3-D scaled model was used to study the performance of steam injection in reservoirs having a bottom water zone with the application of different well configurations. 3-D laboratory model was designed to represent ¼th of a 5-spot pattern in the B. Kozluca field in Turkey. Four experiments were conducted with the rectangular model with or without bottom water zone. The well configurations were changed during the course of experiments to determine their effects on oil recovery. Bottom water thicknesses were changed to see the effetcs on oil recovery. The physical properties of crushed limestone and crude oil mixture were kept constant during the experiments. Steam was injected through a vertical injection well in the model. Strings of thermocouples were used to observe 3-D temperature distribution. The maximum oil recovery was obtained by placing the horizontal producer along the diagonal of the rectangular model. Vertical injection-horizontal production well configuration provided better oil recovery than other well configuration even in the presence of a bottom water zone. Oil recoveries decreased with an increase in the thickness of the bottom water zone. Steam-oil ratio (SOR) increased in the presence of bottom water zone.
{"title":"Steam Injection in Oil Reservoirs With Bottom Water Zone","authors":"A. Bagci","doi":"10.1080/009083190523316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523316","url":null,"abstract":"3-D scaled model was used to study the performance of steam injection in reservoirs having a bottom water zone with the application of different well configurations. 3-D laboratory model was designed to represent ¼th of a 5-spot pattern in the B. Kozluca field in Turkey. Four experiments were conducted with the rectangular model with or without bottom water zone. The well configurations were changed during the course of experiments to determine their effects on oil recovery. Bottom water thicknesses were changed to see the effetcs on oil recovery. The physical properties of crushed limestone and crude oil mixture were kept constant during the experiments. Steam was injected through a vertical injection well in the model. Strings of thermocouples were used to observe 3-D temperature distribution. The maximum oil recovery was obtained by placing the horizontal producer along the diagonal of the rectangular model. Vertical injection-horizontal production well configuration provided better oil recovery than other well configuration even in the presence of a bottom water zone. Oil recoveries decreased with an increase in the thickness of the bottom water zone. Steam-oil ratio (SOR) increased in the presence of bottom water zone.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"14 1","pages":"1439 - 1447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80455628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Karayiğit, Y. Bulut, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, S. Vassilev
The Soma power plant in western Turkey consists of six 165-MW units (B1–4 and B5-6) and two small 22-MW units (A1–2), the first four units (B1–4) of which burn Early-Middle Miocene feed coals from the lower seam in central mines (southern Soma village), two units (B5–6) use Early-Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene feed coals from the lower and upper seams in Denis mines (northern Soma village), and the later unit A burns relatively clean coals after a washing plant from the lower seam in central mines. Characterization and chemistry of fly ashes in hoppers 1 and 2 from unit B1, and hoppers 1–4 from unit B5 have been studied to determine the variation in fly ash constituents/compositions between the two units. Twenty-four fly ash samples were collected from the hoppers in an array of electrostatic precipitators at 12 h intervals in two days. Data of proximate analysis showed that the fly ash samples have very low volatile matter contents and very high ash yields, as we expected. The ash yield in unit B1 slightly increases from coarser particles (hopper 1) to finer fly ash particles (hopper 2). Lower increase has been also detected in hoppers 1–4 of unit B5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) traces of six fly ash samples selected from each hopper showed that the forming minerals and phases are glass and quartz, the major minerals and phases include lime, anorthite, mullite, anhydrite, hematite, while the minor and accessory minerals are portlandite and gehlenite. Slightly greater contents of lime, portlandite and gehlenite, and lower contents of quartz have been determined in hoppers of unit B1 than in hoppers of unit B5. Results of elemental analysis showed that unit B5 has greater concentrations of Al, Na, K, Ti, Fe, S, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Ta, Th, Tl, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, REEs, and lower concentrations of Ca and U than unit B1. Despite these distinctions the mean values for Mg, P, Mn, Sc, and Sr do not show significant variations in the two units. In addition, the mean values for hoppers in both units indicate that some volatile element concentrations, notably As, B, Bi, Cd, Pb, Zn, increases from coarse to finer particle size fly ashes. This implies that the Soma fly ash has variations between units B1 and B5, depending on feed coals and combustion conditions.
