Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479510
M. Chou, J. A. Bruinius, V. Benig, S. Chou, R. Carty
Emission control technologies using flue gas desulfurization (FGD) have been widely adopted by utilities burning high-sulfur fuels. However, these technologies require additional equipment, greater operating expenses, and increased costs for landfill disposal of the solid by-products produced. The financial burdens would be reduced if successful high-volume commercial applications of the FGD solid by-products were developed. In this study, the technical feasibility of producing ammonium sulfate from FGD residues by allowing it to react with ammonium carbonate in an aqueous solution was preliminarily assessed. Reaction temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C and residence times of 4 and 6 hours were tested to determine the optimal conversion condition and final product evaluations. High yields (up to 83%) of ammonium sulfate with up to 99% purity were achieved under relatively mild conditions. The optimal conversion condition was observed at 60°C and a 4-hour residence time. The results of this study indicate the technical feasibility of producing ammonium sulfate fertilizer from an FGD by-product.
{"title":"Producing Ammonium Sulfate from Flue Gas Desulfurization By-Products","authors":"M. Chou, J. A. Bruinius, V. Benig, S. Chou, R. Carty","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479510","url":null,"abstract":"Emission control technologies using flue gas desulfurization (FGD) have been widely adopted by utilities burning high-sulfur fuels. However, these technologies require additional equipment, greater operating expenses, and increased costs for landfill disposal of the solid by-products produced. The financial burdens would be reduced if successful high-volume commercial applications of the FGD solid by-products were developed. In this study, the technical feasibility of producing ammonium sulfate from FGD residues by allowing it to react with ammonium carbonate in an aqueous solution was preliminarily assessed. Reaction temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C and residence times of 4 and 6 hours were tested to determine the optimal conversion condition and final product evaluations. High yields (up to 83%) of ammonium sulfate with up to 99% purity were achieved under relatively mild conditions. The optimal conversion condition was observed at 60°C and a 4-hour residence time. The results of this study indicate the technical feasibility of producing ammonium sulfate fertilizer from an FGD by-product.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73664048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449414
Wen‐ying Li, Jie Feng, K. Xie, R. Kandiyoti
Point of Ayr coal has been extracted using three solvents: tetralin, quinoline and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP); at two temperatures: 350°C and 450°C, corresponding approximately to before and after the onset of massive covalent bond scission by pyrolysis. These solvents differ in solvent power and the ability to donate hydrogen atoms to stabilize free radicals produced by pyrolysis of the coal. Analysis of the fresh solvents and recovered solvents from coal liquefaction was achieved by size exclusion chromatography and UV-fluorescence spectroscopy. In the blank run, it was testified that the filling material sand and the steel powder did not react with solvent with increasing reaction temperature. The role of hydrogen donation in the tetralin extracts was to increase the proportion of large molecules with increasing extraction temperature. Quinoline and NMP both have the powerful extracting capability to get more materials out of coal with increasing extraction temperature.
{"title":"Analysis of Recovered Solvents from Coal Liquefaction in a Flowing-Solvent Reactor by SEC and UV-Fluorescence","authors":"Wen‐ying Li, Jie Feng, K. Xie, R. Kandiyoti","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449414","url":null,"abstract":"Point of Ayr coal has been extracted using three solvents: tetralin, quinoline and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP); at two temperatures: 350°C and 450°C, corresponding approximately to before and after the onset of massive covalent bond scission by pyrolysis. These solvents differ in solvent power and the ability to donate hydrogen atoms to stabilize free radicals produced by pyrolysis of the coal. Analysis of the fresh solvents and recovered solvents from coal liquefaction was achieved by size exclusion chromatography and UV-fluorescence spectroscopy. In the blank run, it was testified that the filling material sand and the steel powder did not react with solvent with increasing reaction temperature. The role of hydrogen donation in the tetralin extracts was to increase the proportion of large molecules with increasing extraction temperature. Quinoline and NMP both have the powerful extracting capability to get more materials out of coal with increasing extraction temperature.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85224661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479204
F. Tomás-Alonso
High-temperature desulfurization processes, for IGCC and other advanced electric power generation applications, utilize regenerable mixed-metal sorbents to remove reduced sulfur compounds from coal gasifier gases. In the desulfurization of the coal gas, the metals in the sorbent become sulfided. The off-gas from this regeneration process will contain from 1–3% SO 2 (McMichael, 1991; Gangwal, 1991; Mojtahedi, 1994). This article presents an update of the most important technologies for reducing fossil fuel emissions at power stations. The aim of the study is to highlight the most technologically viable and scientifically attractive processes now available for desulfurization of the flue hot-gas proceeding of the sorbents regeneration system in the coal power plants (Pineda et al., 1998). So then, the ideal system would get incorporated to the plant with a minimum extra cost. The process must comply with the stringent regulations that concern which SO 2 emissions, it will use regenerable reactives, and eventually, it will produce market by-products. The study is focused on the depuration systems applied to reduce SO 2 emissions from regeneration off-gases. The details of the utilization of IGCC technology and other recent developments in hot gas desulfurization with regenerable solid mixed-metal oxide sorbents were previously reported (Pineda et al., 2000; Ahmed et al., 2000a).
