Pub Date : 2022-11-18DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i121109
Don Dinesh Nanditha Amarasekara, Isiwara A. Ratnayake, Jayani J. Wewalwela, W. U. N. Gamage
COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has rapidly spread across the world causing a global health crisis. Due to the paucity of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for the identification of safe and effective treatments for this global pandemic. Thus, existing anti-viral and immunosuppressive drugs, are being evaluated as potential candidates and also an extensive amount of research is being conducted to develop novel therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Since ancient times natural products have been used as a treatment for a variety of diseases and to aid in the synthetic drug development process. The phytochemical constituents of Pomegranate have been extensively investigated in the past decade for their anti-tumor activity. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on how the major phytochemicals of pomegranate such as delphinidin, cyanidin, ellagitannin, and punicalagin could be utilized as pharmacological agents to suppress SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, replication, and immunological sequences that give rise to ARDS, based on current knowledge of interactome between host cells and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 uses various biological mechanisms to modulate immune reactions, uncontrolled gene expression, and cell invasion to improve their survival inside the human host cells similar to those observed in certain tumors. Existing evidence suggests that certain tumors and SARS-CoV-2 use similar biological pathways for human cell invasion. Therefore, this review utilizes the findings of existing tumor-related research which describe how pomegranate extract interacts with various biological pathways associated with tumor suppression as indirect evidence for its ability to act as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Pomegranate in SARS-CoV-2 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","authors":"Don Dinesh Nanditha Amarasekara, Isiwara A. Ratnayake, Jayani J. Wewalwela, W. U. N. Gamage","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i121109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i121109","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has rapidly spread across the world causing a global health crisis. Due to the paucity of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for the identification of safe and effective treatments for this global pandemic. Thus, existing anti-viral and immunosuppressive drugs, are being evaluated as potential candidates and also an extensive amount of research is being conducted to develop novel therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Since ancient times natural products have been used as a treatment for a variety of diseases and to aid in the synthetic drug development process. The phytochemical constituents of Pomegranate have been extensively investigated in the past decade for their anti-tumor activity. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on how the major phytochemicals of pomegranate such as delphinidin, cyanidin, ellagitannin, and punicalagin could be utilized as pharmacological agents to suppress SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, replication, and immunological sequences that give rise to ARDS, based on current knowledge of interactome between host cells and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 uses various biological mechanisms to modulate immune reactions, uncontrolled gene expression, and cell invasion to improve their survival inside the human host cells similar to those observed in certain tumors. Existing evidence suggests that certain tumors and SARS-CoV-2 use similar biological pathways for human cell invasion. Therefore, this review utilizes the findings of existing tumor-related research which describe how pomegranate extract interacts with various biological pathways associated with tumor suppression as indirect evidence for its ability to act as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82958448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-12DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i111107
O. I. Bello, M. Ayoola, Oluwafunke Obembe, K. Akinwunmi
Aims: To evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy and safety of the methanol extract of the combination of Senecio biafrae leaf, Xylopia aethiopica fruit, Carica papaya seed and Spondias mombin stem bark mixed together in ratio 1:1:1:1 Study Design: Extract of medicinal plants was assayed using glucose and streptozotocin-induced herperglycaemic rats model. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy, Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Nigeria, between May, 2019 and January, 2022. Methodology: The extract of the combined plant parts was tested for toxicity in rats while its effects on glucose level, blood and biochemical components were also assessed. Its in-vitro anti-hyperglycaemic activity was assayed in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory models while its in-vivo effects were tested in glucose and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. The antioxidant activity of the extract was also carried out. Results: The extract did not show any adverse effects on blood sugar levels, haematological and biochemical parameters in normal rats in sub acute toxicity tests. The extract gave comparable (p > 0.05) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects to acarbose. In glucose-induced hyperglycaemic rats, its 100 mg/kg was the most effective dose with 19, 40, 43, and 57% activity that was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the 10, 18, 24, and 40% activity given by glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) at the same time points. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic assay, its 50 mg/kg showed 31, 85, 85 and 82 % effects on days 4, 7, 10 and 14, respectively that was significantly higher than its 100 mg/kg and glibenclamide on days 7 and 10. The extract also elicited high free radical scavenging effects in all the antioxidant assays. Conclusion: The extract of the combination of four Nigerian antidiabetic plants mixed together in equal ratio gave significantly better antidiabetic activity at low doses than the individual plants without toxic effects.
