Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310500423559
S. Mokhatab
{"title":"Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry, James G. Speight","authors":"S. Mokhatab","doi":"10.1080/00908310500423559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500423559","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74000020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449270
M. Al-Wakeel, R. El-Adly
This article reports on the preparation and characterization of six formulations of grease based on soybean soapstock and aromatic extracts using oil shale as a filler. The oil shale that occurs within the Quseir–Safaga district is subjected to a detailed petrography, size distribution, mineralogy, and chemical studies. The total extracted hydrocarbon content, using an organic solvent, is analyzed for molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physicochemical properties of the aromatic extracts are determined. The processing conditions following the blending are optimized to produce the appropriate lithium soap structure, as well as dispersion of the filler. The work also includes a study of the competitive effectiveness of different grades of aromatic extracts and also various percentages of oil shale, along with an evaluation of their effects on the properties of formulated lubricating greases. The prepared greases are assessed in accordance with National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) and Egyptian Standard (ES). It is concluded that the above-mentioned ingredients can be used for the preparation of lithium greases.
{"title":"A Novel Application of Egyptian Oil Shale as a Filler in the Production of Lithium Lubricating Grease","authors":"M. Al-Wakeel, R. El-Adly","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449270","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on the preparation and characterization of six formulations of grease based on soybean soapstock and aromatic extracts using oil shale as a filler. The oil shale that occurs within the Quseir–Safaga district is subjected to a detailed petrography, size distribution, mineralogy, and chemical studies. The total extracted hydrocarbon content, using an organic solvent, is analyzed for molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physicochemical properties of the aromatic extracts are determined. The processing conditions following the blending are optimized to produce the appropriate lithium soap structure, as well as dispersion of the filler. The work also includes a study of the competitive effectiveness of different grades of aromatic extracts and also various percentages of oil shale, along with an evaluation of their effects on the properties of formulated lubricating greases. The prepared greases are assessed in accordance with National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) and Egyptian Standard (ES). It is concluded that the above-mentioned ingredients can be used for the preparation of lithium greases.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86392421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neyveli lignites of Indian origin were subjected to low temperature carbonization (LTC) at 600°C to collect tar and middle oil boiling at 200°C. Liquid–liquid extraction of these products has yielded asphalts, phenols, acids, bases, waxes, and neutral oils. Each fraction was analysed by gas liquid chromatography and the constituents were characterized by elucidating the structural composition using mass spectrometry. This study has indicated that the LTC products of Neyveli lignite are not only a good source of paraffin waxes but also the neutral oils that find use in the manufacture of synthetic petrol and fatty acids.
{"title":"Characterization of Low Temperature Carbonization Products of Neyveli Lignite by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy","authors":"R. Rao, B. Krishnamacharyulu","doi":"10.1080/009083190523361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523361","url":null,"abstract":"Neyveli lignites of Indian origin were subjected to low temperature carbonization (LTC) at 600°C to collect tar and middle oil boiling at 200°C. Liquid–liquid extraction of these products has yielded asphalts, phenols, acids, bases, waxes, and neutral oils. Each fraction was analysed by gas liquid chromatography and the constituents were characterized by elucidating the structural composition using mass spectrometry. This study has indicated that the LTC products of Neyveli lignite are not only a good source of paraffin waxes but also the neutral oils that find use in the manufacture of synthetic petrol and fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74160215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310500341074
G. Chilingar, H. Rieke, A. Al-Anazi
Most commercial oil sands exhibit shale resistivity ratios (ratio of normal R shn to observed R sho ) of less than approximately 1.6 in adjacent shales and can be reached without an expensive string of protection pipe. On the other hand, some experts claim that “no commercial production is found when the shale resistivity ratio reaches and/or exceeds 3.5.” This statement, however, needs further investigation Such wells often are highly productive initially and are characterized by extremely fast pressure depletion. Based on extensive compaction studies of rocks, the authors argue that the latter is due to plastic deformation (irreversible compaction) in undercompacted overpressured rocks with increasing effective stress soon after production is initiated (or during well testing). Thus, well tests could be quite misleading, and many er roneously condemned overpressured reservoirs should be reexamined, reevaluated, and strategies be developed to recover the oil and gas from these stress-sensitive reservoirs.