{"title":"Variations in Fly Ash Composition from the Soma Power Plant, Turkey","authors":"A. Karayiğit, Y. Bulut, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, S. Vassilev","doi":"10.1080/009083190523811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523811","url":null,"abstract":"The Soma power plant in western Turkey consists of six 165-MW units (B1–4 and B5-6) and two small 22-MW units (A1–2), the first four units (B1–4) of which burn Early-Middle Miocene feed coals from the lower seam in central mines (southern Soma village), two units (B5–6) use Early-Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene feed coals from the lower and upper seams in Denis mines (northern Soma village), and the later unit A burns relatively clean coals after a washing plant from the lower seam in central mines. Characterization and chemistry of fly ashes in hoppers 1 and 2 from unit B1, and hoppers 1–4 from unit B5 have been studied to determine the variation in fly ash constituents/compositions between the two units. Twenty-four fly ash samples were collected from the hoppers in an array of electrostatic precipitators at 12 h intervals in two days. Data of proximate analysis showed that the fly ash samples have very low volatile matter contents and very high ash yields, as we expected. The ash yield in unit B1 slightly increases from coarser particles (hopper 1) to finer fly ash particles (hopper 2). Lower increase has been also detected in hoppers 1–4 of unit B5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) traces of six fly ash samples selected from each hopper showed that the forming minerals and phases are glass and quartz, the major minerals and phases include lime, anorthite, mullite, anhydrite, hematite, while the minor and accessory minerals are portlandite and gehlenite. Slightly greater contents of lime, portlandite and gehlenite, and lower contents of quartz have been determined in hoppers of unit B1 than in hoppers of unit B5. Results of elemental analysis showed that unit B5 has greater concentrations of Al, Na, K, Ti, Fe, S, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Ta, Th, Tl, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, REEs, and lower concentrations of Ca and U than unit B1. Despite these distinctions the mean values for Mg, P, Mn, Sc, and Sr do not show significant variations in the two units. In addition, the mean values for hoppers in both units indicate that some volatile element concentrations, notably As, B, Bi, Cd, Pb, Zn, increases from coarse to finer particle size fly ashes. This implies that the Soma fly ash has variations between units B1 and B5, depending on feed coals and combustion conditions.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"13 1","pages":"1473 - 1481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80805217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surface properties of fossil fuel show differences according to ranks and mineral matter content. The fossils that have high mineral matter content are treated with some applications before using. This is a kind of enrichment. This process is helpful to both economic and technological points of view. The mineral matter of fossil can be decreased by chemical demineralization. The main purpose of demineralization is to seperate the mineral matter without changing the organic structure. In this study, demineralization was studied using different acids (HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 ) at various concentrations. Maximum demineralization degree (approximately 40%) was found of asphaltite sample leaching with 5 and 10% HCl acids. FTIR and XRD were used to determine the functional groups of treated sample and the contents of ash, respectively.
{"title":"Removal of Mineral Matter from Silopi-Harput Asphaltite by Acid Treatment","authors":"J. Gulen, I. Doymaz, S. Pişkin, S. Toprak","doi":"10.1080/009083190523307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523307","url":null,"abstract":"The surface properties of fossil fuel show differences according to ranks and mineral matter content. The fossils that have high mineral matter content are treated with some applications before using. This is a kind of enrichment. This process is helpful to both economic and technological points of view. The mineral matter of fossil can be decreased by chemical demineralization. The main purpose of demineralization is to seperate the mineral matter without changing the organic structure. In this study, demineralization was studied using different acids (HCl, H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 ) at various concentrations. Maximum demineralization degree (approximately 40%) was found of asphaltite sample leaching with 5 and 10% HCl acids. FTIR and XRD were used to determine the functional groups of treated sample and the contents of ash, respectively.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"4 1","pages":"1457 - 1464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89794120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this work is to study the influence of gas and toxic metal emissions from biomass energy applications such as biomass firing and co-firing on the environmental impact. The main advantage of energy from biomass is the carbon dioxide neutrality of this energy production process provided that sustainable forestry is given. However, biomass combustion produces solid by-products (bottom and fly ashes) that have to be considered. There is a desire to recycle the nutrients from the biomass ash. A major problem of recycling the biomass ash is the high concentration of heavy metals in the ash. Co-firing biomass with coal in traditional coal-fired boilers is becoming increasingly popular as it capitalizes on the large investment and infrastructure associated with the existing fossil-fuel-based power systems while traditional pollutants and net greenhouse gas emissions are decreased. Achieving solution to environmental problems requires long-term policies for sustainable development. In this aspect, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions.