{"title":"Antidiabetic and Toxicity Studies of the Extract of Four Nigerian Medicinal Plants","authors":"O. I. Bello, M. Ayoola, Oluwafunke Obembe, K. Akinwunmi","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i111107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i111107","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy and safety of the methanol extract of the combination of Senecio biafrae leaf, Xylopia aethiopica fruit, Carica papaya seed and Spondias mombin stem bark mixed together in ratio 1:1:1:1 \u0000Study Design: Extract of medicinal plants was assayed using glucose and streptozotocin-induced herperglycaemic rats model. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy, Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Nigeria, between May, 2019 and January, 2022. \u0000Methodology: The extract of the combined plant parts was tested for toxicity in rats while its effects on glucose level, blood and biochemical components were also assessed. Its in-vitro anti-hyperglycaemic activity was assayed in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory models while its in-vivo effects were tested in glucose and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. The antioxidant activity of the extract was also carried out. \u0000Results: The extract did not show any adverse effects on blood sugar levels, haematological and biochemical parameters in normal rats in sub acute toxicity tests. The extract gave comparable (p > 0.05) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects to acarbose. In glucose-induced hyperglycaemic rats, its 100 mg/kg was the most effective dose with 19, 40, 43, and 57% activity that was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the 10, 18, 24, and 40% activity given by glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) at the same time points. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic assay, its 50 mg/kg showed 31, 85, 85 and 82 % effects on days 4, 7, 10 and 14, respectively that was significantly higher than its 100 mg/kg and glibenclamide on days 7 and 10. The extract also elicited high free radical scavenging effects in all the antioxidant assays. \u0000Conclusion: The extract of the combination of four Nigerian antidiabetic plants mixed together in equal ratio gave significantly better antidiabetic activity at low doses than the individual plants without toxic effects.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90769520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed at determining the protective role of Brassica oleracea on dolutegravir-induced changes in Pupariation and Emergence of Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogaster aged 3-5 days old were exposed to different concentrations (0.5 to 4 mg/ 5 g diet) of dolutegravir and B. oleracea extract (7.5–1000 mg/5 g diet) for 7 days to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). D. melanogaster were then exposed to the extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/5 g diet) and controls (diet alone and vitamin C) to assess their effects on pupariation and emergence. A 14-day assay was also performed to evaluate the effect of the extract and toxicant (dolutegravir) on fly survival. The result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) and a dose-dependent significant increase (P < 0.05) in survival for D. melanogaster exposed to dolutegravir and the extract respectively, when compared to the control group. Results showed a delay in pupariation and decrease in mean pupariation in flies exposed to dolutegravir alone. An improvement in the same parameters was observed in D. melanogaster pre-treated with the extract before exposure to dolutegravir. D. melanogaster pre-treated with 200 and 400 mg extract per 5 g diet showed emergence that was comparable to those in the control groups. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in the groups exposed to 50 and 100 mg extract per 5 g diet, suggesting no protection at these doses. This study concludes that B. oleracea leaf extract, at certain concentrations, is able to protect against dolutegravir-induced changes in pupariation and emergence in D. melanogaster.