{"title":"Why Many Overpressured, Stress-Sensitive Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Should Not Be Abandoned","authors":"G. Chilingar, H. Rieke, A. Al-Anazi","doi":"10.1080/00908310500341074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500341074","url":null,"abstract":"Most commercial oil sands exhibit shale resistivity ratios (ratio of normal R shn to observed R sho ) of less than approximately 1.6 in adjacent shales and can be reached without an expensive string of protection pipe. On the other hand, some experts claim that “no commercial production is found when the shale resistivity ratio reaches and/or exceeds 3.5.” This statement, however, needs further investigation Such wells often are highly productive initially and are characterized by extremely fast pressure depletion. Based on extensive compaction studies of rocks, the authors argue that the latter is due to plastic deformation (irreversible compaction) in undercompacted overpressured rocks with increasing effective stress soon after production is initiated (or during well testing). Thus, well tests could be quite misleading, and many er roneously condemned overpressured reservoirs should be reexamined, reevaluated, and strategies be developed to recover the oil and gas from these stress-sensitive reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86032442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310500341116
L. A. Buryakovsky, G. Chilingar
This article describes the basic principles of experimental design, which is the procedure and pattern for obtaining mathematical description or mathematical model of a process or parameter under study as linear or nonlinear regression equation based on the limited number of reproducible experimental data. Experimental design in petrophysical studies is applied to investigate, for example, the influence of clay and carbonate contents in clastic rocks and depth of burial on porosity and permeability, and the influence of temperature and pressure on some principal petrophysical parameters.
{"title":"Experimental Design in Petrophysical Studies: Fundamentals","authors":"L. A. Buryakovsky, G. Chilingar","doi":"10.1080/00908310500341116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500341116","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the basic principles of experimental design, which is the procedure and pattern for obtaining mathematical description or mathematical model of a process or parameter under study as linear or nonlinear regression equation based on the limited number of reproducible experimental data. Experimental design in petrophysical studies is applied to investigate, for example, the influence of clay and carbonate contents in clastic rocks and depth of burial on porosity and permeability, and the influence of temperature and pressure on some principal petrophysical parameters.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87753658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to experimentally establish thermal energy storage (TES) performance using a technical grade paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) in a vertical concentric pipe-in-pipe latent heat storage system. The melting and solidification temperature range of the paraffin was found as 38°C–43°C and 36°C–42°C, respectively. These values were well in agreement with the values measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The inlet temperature and mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) were selected as experimental parameters. The radial and axial temperature distributions were determined during the heat charging and discharging processes of the PCM. The temporal temperature data showed that the relevant experimental parameters were more effective on the melting time than on the solidification time due to increased natural convection during the melting process. Furthermore, heat fraction during the charging and discharging processes of the PCM were established. Experimental results indicated that the heat charging fraction was affected by change in the relevant experimental parameters more during the heat charging than discharging processes of the PCM. Finally, it was concluded from the results that the investigated technical grade paraffin wax encapsulated in the annulus of the two vertical cylindrical pipes had good thermal energy storage performance and it is a suitable latent heat storage material for passive solar thermal energy storage applications.
{"title":"Thermal Energy Storage System Using a Technical Grade Paraffin Wax as Latent Heat Energy Storage Material","authors":"K. Kaygusuz, A. Sari","doi":"10.1080/009083190914015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190914015","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to experimentally establish thermal energy storage (TES) performance using a technical grade paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) in a vertical concentric pipe-in-pipe latent heat storage system. The melting and solidification temperature range of the paraffin was found as 38°C–43°C and 36°C–42°C, respectively. These values were well in agreement with the values measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The inlet temperature and mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) were selected as experimental parameters. The radial and axial temperature distributions were determined during the heat charging and discharging processes of the PCM. The temporal temperature data showed that the relevant experimental parameters were more effective on the melting time than on the solidification time due to increased natural convection during the melting process. Furthermore, heat fraction during the charging and discharging processes of the PCM were established. Experimental results indicated that the heat charging fraction was affected by change in the relevant experimental parameters more during the heat charging than discharging processes of the PCM. Finally, it was concluded from the results that the investigated technical grade paraffin wax encapsulated in the annulus of the two vertical cylindrical pipes had good thermal energy storage performance and it is a suitable latent heat storage material for passive solar thermal energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75005961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449397
F. Karacan, E. Simsek, T. Toḡrul
The effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, photocatalyst, and reaction time on the dissolution of two Turkish lignites (Beypazarı and Tunçbilek lignites) in tetralin have been investigated under ambient conditions. Lignites samples were irradiated in the presence or absence of added photocatalysts (TiO 2 and ZnO) at varying reaction times (1–10 days), constant irradiation power (180 W), and constant solvent/lignite ratio (5/1). The solubility of lignites increased with reaction time under UV light. The liquefaction behaviors of the lignites are different from each other. As the maximum solubility (45%) with Tunçbilek lignite has been achieved at shorter reaction times, it has been reached at longer reaction times for Beypazarı lignite (32%). The solubility values obtained from noncatalytic liquefaction are higher than those obtained from liquefaction with TiO 2 and ZnO.