{"title":"A New Perspective about Recovering SO2 Offgas in Coal Power Plants: Energy Saving. Part III. Selection of the Best Methods","authors":"F. Tomás-Alonso","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479204","url":null,"abstract":"High-temperature desulfurization processes, for IGCC and other advanced electric power generation applications, utilize regenerable mixed-metal sorbents to remove reduced sulfur compounds from coal gasifier gases. In the desulfurization of the coal gas, the metals in the sorbent become sulfided. The off-gas from this regeneration process will contain from 1–3% SO 2 (McMichael, 1991; Gangwal, 1991; Mojtahedi, 1994). This article presents an update of the most important technologies for reducing fossil fuel emissions at power stations. The aim of the study is to highlight the most technologically viable and scientifically attractive processes now available for desulfurization of the flue hot-gas proceeding of the sorbents regeneration system in the coal power plants (Pineda et al., 1998). So then, the ideal system would get incorporated to the plant with a minimum extra cost. The process must comply with the stringent regulations that concern which SO 2 emissions, it will use regenerable reactives, and eventually, it will produce market by-products. The study is focused on the depuration systems applied to reduce SO 2 emissions from regeneration off-gases. The details of the utilization of IGCC technology and other recent developments in hot gas desulfurization with regenerable solid mixed-metal oxide sorbents were previously reported (Pineda et al., 2000; Ahmed et al., 2000a).","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85658437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479114
F. Tomás-Alonso
The removal of SO 2 from coal gas combustion in power plants has become a compulsory process with stricter emission limits in order to preserve the environment and the human health (EC 96/62 Directive, 2000). This article is the first of a series of three devoted to the analyses of the current methods for SO 2 removal. These methods are traditionally classified as wet and dry methods. The comparative testing of them is done from the point of view of the energy demand associated with the sorbent regeneration system used for hot coal gas desulfuration. Although it is clear that this energy related comparison could not be applied to the wet methods, they have been included in the study because of their broad industrial implementation. A total of five processes were analyzed. One of the most promising is the well-established Wellman-Lord process, although the Linde-Solinox process also has good advantages, such as no environmental impact, reduced costs and higher simplicity.
{"title":"A New Perspective about Recovering SO2 Offgas in Coal Power Plants: Energy Saving. Part I. Regenerable Wet Methods","authors":"F. Tomás-Alonso","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479114","url":null,"abstract":"The removal of SO 2 from coal gas combustion in power plants has become a compulsory process with stricter emission limits in order to preserve the environment and the human health (EC 96/62 Directive, 2000). This article is the first of a series of three devoted to the analyses of the current methods for SO 2 removal. These methods are traditionally classified as wet and dry methods. The comparative testing of them is done from the point of view of the energy demand associated with the sorbent regeneration system used for hot coal gas desulfuration. Although it is clear that this energy related comparison could not be applied to the wet methods, they have been included in the study because of their broad industrial implementation. A total of five processes were analyzed. One of the most promising is the well-established Wellman-Lord process, although the Linde-Solinox process also has good advantages, such as no environmental impact, reduced costs and higher simplicity.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85115000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310500214958
J. Speight
This book presents the fundamental principles of exergy analysis and discusses new achievements in the field over the last 15 years. The exergy method makes it possible to detect and quantify the possibilities of improving thermal and chemical processes and systems. The introduction of the concept thermo-ecological cost (cumulative consumption of nonrenewable natural exergy resources) generated large application possibilities of exergy in ecology. One of the most important issues is the economy of non-renewable natural exergy. Several important new problems are highlighted which have previously only been discussed in scientific journals. The contents of the book include chapters relating to nomenclature, exergy balance and exergy losses, calculation of exergy, cumulative exergy consumption and partial exergy losses, practical rules for improving thermodynamic imperfection, depletion of nonrenewable natural resources, thermo-ecological cost, economic applications of exergy, application of exergy for determining the pro-ecological tax, appendix, solutions of exercises, and a comprehensive reference section. The Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications is appropriate for graduate students as well as scientists and engineers working in the field of energy and ecological management.