{"title":"Effects of Dolutegravir (DTG) on Survival, Pupariation and Emergence in Drosophila melanogaster: The Rescue Role of Brassica oleracea","authors":"Amagon Leritshimwa, Haruna Abigail Awadzi, Amagon Kennedy, Wanche Ernest Magani, Falang Kakjing Dadul, Bukar Bayero Bukata","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i111106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i111106","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at determining the protective role of Brassica oleracea on dolutegravir-induced changes in Pupariation and Emergence of Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogaster aged 3-5 days old were exposed to different concentrations (0.5 to 4 mg/ 5 g diet) of dolutegravir and B. oleracea extract (7.5–1000 mg/5 g diet) for 7 days to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). D. melanogaster were then exposed to the extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/5 g diet) and controls (diet alone and vitamin C) to assess their effects on pupariation and emergence. A 14-day assay was also performed to evaluate the effect of the extract and toxicant (dolutegravir) on fly survival. The result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) and a dose-dependent significant increase (P < 0.05) in survival for D. melanogaster exposed to dolutegravir and the extract respectively, when compared to the control group. Results showed a delay in pupariation and decrease in mean pupariation in flies exposed to dolutegravir alone. An improvement in the same parameters was observed in D. melanogaster pre-treated with the extract before exposure to dolutegravir. D. melanogaster pre-treated with 200 and 400 mg extract per 5 g diet showed emergence that was comparable to those in the control groups. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in the groups exposed to 50 and 100 mg extract per 5 g diet, suggesting no protection at these doses. This study concludes that B. oleracea leaf extract, at certain concentrations, is able to protect against dolutegravir-induced changes in pupariation and emergence in D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88023823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i101103
Jefferson dos Santos Martins, M. C. Parreira, Antônio Marcos Quadros Cunha, Omar Machado de Vasconcelos, Meirevalda do Socorro Ferreira Redig, Elonha Rodrigues dos Santos, C. M. D. Souza, T. G. R. Terra, Elessandra Laura Nogueira Lopes, Marcos Augusto de Souza Gonçalves, Antonio Augusto Martins dos Santos, J. Leite, Lucélia Martins de Andrade, Evaldo Morais da Silva
Agroforestry systems are examples of soil exploration that is closer to the natural form of the forest, with intercropping of several species within an area, thus being sustainable alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the weed community in agroforestry systems in two ecosystems: solid ground and floodplain in the state of Pará. Such collections were made in eight areas, with about one hectare each, cultivated in agroforestry systems, four of which are on dry land and four on floodplains, in the rural area of Cametá-PA. Four plots of one square meter per area were randomly sampled, where the species were identified, counted, and taken to weigh to evaluate the weed community. Among the evaluated environments, the species that stood out the most in the solid ground environment was Kyllinga brevifolia, leading most of the evaluated indices. In the lowland ecosystem, the Brachiaria species purpuracens were the most relevant.
{"title":"The Phytosociology of Weeds in Agroforestry Systems in Different Types of Amazonian Forest Cover","authors":"Jefferson dos Santos Martins, M. C. Parreira, Antônio Marcos Quadros Cunha, Omar Machado de Vasconcelos, Meirevalda do Socorro Ferreira Redig, Elonha Rodrigues dos Santos, C. M. D. Souza, T. G. R. Terra, Elessandra Laura Nogueira Lopes, Marcos Augusto de Souza Gonçalves, Antonio Augusto Martins dos Santos, J. Leite, Lucélia Martins de Andrade, Evaldo Morais da Silva","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i101103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i101103","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry systems are examples of soil exploration that is closer to the natural form of the forest, with intercropping of several species within an area, thus being sustainable alternatives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the weed community in agroforestry systems in two ecosystems: solid ground and floodplain in the state of Pará. Such collections were made in eight areas, with about one hectare each, cultivated in agroforestry systems, four of which are on dry land and four on floodplains, in the rural area of Cametá-PA. Four plots of one square meter per area were randomly sampled, where the species were identified, counted, and taken to weigh to evaluate the weed community. Among the evaluated environments, the species that stood out the most in the solid ground environment was Kyllinga brevifolia, leading most of the evaluated indices. In the lowland ecosystem, the Brachiaria species purpuracens were the most relevant.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80508516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030493
I. Hashim, L. K. Omosa, J. Onyari, S. M. Maru, Justus Mukavi
Background of the Study: Tropical plants of the Ficus genus (Moraceae) are among the earliest fruit trees that humans have cultivated. Since ancient times, many folk medicines have used species of this genus to treat a variety of ailments. Evidence from earlier investigations has shown these plants contain abundant secondary metabolites with a variety of structural properties and biological functions. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at the University of Nairobi (Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry) from January to June 2022. Aim: The study focuses on isolating and identifying secondary metabolites from the stem bark of Ficus thonningii Blume found in Kenya and their chemotaxonomic significance. Methodology: Dried powdered stem bark of Ficus thonningii was extracted by maceration at room temperature using CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1) to yield a crude extract which was fractionated in a chromatographic column (CC) using silica gel (60 – 120 mesh) as an adsorbent eluting with EtOAc/n-hexane followed by CH3OH/EtOAc. The fractions were purified using silica gel (70 – 230, 230 – 400 mesh) CC and chromatotron eluting with solvents of different polarity, as well as a crystallization technique. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method (NMR (1D and 2D)) and by comparison with reported literature data. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Ficus thonningii afforded seven compounds, including yukovanol (1), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)isoflavone (2), cajanin (3), taxifolin (4), protocatechuic acid (5), saccharose (6), and stigmasterol (7). Compounds 1 - 3, 5 and 7 were not reported from F. thonningii until now. Further, compound 6 is being isolated from the genus Ficus for the first time. Conclusion: The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated phytochemicals demonstrates the taxonomic position of F. thonningii in the genus Ficus and explains its multiple ethnomedicinal applications.
