European Journal of Dentistry最新文献

Dental caries is the most common oral disease, often resulting from complex and multifactorial interactions among cariogenic bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and host factors. Prevention is essential for reducing its incidence and can be achieved by maintaining a balanced diet and practicing good oral hygiene. Early detection of initial carious lesions, such as enamel demineralization, is essential for preventing progression and enabling effective management. Currently, there are various methods available for detecting dental caries, ranging from simple visual inspections to advanced imaging techniques, along with fluorescent and electrical detection methods, which are also instrumental in identifying lesions before they advance to more severe stages. Management strategies for enamel demineralization can vary from conservative methods, such as the use of remineralizing agents, to more invasive treatments. Herein, this article provides a comprehensive review of established and emerging approaches for preventing, detecting, and managing enamel demineralization for health care providers to take proactive steps toward improving oral health.

Hydrogel-based, gypsum, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) bone scaffolding materials and antibacterial extracts from cinnamaldehyde herbal ingredients are a combination of smart materials that are abundant and environmental friendly. That component is a promising candidate for bone scaffold material. This prototype has been designed as an injectable paste that is easy to apply, fills in bone and dental defects, and quickly polymerizes with the help of ultraviolet (UV) light. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of adding cinnamaldehyde to injectable gypsum-CaCO₃ hydrogel paste that has undergone UV light polymerization for biodegradable implant material.A composite material was synthesized named Cia by a combination of gelatin, gypsum, CaCO₃, and cinnamaldehyde compound assisted by UV light polymerization. An in vitro and in vivo quasi-experiments were conducted in this study, including material characterization and testing. Material characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and scanning electron microscope. Material testing examined the swelling ratio and degradation rate. Antibacterial activity was performed as in vitro testing undergone Streptococcus sanguinis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data were analyzed statistically using an independent t-test (p < 0.05). A total of 21 male Wistar rats were used in vivo study. A femoral condyle was chosen as a hard tissue representative of the jaw. Tissues were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory staining observed under a light microscope to identify the tissue regeneration and implant remaining.Synthesized material that is added by cinnamaldehyde could be an implant material for inducing tissue regeneration.

This article compares the knowledge and interpretation ability of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), with undergraduate dental students by administering a dental anatomy multiple-choice question-based examination.This analytical cross-sectional study determined ChatGPT's justification for each response to evaluate its suitability as an e-learning tool. The frequency and percentage of students and ChatGPT were calculated to obtain the correct answers for a multiple-choice examination.The data analysis was performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) by IBM (Version 20) and Microsoft Excel by Microsoft Corporation. The frequency and percentage of students and the ChatGPT were calculated for the correct answers. The p-value of the Shapiro-Wilk test was 0.001, therefore, the Kolmogorov test was applied to check the hypothesis for the distribution of the average ChatGPT explanation score given by the experts.The results revealed that students performed better in the introductory dental anatomy examination. The average score of students was 74.28%, while that of ChatGPT was 60%. A good agreement was observed between the experts regarding the grading of the explanation.ChatGPT possesses a foundational understanding of basic dental anatomy, sufficient to achieve a passing grade on an undergraduate examination, its performance exhibits limitations in accuracy and reliability, therefore, it cannot be recommended as a sole learning resource.

To validate the use of panoramic radiographs and morphometric parameters in forensic odontology for accurate and efficient gender determination in the specific socio-cultural context of the Pakistani population.A retrospective study was conducted using orthopantomograms from 130 individuals aged between 16 and 30 years, sourced from a radiology department. The study included comprehensive measurements of mandibular indices such as condylar height, coronoid height, and antegonial depth. Measurements were made using Image J software. The indices were analyzed through univariate, multivariate, and best models to assess their effectiveness in gender prediction. Statistical analysis included independent samples t-test, binary logistic regression, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate threshold values, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for each index.Independent samples t-test was used to compare the means of indices with gender. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of male gender, and ROC analysis was used to calculate threshold values, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC.Univariate analysis revealed that most indices, except for the gonial angle, showed significant differences between genders. The multivariate model stated the condylar height and coronoid height as a significant predictor. The best model confirmed condylar height, coronoid height, antegonial depth, and the inferior border of the mental foramen as reliable indices for male gender determination. The ROC demonstrated that the distance from the mean inferior border to the lower border of the mandible had the highest AUC of 82%, indicating strong predictive power.The study confirmed the effectiveness of specific mandibular measurements in gender determination within the Pakistani population. Condylar height, coronoid height, antegonial depth, and the inferior border of the metal foramen are consistently significant predictors across various models. Further research with a larger population sample is recommended.