{"title":"Photocatalytic Dissolution of Two Turkish Lignites in Tetralin: Effects of UV Irradiation, TiO2 and ZnO as Photocatalyst","authors":"F. Karacan, E. Simsek, T. Toḡrul","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449397","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, photocatalyst, and reaction time on the dissolution of two Turkish lignites (Beypazarı and Tunçbilek lignites) in tetralin have been investigated under ambient conditions. Lignites samples were irradiated in the presence or absence of added photocatalysts (TiO 2 and ZnO) at varying reaction times (1–10 days), constant irradiation power (180 W), and constant solvent/lignite ratio (5/1). The solubility of lignites increased with reaction time under UV light. The liquefaction behaviors of the lignites are different from each other. As the maximum solubility (45%) with Tunçbilek lignite has been achieved at shorter reaction times, it has been reached at longer reaction times for Beypazarı lignite (32%). The solubility values obtained from noncatalytic liquefaction are higher than those obtained from liquefaction with TiO 2 and ZnO.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89534618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Basso, E. G. Cerrella, E. Buonomo, P. Bonelli, A. Cukierman
Physico-chemical characteristics of raw stems of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and of the char obtained by pyrolysis at 500°C and 800°C under flowing N 2 , as well as char yield, were determined to examine features evolution and potential applications. The chars derived at both temperatures were found potentially suitable as solid bio-fuels. Char features and yield at the lower temperature were compared to those from pyrolysis of the stems pre-treated with a phosphoric acid solution under otherwise identical conditions. The acid treatment induced an enhanced char yield and a highly developed porous structure with surface properties similar to those characterizing activated carbons. Thermogravimetric analysis also showed substantial changes in pyrolytic behavior of the treated stems. They seem to be due to the catalytic action of the acid promoting degradation at lower temperatures compared to pyrolysis of the untreated stems.
{"title":"Thermochemical Conversion of Arundo Donax into Useful Solid Products","authors":"M. Basso, E. G. Cerrella, E. Buonomo, P. Bonelli, A. Cukierman","doi":"10.1080/009083190523280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523280","url":null,"abstract":"Physico-chemical characteristics of raw stems of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and of the char obtained by pyrolysis at 500°C and 800°C under flowing N 2 , as well as char yield, were determined to examine features evolution and potential applications. The chars derived at both temperatures were found potentially suitable as solid bio-fuels. Char features and yield at the lower temperature were compared to those from pyrolysis of the stems pre-treated with a phosphoric acid solution under otherwise identical conditions. The acid treatment induced an enhanced char yield and a highly developed porous structure with surface properties similar to those characterizing activated carbons. Thermogravimetric analysis also showed substantial changes in pyrolytic behavior of the treated stems. They seem to be due to the catalytic action of the acid promoting degradation at lower temperatures compared to pyrolysis of the untreated stems.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80257171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim for this research is to study inexpensive and effective metal ion adsorbents from biomass sources of modified lignin to offer these adsorbents as replacements for existing commercial materials. The Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding properties of modified lignin from wood sawdust were studied. The maximum amounts of adsorption are 9.3 and 25.0 mg/g lignin for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) ions for 240 min at 290 K, respectively. As the pH of the solution increases from 2.0 to 6.0, Cr(III) ions show an increase in adsorption to the lignin with optimum adsorption occurring between pH 4.5 and 5.5. The maximum adsorption percentage is 39.5 for Cr(VI) for 240 min at 330 K, and is 67.8 for Cr(III) for 240 min at 330 K.
{"title":"Adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions on to Modified Lignin","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/009083190523352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523352","url":null,"abstract":"The aim for this research is to study inexpensive and effective metal ion adsorbents from biomass sources of modified lignin to offer these adsorbents as replacements for existing commercial materials. The Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding properties of modified lignin from wood sawdust were studied. The maximum amounts of adsorption are 9.3 and 25.0 mg/g lignin for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) ions for 240 min at 290 K, respectively. As the pH of the solution increases from 2.0 to 6.0, Cr(III) ions show an increase in adsorption to the lignin with optimum adsorption occurring between pH 4.5 and 5.5. The maximum adsorption percentage is 39.5 for Cr(VI) for 240 min at 330 K, and is 67.8 for Cr(III) for 240 min at 330 K.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79643721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The formation of HCN and NH 3 from fuel nitrogen during pyrolysis was studied in a prefilled reactor system with slow (temperature-programmed) heating and in a drop-in reactor system with a rapid heating rate. The experimental results indicate that the formation of HCN and NH 3 is obviously affected by coal properties. The effects of these coal properties vary with the heating fashion. Coal rank, characteristic of char residue, surface characteristics, and composition of the coal are important factors influencing the formation of HCN and NH 3 during pyrolysis.
{"title":"Effect of Coal Properties on HCN and NH3 Release During Coal Pyrolysis","authors":"L. Chang, Zhihua Feng, K. Xie","doi":"10.1080/009083190913953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190913953","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of HCN and NH 3 from fuel nitrogen during pyrolysis was studied in a prefilled reactor system with slow (temperature-programmed) heating and in a drop-in reactor system with a rapid heating rate. The experimental results indicate that the formation of HCN and NH 3 is obviously affected by coal properties. The effects of these coal properties vary with the heating fashion. Coal rank, characteristic of char residue, surface characteristics, and composition of the coal are important factors influencing the formation of HCN and NH 3 during pyrolysis.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78483022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：