{"title":"Chemical Constituents from the Stem Bark of Ficus thonningii and their Chemotaxonomic Significance","authors":"I. Hashim, L. K. Omosa, J. Onyari, S. M. Maru, Justus Mukavi","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030493","url":null,"abstract":"Background of the Study: Tropical plants of the Ficus genus (Moraceae) are among the earliest fruit trees that humans have cultivated. Since ancient times, many folk medicines have used species of this genus to treat a variety of ailments. Evidence from earlier investigations has shown these plants contain abundant secondary metabolites with a variety of structural properties and biological functions. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at the University of Nairobi (Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry) from January to June 2022. \u0000Aim: The study focuses on isolating and identifying secondary metabolites from the stem bark of Ficus thonningii Blume found in Kenya and their chemotaxonomic significance. \u0000Methodology: Dried powdered stem bark of Ficus thonningii was extracted by maceration at room temperature using CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1) to yield a crude extract which was fractionated in a chromatographic column (CC) using silica gel (60 – 120 mesh) as an adsorbent eluting with EtOAc/n-hexane followed by CH3OH/EtOAc. The fractions were purified using silica gel (70 – 230, 230 – 400 mesh) CC and chromatotron eluting with solvents of different polarity, as well as a crystallization technique. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method (NMR (1D and 2D)) and by comparison with reported literature data. \u0000Results: Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Ficus thonningii afforded seven compounds, including yukovanol (1), 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)isoflavone (2), cajanin (3), taxifolin (4), protocatechuic acid (5), saccharose (6), and stigmasterol (7). Compounds 1 - 3, 5 and 7 were not reported from F. thonningii until now. Further, compound 6 is being isolated from the genus Ficus for the first time. \u0000Conclusion: The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated phytochemicals demonstrates the taxonomic position of F. thonningii in the genus Ficus and explains its multiple ethnomedicinal applications.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83108463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030494
Abeer Mishra, S. Sedani, P. Nikhade, Aditya Patel, Nidhi Adyalkar, Utkarsh Umre
In recent years, there has been a surge in the awareness regarding the phyto cannabinoid; cannabidiol. Between the time period from 1963 to 2000, only 460 publications can be found in a PubMed search while using cannabidiol as the keyword. The former pales in comparison to the record of 2769 publications found from 2008 to the present time. However, a limited amount of literature is available that discusses the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, pertaining to the field of dentistry. In 1940, cannabidiol was isolated from cannabis for the first time, its structure being reported much later in 1963. Further research on Cannabis resulted in the declaration that “THC” is the active compound. Subsequent studies were then directed essentially based on the virtual exclusion of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids from cannabis. This was primarily due to the belief that the activity of cannabis was merely psychological activity. In retrospect, this seems unfortunate as many of the beneficial properties of cannabidiol which might have had a therapeutic benefit were overlooked. In the present review, attention will be focused on the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol and the impact this may have on dentistry with the supplemental vision of encouraging further studies to reveal any other beneficial properties that may be present.