To compare the effect of submucosal cryotherapy with steroids and nonsteroidal injections on postendodontic pain in maxillary premolars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.A total of 52 patients with maxillary premolars diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis were randomly allocated into four equal groups (n = 13). Cold saline was injected submucosally in the experimental groups, while the two active comparator groups received dexamethasone sodium phosphate and diclofenac sodium submucosally. The control group did not receive any injections. Preoperative pain level was recorded using a numerical pain scale and subtracted from the postoperative pain level at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours, to calculate the pain reduction, after single-visit root canal treatment. Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of p < 0.05.Pain score reduction did not differ significantly between all the groups at all intervals. All groups showed a significant increase in pain reduction with time. The control and cryotherapy groups showed significantly lower incidence of flare-ups than the diclofenac group.Submucosal cryotherapy can be used as a safe and conservative alternative to steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of postoperative pain in cases with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.Submucosal cryotherapy reduces postoperative endodontic pain and can be used as a safe and conservative alternative to steroid and NSAID injections for postoperative endodontic pain control in cases with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.

This article examines the etiology of dental anxiety, a common yet often overlooked condition in dental practice. Ranging from mild discomfort to severe dental phobia, dental anxiety significantly affects a patient's ability to receive necessary care. Despite its prevalence, it remains underexplored in scientific research, leading to inadequate treatment and insufficient attention. Understanding the factors behind dental anxiety is crucial for prevention and for providing effective psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions.The review was based on a comprehensive search of several scientific databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Database, and Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source. Predefined keywords, such as "Dental Anxiety," "Dental Phobia," and "Etiology," were used to ensure broad coverage of relevant studies. The factors contributing to dental anxiety are multifactorial and involve both internal and external influences. Internal factors, such as genetic predispositions and central nervous system dysfunctions, interact with external influences, including personal experiences, negative past dental encounters, and environmental stimuli. Demographic factors, such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, along with personal characteristics like temperament and coping mechanisms, further contribute to the development of anxiety.Previous negative dental experiences and self-reported poor oral health exacerbate anxiety, increasing the likelihood of developing dental phobia, which often results in care avoidance. This avoidance worsens oral health, resulting in conditions such as caries and periodontal disease, and significantly diminishes the quality of life. Addressing dental anxiety is critical for improving patient cooperation and ensuring better long-term oral health outcomes. A more comprehensive understanding of dental anxiety will help identify at-risk patients early, prevent severe forms of dental phobia, and ensure dental care is accessible to all individuals.In conclusion, dental anxiety is a multifactorial issue that impacts access to dental care and overall oral health. The most significant factor contributing to dental anxiety is trauma associated with previous dental procedures. Expanding the understanding of its causes enables dental professionals to identify at-risk patients and develop tailored interventions. By addressing anxiety early and adopting evidence-based strategies, dental professionals can reduce the prevalence of dental anxiety and improve patient care.