{"title":"A Review of: “The Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310500214958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500214958","url":null,"abstract":"This book presents the fundamental principles of exergy analysis and discusses new achievements in the field over the last 15 years. The exergy method makes it possible to detect and quantify the possibilities of improving thermal and chemical processes and systems. The introduction of the concept thermo-ecological cost (cumulative consumption of nonrenewable natural exergy resources) generated large application possibilities of exergy in ecology. One of the most important issues is the economy of non-renewable natural exergy. Several important new problems are highlighted which have previously only been discussed in scientific journals. The contents of the book include chapters relating to nomenclature, exergy balance and exergy losses, calculation of exergy, cumulative exergy consumption and partial exergy losses, practical rules for improving thermodynamic imperfection, depletion of nonrenewable natural resources, thermo-ecological cost, economic applications of exergy, application of exergy for determining the pro-ecological tax, appendix, solutions of exercises, and a comprehensive reference section. The Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications is appropriate for graduate students as well as scientists and engineers working in the field of energy and ecological management.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80322878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479529
A. Demirbaş, A. Celi̇k
Poplar and spruce wood chips were degraded by using glycerol as a solvent and alkaline glycerol with and without alkali media at different temperatures: 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, and 500 K, then the results were compared with the other organic solvent systems. The degradation reactions were mainly occurred as delignification and partly decomposition of cellulose. The effects of solvent, temperature, catalyst, delignification time and wood species on the yield of delignification were discussed. Major byproducts from delignification rections of wood chips include lignin degradation products. Lignin and its degradation products can be utilized as fuels.
{"title":"Degradation of Poplar and Spruce Wood Chips Using Alkaline Glycerol","authors":"A. Demirbaş, A. Celi̇k","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479529","url":null,"abstract":"Poplar and spruce wood chips were degraded by using glycerol as a solvent and alkaline glycerol with and without alkali media at different temperatures: 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, and 500 K, then the results were compared with the other organic solvent systems. The degradation reactions were mainly occurred as delignification and partly decomposition of cellulose. The effects of solvent, temperature, catalyst, delignification time and wood species on the yield of delignification were discussed. Major byproducts from delignification rections of wood chips include lignin degradation products. Lignin and its degradation products can be utilized as fuels.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89889746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449243
N. Kolovos, D. Sotiropoulos, A. Georgakopoulos
Multi-seam lignite deposits consist of thin lignite seams alternating with thin sterile intercalations. This type of deposit requires selective excavation; however, thin sterile intercalations are unavoidably co-excavated with lignite, thus reducing the run-of-mine lignite quality. Criteria based on the lignite quality and the technical specifications of the equipment are used in order to evaluate the recoverable lignite. Both geological lignite recovery and geological lignite losses have to be determined in order to achieve efficient lignite exploitation. This article illustrates the method and the criteria of determining the lignite recovery in multi-seam lignite deposits of the Ptolemais basin, the biggest lignite deposit in northern Greece. Using this method, lignite recovery of up to 93.2% is achieved.
{"title":"Contribution on Lignite Recovery from Multi-Seam Deposits","authors":"N. Kolovos, D. Sotiropoulos, A. Georgakopoulos","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449243","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-seam lignite deposits consist of thin lignite seams alternating with thin sterile intercalations. This type of deposit requires selective excavation; however, thin sterile intercalations are unavoidably co-excavated with lignite, thus reducing the run-of-mine lignite quality. Criteria based on the lignite quality and the technical specifications of the equipment are used in order to evaluate the recoverable lignite. Both geological lignite recovery and geological lignite losses have to be determined in order to achieve efficient lignite exploitation. This article illustrates the method and the criteria of determining the lignite recovery in multi-seam lignite deposits of the Ptolemais basin, the biggest lignite deposit in northern Greece. Using this method, lignite recovery of up to 93.2% is achieved.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77805260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479079
L. Chang, Ya-Hong Zhao, K. Xie
The formation of NO x precursors (mainly HCN and NH 3 ) from the pyrolysis of Pingshuo coal with or without minerals was studied in a quartz fixed bed reactor. The coal sample in the reactor was heated in two kinds of fashion: at a slow heating rate by temperature-programmed and at a fast heating rate than constant temperature. The experimental results revealed that demineralization by acid washing drastically decreases nitrogen conversion to NH 3 at a fast heating rate and at a slow heating rate, but for HCN, its formation is different at fast heating and slow heating rates. The yield of HCN from demineralized coal is slightly lower than that from raw coal at a fast heating rate and it is the reverse at a slow heating rate. On the other hand, the pyrolysis experiments data of demineralized coal and raw coal added with ash from Pingshuo coal combustion also indicated that minerals in coal play an important role in gaseous-N formation, but the reaction mechanism is different for raw coal and demineralized coal.
