primary energy demand is expected to increase four times its 1998 value in the next 20 years. Turkish gas demand is expected to increase more than five folds in 2010 and eight times in 2020. Supplies of fossil and nuclear sources are generally acknowledged to be finite; non-fossil energy sources, such as nuclear, hydropower, biomass, solar and wind, are generally considered renewable and therefore sustainable over the relative long term. Turkey plans to increase hydropower production in the near future. The sharp growth of the energy sector has been accompanied by institutional reforms. One of the most important developments has been liberalization of all energy sectors, including electricity production and distribution, to private capital both national and foreign. Turkey possesses a relatively high abundance of hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass, moderate wind speeds and solar radiation, and nuclear energy resources. Renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented and demonstrated for use in Turkey.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75391217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448406
Choy Yee Keong
Abstract Malaysia is endowed with abundant supplies of non-renewable energy resources, especially oil and gas. However, its current oil and gas reserves are expected to be depleted within 17 and 37 years, respectively. With the future prospect of energy prices likely to soar when the level of use of these non-renewable fossil fuel resources exceeds their threshold capacity, there is an urgent need for Malaysia to optimize the use of its huge quantities of palm oil biomass wastes as a renewable energy source. Against this background, this article aims to empirically and quantitatively analyze the potential of recovering renewable energy from palm oil wastes, which contributes substantially to harnessing a sustainable resource management system in Malaysia.
{"title":"Recovering Renewable Energy from Palm Oil Waste and Biogas","authors":"Choy Yee Keong","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448406","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Malaysia is endowed with abundant supplies of non-renewable energy resources, especially oil and gas. However, its current oil and gas reserves are expected to be depleted within 17 and 37 years, respectively. With the future prospect of energy prices likely to soar when the level of use of these non-renewable fossil fuel resources exceeds their threshold capacity, there is an urgent need for Malaysia to optimize the use of its huge quantities of palm oil biomass wastes as a renewable energy source. Against this background, this article aims to empirically and quantitatively analyze the potential of recovering renewable energy from palm oil wastes, which contributes substantially to harnessing a sustainable resource management system in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84962319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490448596
A. Demirbaş
Abstract Turkey has rich thorium reserves amounting to about 380,000 tons as observed until today. Thorium reactors are under development by some countries. They are less dangerous than the classical uran reactors. In a comparison of fuels, spent thorium fuel is considerably less radiotoxic than spent uranium fuel. From the stand point of environmental protection, the thorium reactors will have a future. Turkey must develop cooperation with countries that develop thorium reactor technology. The protection of environment and conservation of energy by using new technologies and new techniques are also important aspects. Nuclear power plants must be built in Turkey.
{"title":"Options and Trends of Thorium Fuel Utilization","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490448596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490448596","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Turkey has rich thorium reserves amounting to about 380,000 tons as observed until today. Thorium reactors are under development by some countries. They are less dangerous than the classical uran reactors. In a comparison of fuels, spent thorium fuel is considerably less radiotoxic than spent uranium fuel. From the stand point of environmental protection, the thorium reactors will have a future. Turkey must develop cooperation with countries that develop thorium reactor technology. The protection of environment and conservation of energy by using new technologies and new techniques are also important aspects. Nuclear power plants must be built in Turkey.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74283578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：