{"title":"Influence of Gas and Detrimental Metal Emissions from Biomass Firing and Co-Firing on Environmental Impact","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/009083190523271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523271","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to study the influence of gas and toxic metal emissions from biomass energy applications such as biomass firing and co-firing on the environmental impact. The main advantage of energy from biomass is the carbon dioxide neutrality of this energy production process provided that sustainable forestry is given. However, biomass combustion produces solid by-products (bottom and fly ashes) that have to be considered. There is a desire to recycle the nutrients from the biomass ash. A major problem of recycling the biomass ash is the high concentration of heavy metals in the ash. Co-firing biomass with coal in traditional coal-fired boilers is becoming increasingly popular as it capitalizes on the large investment and infrastructure associated with the existing fossil-fuel-based power systems while traditional pollutants and net greenhouse gas emissions are decreased. Achieving solution to environmental problems requires long-term policies for sustainable development. In this aspect, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"350 1","pages":"1419 - 1428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85447744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, two types of Turkish lignite were liquefied under inert atmosphere and catalytic conditions. Catalyst was added to the reaction medium by physically mixing or impregnation. The products obtained at coal liquefaction were separated into two groups as soluble products with THF extraction and insoluble products (chars). The effects of various process parameters on the properties of chars were examined. The ash contents of chars were decreased significantly by increasing solvent to coal ratio and reaction temperature, and changed partially by pressure, catalyst type and concentration. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the chars decreases, but the sulphur and oxygen contents increase with increasing solvent to coal ratio, pressure, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature. The fuel quality of chars obtained by catalyst impregnation method was determined to be much higher with respect to the catalyst physically mixing method.
{"title":"The Characterization of Coal Liquefaction Products Obtained under Inert Atmosphere and Catalytic Conditions. Part I: Insoluble Products (Chars)","authors":"H. Karaca","doi":"10.1080/009083190523794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523794","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, two types of Turkish lignite were liquefied under inert atmosphere and catalytic conditions. Catalyst was added to the reaction medium by physically mixing or impregnation. The products obtained at coal liquefaction were separated into two groups as soluble products with THF extraction and insoluble products (chars). The effects of various process parameters on the properties of chars were examined. The ash contents of chars were decreased significantly by increasing solvent to coal ratio and reaction temperature, and changed partially by pressure, catalyst type and concentration. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the chars decreases, but the sulphur and oxygen contents increase with increasing solvent to coal ratio, pressure, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature. The fuel quality of chars obtained by catalyst impregnation method was determined to be much higher with respect to the catalyst physically mixing method.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"46 1","pages":"1465 - 1472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76201288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-11-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449379
A. Demirbaş
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a separation technology that uses supercritical fluid solvent. Hydrogen can be produced from biomass via two thermochemical processes: (1) gasification followed by reforming of the syngas, and (2) fast pyrolysis followed by reforming of the carbohydrate fraction of the bio-oil. In each process, the water–gas shift is used to convert the reformed gas into hydrogen, and pressure swing adsorption is used to purify the product. In comparison with other biomass thermochemical gasification such as air gasification or steam gasification, the supercritical water gasification can deal directly with the wet biomass without drying and have high gasification efficiency in lower temperatures. The cost of hydrogen production from supercritical water gasification of wet biomass was several times higher than the current price of hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Biomass was gasified in supercritical water at a series of temperatures and pressures during different resident times to form a product gas composed of H 2 , CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and a small amount of C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 6 .
{"title":"Hydrogen Production from Biomass via Supercritical Water Extraction","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449379","url":null,"abstract":"Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a separation technology that uses supercritical fluid solvent. Hydrogen can be produced from biomass via two thermochemical processes: (1) gasification followed by reforming of the syngas, and (2) fast pyrolysis followed by reforming of the carbohydrate fraction of the bio-oil. In each process, the water–gas shift is used to convert the reformed gas into hydrogen, and pressure swing adsorption is used to purify the product. In comparison with other biomass thermochemical gasification such as air gasification or steam gasification, the supercritical water gasification can deal directly with the wet biomass without drying and have high gasification efficiency in lower temperatures. The cost of hydrogen production from supercritical water gasification of wet biomass was several times higher than the current price of hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Biomass was gasified in supercritical water at a series of temperatures and pressures during different resident times to form a product gas composed of H 2 , CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and a small amount of C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 6 .","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"16 1","pages":"1409 - 1417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77005013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Dolgen, H. Sarptaş, N. Alpaslan, Orhan Kucukgul
In this article, energy recovery from municipal solid wastes is examined. The fuel characteristics of solid waste components as well as the landfill gas (LFG) yield are reviewed. The energy potential of solid wastes of Izmir (third biggest city of Turkey) is then estimated. The heating value is calculated at about 3,500–5,500 kJ/kg, particularly in urban places, whereas it is 6,000–7,000 kJ/kg for industrial and commercial establishments. LFG generation is predicted from the data taken from the Harmandali landfill area. As a result, energy generation from LFG is shown to be environmentally beneficial and an economic alternative.