{"title":"Cannabidiol, the Journey of Cannabis from a Social Stigma to a Miracle Drug in Dentistry","authors":"Abeer Mishra, S. Sedani, P. Nikhade, Aditya Patel, Nidhi Adyalkar, Utkarsh Umre","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030494","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been a surge in the awareness regarding the phyto cannabinoid; cannabidiol. Between the time period from 1963 to 2000, only 460 publications can be found in a PubMed search while using cannabidiol as the keyword. The former pales in comparison to the record of 2769 publications found from 2008 to the present time. However, a limited amount of literature is available that discusses the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, pertaining to the field of dentistry. In 1940, cannabidiol was isolated from cannabis for the first time, its structure being reported much later in 1963. Further research on Cannabis resulted in the declaration that “THC” is the active compound. Subsequent studies were then directed essentially based on the virtual exclusion of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids from cannabis. This was primarily due to the belief that the activity of cannabis was merely psychological activity. \u0000In retrospect, this seems unfortunate as many of the beneficial properties of cannabidiol which might have had a therapeutic benefit were overlooked. In the present review, attention will be focused on the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol and the impact this may have on dentistry with the supplemental vision of encouraging further studies to reveal any other beneficial properties that may be present.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81993001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030492
G. Opande
Medicinal plants still play an important role in human and animal healthcare. About 60% of the world’s population and 80% of Africa’s population depend on herbal medicine for their primary healthcare. In Vihiga county Kenya, C. edulis has been reported to manage several human disease conditions such as epilepsy, headache, toothache, cough, chest complaints, sickle cell anemia, gonorrhea, syphilis and rabies among others. Its therapeutic efficacy is attributed to numerous phytochemicals present in its extracts. In this study, a phytochemical analysis was carried out in the roots, leaves and bark extracts, antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus laboratory cultures determined. The extracts were modified by grinding and ethanol used as solvent in the extraction. Different concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of plant extracts were used in the analysis and sterile distilled water used as the control. Data on zone growth inhibition was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated and compared using least significant differences at p≤ 0.05 by use of SAS statistical package. The results showed the presence of an array of phytochemicals in the leaves, bark and roots of the plant. The bark for example tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavanoids, terpenoids, glycosides and sterols while the leaves and roots tested negative for saponins and flavanoids respectively. The leaves exhibited the greatest inhibition against Escherichia coli with a mean diameter of 7.57mm and all the three parts exhibited a significant difference. The different concentrations also showed that inhibition increased with increase in concentration. The mean inhibition diameter at 100% was 8.96 while at 25% it was 7.21.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Properties of Carissa edulis Extracts Obtained from Kaimosi Forest, Vihiga County, Kenya","authors":"G. Opande","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030492","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants still play an important role in human and animal healthcare. About 60% of the world’s population and 80% of Africa’s population depend on herbal medicine for their primary healthcare. In Vihiga county Kenya, C. edulis has been reported to manage several human disease conditions such as epilepsy, headache, toothache, cough, chest complaints, sickle cell anemia, gonorrhea, syphilis and rabies among others. Its therapeutic efficacy is attributed to numerous phytochemicals present in its extracts. In this study, a phytochemical analysis was carried out in the roots, leaves and bark extracts, antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus laboratory cultures determined. The extracts were modified by grinding and ethanol used as solvent in the extraction. Different concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of plant extracts were used in the analysis and sterile distilled water used as the control. Data on zone growth inhibition was subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated and compared using least significant differences at p≤ 0.05 by use of SAS statistical package. The results showed the presence of an array of phytochemicals in the leaves, bark and roots of the plant. The bark for example tested positive for tannins, saponins, flavanoids, terpenoids, glycosides and sterols while the leaves and roots tested negative for saponins and flavanoids respectively. The leaves exhibited the greatest inhibition against Escherichia coli with a mean diameter of 7.57mm and all the three parts exhibited a significant difference. The different concentrations also showed that inhibition increased with increase in concentration. The mean inhibition diameter at 100% was 8.96 while at 25% it was 7.21.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78177714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030491
Regina W. Mbugua, E. Njagi, C. Ngule, P. Mwitari
Globally, approximately 13% of all deaths annually are attributed to cancer. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are the current treatment techniques for cancer; however, these methods are expensive, have high failure rates and have been associated with detrimental side effects. Plant derived products could be good candidates in alleviating challenges being experienced with these current methods. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, antiproliferation potential, and probable mechanism of action of Albizia gummifera, Rhamnus staddo and Senna didymobotrya plant extracts. The 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay dye was used in the determination of the antiproliferative activity of the extracts. Extracts induction potential of p53 (apoptosis) and VEGF (angiogenesis) genes’ expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR. Phytochemical screening was done as per standard procedures. Several plant extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity against the cancerous cell lines tested showing selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing the normal cells (SI ≥ 3). An upregulation of p53 and down-regulation VEGF genes was observed. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of pharmacologically important phytochemicals in the plant’s extracts. The study findings suggest exploitation of these plant extracts as potential candidates for development of drugs for the management of breast and prostate cancer.