{"title":"Effect of Inherent Minerals on the Release of Fuel-Nitrogen during Coal Pyrolysis","authors":"L. Chang, Ya-Hong Zhao, K. Xie","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479079","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of NO x precursors (mainly HCN and NH 3 ) from the pyrolysis of Pingshuo coal with or without minerals was studied in a quartz fixed bed reactor. The coal sample in the reactor was heated in two kinds of fashion: at a slow heating rate by temperature-programmed and at a fast heating rate than constant temperature. The experimental results revealed that demineralization by acid washing drastically decreases nitrogen conversion to NH 3 at a fast heating rate and at a slow heating rate, but for HCN, its formation is different at fast heating and slow heating rates. The yield of HCN from demineralized coal is slightly lower than that from raw coal at a fast heating rate and it is the reverse at a slow heating rate. On the other hand, the pyrolysis experiments data of demineralized coal and raw coal added with ash from Pingshuo coal combustion also indicated that minerals in coal play an important role in gaseous-N formation, but the reaction mechanism is different for raw coal and demineralized coal.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77030690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490479105
T. P. Hutchinson
The proportions of gas, liquid, and char obtained from pyrolysis of four materials at each of eight temperatures are discussed. At the three lowest temperatures (675, 725, 775 K), a plot of proportion char versus proportion gas is approximately a single straight line for three of the materials (hazelnet shell, tobacco stalk, yellow pine wood). A statistical model for this is proposed.
{"title":"Proportions of Gas, Liquid, and Char from Pyrolysis of Biomass","authors":"T. P. Hutchinson","doi":"10.1080/00908310490479105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490479105","url":null,"abstract":"The proportions of gas, liquid, and char obtained from pyrolysis of four materials at each of eight temperatures are discussed. At the three lowest temperatures (675, 725, 775 K), a plot of proportion char versus proportion gas is approximately a single straight line for three of the materials (hazelnet shell, tobacco stalk, yellow pine wood). A statistical model for this is proposed.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74298535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450827
W. Jeong, Jaiwoo Song
The flow and transport properties in a rough fracture under effective normal stress conditions are investigated numerically. In this study, a rough fracture is represented by a field of variable apertures spatially correlated by using the non-conditional geostatistical method. In order to represent a nonlinear relationship between the effective normal stress and the fracture aperture, a simple mechanical model is combined with the local flow model. The solute transport is simulated by using the random walk particle following the algorithm. Numerical results show that the fluid flow and solute transport are significantly affected by the geometry of aperture distribution, which is varied with applied effective normal stresses and by the spatial correlation length ratio, which is defined as the ratio of lag distance (λ) to fracture length (L). The most efficient flow path is different with increasing effective normal stress, but maintains almost the same form at its higher values. In addition, solute particles displace only along channels reduced by contact areas increasing with the effective normal stress, and their spatial dispersion thus becomes constant.
{"title":"Numerical Investigations for Flow and Transport in a Rough Fracture with a Hydromechanical Effect","authors":"W. Jeong, Jaiwoo Song","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450827","url":null,"abstract":"The flow and transport properties in a rough fracture under effective normal stress conditions are investigated numerically. In this study, a rough fracture is represented by a field of variable apertures spatially correlated by using the non-conditional geostatistical method. In order to represent a nonlinear relationship between the effective normal stress and the fracture aperture, a simple mechanical model is combined with the local flow model. The solute transport is simulated by using the random walk particle following the algorithm. Numerical results show that the fluid flow and solute transport are significantly affected by the geometry of aperture distribution, which is varied with applied effective normal stresses and by the spatial correlation length ratio, which is defined as the ratio of lag distance (λ) to fracture length (L). The most efficient flow path is different with increasing effective normal stress, but maintains almost the same form at its higher values. In addition, solute particles displace only along channels reduced by contact areas increasing with the effective normal stress, and their spatial dispersion thus becomes constant.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74389122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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