{"title":"Energy Potential of Municipal Solid Wastes","authors":"D. Dolgen, H. Sarptaş, N. Alpaslan, Orhan Kucukgul","doi":"10.1080/009083190523820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523820","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, energy recovery from municipal solid wastes is examined. The fuel characteristics of solid waste components as well as the landfill gas (LFG) yield are reviewed. The energy potential of solid wastes of Izmir (third biggest city of Turkey) is then estimated. The heating value is calculated at about 3,500–5,500 kJ/kg, particularly in urban places, whereas it is 6,000–7,000 kJ/kg for industrial and commercial establishments. LFG generation is predicted from the data taken from the Harmandali landfill area. As a result, energy generation from LFG is shown to be environmentally beneficial and an economic alternative.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"1 1","pages":"1483 - 1492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75857896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal energy storage plays an important role in the conservation of thermal energy in many processes, such as waste heat recovery and load leveling at power plants, including those utilizing alternative energy sources. The objective of this study is to investigate many aspects of basalt stone as a material of heat storage. Belonging to gabbro volcanic group, magmatic basalt rock is a thin grained, dark colored (black), hard and durable material. Within the scope of the theory of sensible heat storage, heat and material properties of the basalt stone were studied, while comparisons were made with other materials of heat storage.
{"title":"Utilization of Basalt Stone as a Sensible Heat Storage Material","authors":"H. Gunerhan, A. Hepbasli","doi":"10.1080/009083190523253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523253","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal energy storage plays an important role in the conservation of thermal energy in many processes, such as waste heat recovery and load leveling at power plants, including those utilizing alternative energy sources. The objective of this study is to investigate many aspects of basalt stone as a material of heat storage. Belonging to gabbro volcanic group, magmatic basalt rock is a thin grained, dark colored (black), hard and durable material. Within the scope of the theory of sensible heat storage, heat and material properties of the basalt stone were studied, while comparisons were made with other materials of heat storage.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"76 1","pages":"1357 - 1366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86517948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The promise of hydrogen as an energy carrier that can provide pollution free, carbon-free power and fuels for buildings, industry, and transport makes it a potentially critical player in our energy future. The acceleration of hydrogen technology development is appropriate and necessary. Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, clean-burning fuel. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. The main disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel for automobiles are huge on-board storage tanks, which are required because of hydrogen's extremely low density.
{"title":"New and Renewable Hydrogen Production Processes","authors":"M. Balat, N. Ozdemir","doi":"10.1080/009083190519564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519564","url":null,"abstract":"The promise of hydrogen as an energy carrier that can provide pollution free, carbon-free power and fuels for buildings, industry, and transport makes it a potentially critical player in our energy future. The acceleration of hydrogen technology development is appropriate and necessary. Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, clean-burning fuel. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. The main disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel for automobiles are huge on-board storage tanks, which are required because of hydrogen's extremely low density.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"111 1","pages":"1285 - 1298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90381540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of alkyl methylnaphthalene sulfonate surfactants (AMNS) were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR, UV and ESI-MS. The surface tension measurements were performed by the ring method. The effects of the alkyl side chains on critical micelle concentrations (cmc), and the surface tensions (γ cmc ) at cmc and C 20 were investigated. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants prepared exhibited good surface activity. The study of adsorption at the surfaces of aqueous solution and the thermodynamics of the surfactant micelles showed that both the alkyl side chains and the aromatic rings were attributed to the surface activity.
{"title":"Synthesis and Surface Activity of Alkyl-Methylnaphthalene Sulfonate Surfactants","authors":"Zhongkui Zhao, Yan Ba, Zongshi Li, W. Qiao","doi":"10.1080/009083190519410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190519410","url":null,"abstract":"A series of alkyl methylnaphthalene sulfonate surfactants (AMNS) were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by IR, UV and ESI-MS. The surface tension measurements were performed by the ring method. The effects of the alkyl side chains on critical micelle concentrations (cmc), and the surface tensions (γ cmc ) at cmc and C 20 were investigated. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants prepared exhibited good surface activity. The study of adsorption at the surfaces of aqueous solution and the thermodynamics of the surfactant micelles showed that both the alkyl side chains and the aromatic rings were attributed to the surface activity.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"6 1","pages":"1277 - 1283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78675451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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