在全球范围内，每年约有13%的死亡归因于癌症。手术、放疗和化疗是目前治疗癌症的技术;然而，这些方法昂贵，失败率高，并伴有有害的副作用。植物衍生产品可以很好地缓解目前这些方法所面临的挑战。本研究旨在探讨合诞花、大鼠李和塞纳三种植物提取物的植物化学、抗增殖活性及其可能的作用机制。采用3 -(4,5 -二甲基噻唑-2-基)- 2,5 -二苯四唑(MTT)测定染料测定提取物的抗增殖活性。Real Time PCR检测提取物诱导p53(凋亡)和VEGF(血管生成)基因表达的潜力。植物化学筛选按标准程序进行。几种植物提取物对癌细胞表现出抗增殖活性，显示出对癌细胞的选择性毒性，同时保留正常细胞(SI≥3)。观察到p53基因上调，VEGF基因下调。植物化学筛选揭示了植物提取物中具有重要药理意义的植物化学物质的存在。研究结果表明，利用这些植物提取物作为开发治疗乳腺癌和前列腺癌药物的潜在候选者。
{"title":"In vitro Antiproliferative Studies of Selected Medicinal Plants on Cancerous and Normal Cells","authors":"Regina W. Mbugua, E. Njagi, C. Ngule, P. Mwitari","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i1030491","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, approximately 13% of all deaths annually are attributed to cancer. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are the current treatment techniques for cancer; however, these methods are expensive, have high failure rates and have been associated with detrimental side effects. Plant derived products could be good candidates in alleviating challenges being experienced with these current methods. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, antiproliferation potential, and probable mechanism of action of Albizia gummifera, Rhamnus staddo and Senna didymobotrya plant extracts. The 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay dye was used in the determination of the antiproliferative activity of the extracts. Extracts induction potential of p53 (apoptosis) and VEGF (angiogenesis) genes’ expression was evaluated using Real Time PCR. Phytochemical screening was done as per standard procedures. Several plant extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity against the cancerous cell lines tested showing selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing the normal cells (SI ≥ 3). An upregulation of p53 and down-regulation VEGF genes was observed. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of pharmacologically important phytochemicals in the plant’s extracts. The study findings suggest exploitation of these plant extracts as potential candidates for development of drugs for the management of breast and prostate cancer.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85915518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930490
A. Olowofolahan, Heritage Mojisola Dare, Y. Adeoye, O. Olorunsogo
Aim: The opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore is an important event in the execution of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Some bioactive compounds elicit their chemotherapeutic effects against tumor/cancer cells via the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Annona muricata, a medicinal plant, is folklorically used in the treatment of tumors and cancers. This study therefore aimed at investigating the effect of methanol stem bark extract of Annona muricata (MEAM) on apoptosis via mPT pore and estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced proliferative disorder using female Wistar rats. Methodology: Mitochondria were isolated using differential centrifugation. The mPT pore opening, cytochrome c release and mitochondrial ATPase activity were determined spectrophotometrically. The levels of estrogen (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), were determined using ELISA technique. Histological and histochemical assessments of the uterine sections were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents of MEAM were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: The in vitro results showed a significant induction of mPT pore opening, release of cytochrome c and enhancement of mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, oral administration of MEAM did not induce rat uterine mPT pore opening, neither any significant release of cytochrome c nor enhancement of mATPase activity at the dosages used. Interestingly, MEAM reversed the EB-induced increase in E2, LH and FSH. The MEAM also improved the antioxidant milleu by reducing MDA level and increasing the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the treatment groups. Administration of EB induced endometrial hyperplasia in the model group which was mitigated by MEAM in the treatment group. The GC-MS analysis of MEAM revealed the presence of some important phytochemicals that are pharmacological relevant in cancer treatment. Conclusions: This study suggests that the methanol stem bark extract of Annona muricata contains bioactive compounds that protect against EB-induced uterine proliferative disorder in female Wistar rats.