Over the past decade, the occurrence of bone defects has seen a notable rise. In both developed and developing nations, their prevalence tends to increase in parallel with population density and levels of physical activity. Various therapeutic approaches have been implemented to address bone fractures, focusing on preventing infections, promoting faster healing, and restoring normal bone function. Among these, bone grafting-a surgical technique involving the use of biomaterials-remains a widely utilized method for bone replacement. This review aims to identify biomaterials that have biocompatibility with bone, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties so that they can trigger good osteogenesis. This review is based on a compilation of publications from various databases related to factors affecting the process of bone ossification. This study also evaluates the characteristics of hydroxyapatite biomaterials that play a role in inducing osteogenesis. The phosphate/calcium ratio close to 1.67, porosity in the range of 40 to 60%, pore diameter of 200 to 900 nm, and crystallinity of 40 to 60% will help the osteogenesis to perform well. The results of this study highlight the advantages of hydroxyapatite in terms of its osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteointegrative properties, which can trigger osteogenesis.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different surface pretreatments and bonding protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two monolithic zirconia materials to composite resin.A total of 200 zirconia specimens, 3Y-TZP (n = 100) and 5YSZ (n = 100), were allocated into five groups: Control with no treatment, air-particle abrasion (APA), Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser treatment (L), a combination of APA and L, and laser treatment followed by cold plasma (CAP). Half of the specimens received a primer application before bonding with resin cement. Surface morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy, and SBS testing was conducted with a universal testing machine.The SBS analysis was done using multiway analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05).Different surface pretreatments and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate primer application significantly increased SBS values (p ≤ 0.001). APA was associated with the highest SBS values, followed by APA + laser and laser + CAP. However, the combination of APA with L slightly reduce the bond strength. While the application of laser alone possesses the lowest SBS among the surface pretreatment methods, the control group was the worst by far. Different zirconia materials showed no impact on SBS values.APA surface pretreatment might still be the gold standard for zirconia adhesion. Laser surface pretreatment is a viable, less destructive option. Combining APA with laser slightly reduces SBS, while combining two inert surface pretreatment methods, such as laser and CAP, leads to enhancement of SBS compared with laser alone. Zirconia primer is highly recommended for bonding protocol. No special considerations should be taken for different yttria contents, as both materials reported comparable bond strength within the same coupled variables.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bonding performance and the interfacial ultramorphology of an innovative self-curing restorative system compared with a conventional light-curing resin composite applied on dentin in etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) mode.Twenty cavities (class I) were prepared in sound dentin and restored using two materials: (1) CERAM (n = 10; CERAM.X ONE, Dentsply Sirona) in combination with a universal adhesive system (PBU [Prime & Bond Universal]), or (2) STELA (n = 10; Stela Automix, SDI) in combination with its adhesive primer. Half of the specimens from each group were bonded in ER or SE mode. Specimens underwent microtensile bond strength testing after 24 hours of storage in artificial saliva. Failure mode was determined using a stereomicroscope, and fractographic analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The interfacial ultramorphology/nanoleakage of the resin-dentin slabs was analyzed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy.For quantitative analysis, bond strength values (in MPa) were assessed for normality and variance using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests, followed by ANOVA based on restorative material and adhesive bonding protocol, with Fisher's least significant difference post hoc test (α = 5%).SE groups exhibited significantly lower bond strength (17.4 MPa for CERAM; 26.2 MPa for STELA) compared with ER groups (35.8 MPa for CERAM; 33.6 MPa for STELA) (p < 0.05). CERAM applied in SE mode showed significantly lower bond strength compared with STELA applied in SE mode. Furthermore, CERAM applied in SE mode was the only group presenting a pre-test failure rate (27%). The failure mode was predominantly mixed in ER groups and adhesive in SE groups. Nanoleakage was observed clearly in the CERAM groups applied in both ER and SE modes but was less evident in the STELA groups.The new self-curing material (STELA) used in SE or ER may represent a promising clinical option to provide adequate interfacial adaptation and strong bonding to dentin when restoring deep class I cavities. The use of conventional adhesives in deep class I cavities may generate resin-dentin interfaces characterized by gaps and leakages.

For cementation of ceramic restorations, a layer of adhesive followed by resin cement is applied to the treated enamel surface. The light activation of adhesive may occur before or simultaneously with the resin cement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ceramic thickness and previous light activation of adhesive on shear strength of resin cement to enamel.Vestibular bovine enamel was bonded to lithium disilicate ceramic cylinders with resin cement. The samples were divided into two groups, according to the ceramic thickness (1 or 2 mm). The cylinders had one surface treated for cementation and the enamel surface was treated with acid etching and adhesive system. Only half of samples received light activation of the adhesive prior to cementation. The samples were stored for 30 days in water at 37°C, and then subjected to the shear bond strength test.Two-way analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the influence of previous light activation and ceramic thickness on the bond strength to enamel (α = 0.05).The results of this study indicated that there is no significant difference in the shear adhesive strength between ceramics and dental enamel in relation to the factors evaluated.It is concluded that bond strength is not affected by neither the previous adhesive light activation nor ceramic thickness (1 or 2 mm).