{"title":"Annona muricata Linn Stem Bark Protects against Uterine Proliferative Disorder Induced by Estradiol Benzoate in Female Rat","authors":"A. Olowofolahan, Heritage Mojisola Dare, Y. Adeoye, O. Olorunsogo","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930490","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore is an important event in the execution of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Some bioactive compounds elicit their chemotherapeutic effects against tumor/cancer cells via the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Annona muricata, a medicinal plant, is folklorically used in the treatment of tumors and cancers. This study therefore aimed at investigating the effect of methanol stem bark extract of Annona muricata (MEAM) on apoptosis via mPT pore and estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced proliferative disorder using female Wistar rats. \u0000Methodology: Mitochondria were isolated using differential centrifugation. The mPT pore opening, cytochrome c release and mitochondrial ATPase activity were determined spectrophotometrically. The levels of estrogen (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), were determined using ELISA technique. Histological and histochemical assessments of the uterine sections were carried out using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents of MEAM were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). \u0000Results: The in vitro results showed a significant induction of mPT pore opening, release of cytochrome c and enhancement of mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, oral administration of MEAM did not induce rat uterine mPT pore opening, neither any significant release of cytochrome c nor enhancement of mATPase activity at the dosages used. Interestingly, MEAM reversed the EB-induced increase in E2, LH and FSH. The MEAM also improved the antioxidant milleu by reducing MDA level and increasing the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the treatment groups. Administration of EB induced endometrial hyperplasia in the model group which was mitigated by MEAM in the treatment group. The GC-MS analysis of MEAM revealed the presence of some important phytochemicals that are pharmacological relevant in cancer treatment. \u0000Conclusions: This study suggests that the methanol stem bark extract of Annona muricata contains bioactive compounds that protect against EB-induced uterine proliferative disorder in female Wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74619425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-20DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930487
Joseph Oloro, Amon G. Agaba, J. Mbaria, Timothy E. Maitho
The use of herbal medicine products worldwide and in Uganda is on the rise and there is much-renewed interest in their use because of the belief that they are safe. However, this belief is not backed up by credible scientific research for many products in Uganda. Almost all herbal products produced locally in Uganda have no scientific proof for their claimed safety and efficacy for the treatment of the various conditions they are claimed to treat example; covid-19, HIV, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and others. There is an urgent need to quickly improve and enforced research on the local products in order to realise the economic benefits which could be lying hidden in them and put a ban on adulterated products from being sold to the public. This review was conducted in order to determine the challenges and opportunities in the Traditional Herbal Medicine sector in Uganda. It was found out that enormous challenges face the Traditional Medicine sector in Uganda including; lack of research on products available for use, claims of one product treating multiple conditions, adulteration of products with established Pharmaceutical drugs and no stringent regulations on registration of products. However, a lot of opportunities were also noted available for exploitation to develop the sector further. Collaboration with local Universities to speed up research using the Reverse Pharmacology approach [1] on the available products, strictly enforcing regulation on product registration and exploiting the reverse Pharmacology approach to study the local products, aggressive and intentional investment in basic research infrastructures and speeding up Clinical Trials on products found to be safe and effective could allow the realisation of the benefits which could be hidden in the local Traditional Medicine products.
{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities of the Ugandan Traditional Herbal Medicine Sector","authors":"Joseph Oloro, Amon G. Agaba, J. Mbaria, Timothy E. Maitho","doi":"10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2022/v33i930487","url":null,"abstract":"The use of herbal medicine products worldwide and in Uganda is on the rise and there is much-renewed interest in their use because of the belief that they are safe. However, this belief is not backed up by credible scientific research for many products in Uganda. Almost all herbal products produced locally in Uganda have no scientific proof for their claimed safety and efficacy for the treatment of the various conditions they are claimed to treat example; covid-19, HIV, hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and others. There is an urgent need to quickly improve and enforced research on the local products in order to realise the economic benefits which could be lying hidden in them and put a ban on adulterated products from being sold to the public. This review was conducted in order to determine the challenges and opportunities in the Traditional Herbal Medicine sector in Uganda. It was found out that enormous challenges face the Traditional Medicine sector in Uganda including; lack of research on products available for use, claims of one product treating multiple conditions, adulteration of products with established Pharmaceutical drugs and no stringent regulations on registration of products. However, a lot of opportunities were also noted available for exploitation to develop the sector further. Collaboration with local Universities to speed up research using the Reverse Pharmacology approach [1] on the available products, strictly enforcing regulation on product registration and exploiting the reverse Pharmacology approach to study the local products, aggressive and intentional investment in basic research infrastructures and speeding up Clinical Trials on products found to be safe and effective could allow the realisation of the benefits which could be hidden in the local Traditional Medicine products.","PeriodicalId":11969,"journal":{"name":"European journal of medicinal plants","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84759325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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