Background: Contrary to in vitro data on skin diffusivity of nickel salts indicating slow rates of diffusion, contact allergy to nickel among the general population is frequent, indicating facile skin penetration. Objective: To demonstrate that the preferred diffusion of a lipophilic oxidation product of nickel formed in contact with the skin follows the multilamellar lipid region which envelops the corneocytes. Method: Diffusion of nickel chloride was compared with that of the lipophilic nickel soap, the dioctanoate. Results: The dioctanoate soap showed a significantly lower rate of diffusion (Kp = 1.4 × 10–3 ± 5.7 × 10–4 cm/h) than the chloride salt (Kp = 9.8 × 10–3 ± 4.8 × 10–4 cm/h), with a relatively high level of nickel retained in the tissue. Conclusions: (a) The molecular volume of the nickel dioctanoate overrides the effect of compound polarity; (b) the rates of diffusion measured through dermatomed skin are higher than those heretofore measured through full-thickness skin, epidermal tissue or stratum corneum; (c) both the nickel salt and soap appear to diffuse primarily via appendages; (d) the cause for the pronounced immune response to nickel in contact with the skin appears to lie in amounts retained in the viable skin strata; (e) skin from a young donor appears more permeable to nickel compounds than skin from an older source stemming from the same anatomical site.
{"title":"Flux of a Nickel(II) Salt versus a Nickel(II) Soap across Human Skin in vitro","authors":"J. Hostynek,","doi":"10.1159/000076805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000076805","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Contrary to in vitro data on skin diffusivity of nickel salts indicating slow rates of diffusion, contact allergy to nickel among the general population is frequent, indicating facile skin penetration. Objective: To demonstrate that the preferred diffusion of a lipophilic oxidation product of nickel formed in contact with the skin follows the multilamellar lipid region which envelops the corneocytes. Method: Diffusion of nickel chloride was compared with that of the lipophilic nickel soap, the dioctanoate. Results: The dioctanoate soap showed a significantly lower rate of diffusion (Kp = 1.4 × 10–3 ± 5.7 × 10–4 cm/h) than the chloride salt (Kp = 9.8 × 10–3 ± 4.8 × 10–4 cm/h), with a relatively high level of nickel retained in the tissue. Conclusions: (a) The molecular volume of the nickel dioctanoate overrides the effect of compound polarity; (b) the rates of diffusion measured through dermatomed skin are higher than those heretofore measured through full-thickness skin, epidermal tissue or stratum corneum; (c) both the nickel salt and soap appear to diffuse primarily via appendages; (d) the cause for the pronounced immune response to nickel in contact with the skin appears to lie in amounts retained in the viable skin strata; (e) skin from a young donor appears more permeable to nickel compounds than skin from an older source stemming from the same anatomical site.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"27 1","pages":"216 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83195464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Amri, M. Youssef, M. Kharfi, F. Cherif, A. Masmoudi, M. Kourda, S. Fenniche, M. Dhaoui, M. Kamoun, A. Ben Osman Dhahri, A. Zahaf, R. Nouira, I. Mokhtar, N. Doss, J. Zili
Our aim was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical features of atopic dermatitis in Tunisia. To reach this object, a retrospective multicentre study was carried out at the 7 Tunisian departments of dermatology covering a period of 5 years. We observed 1,032 cases of atopic dermatitis during the studied period. These cases represent 0.52% of all new diagnoses in the same period. The mean age at onset was 3.5 years. Atopic dermatitis began after the age of 5 years in 14.05% of patients and was assessed to be severe in 5% of cases. Atopic dermatitis seems to be less frequent in Tunisia than in western countries. Its age at onset is higher, and this may be correlated with the less severe forms of the disease seen.
{"title":"Atopic Dermatitis in Tunisia","authors":"M. Amri, M. Youssef, M. Kharfi, F. Cherif, A. Masmoudi, M. Kourda, S. Fenniche, M. Dhaoui, M. Kamoun, A. Ben Osman Dhahri, A. Zahaf, R. Nouira, I. Mokhtar, N. Doss, J. Zili","doi":"10.1159/000074107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000074107","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical features of atopic dermatitis in Tunisia. To reach this object, a retrospective multicentre study was carried out at the 7 Tunisian departments of dermatology covering a period of 5 years. We observed 1,032 cases of atopic dermatitis during the studied period. These cases represent 0.52% of all new diagnoses in the same period. The mean age at onset was 3.5 years. Atopic dermatitis began after the age of 5 years in 14.05% of patients and was assessed to be severe in 5% of cases. Atopic dermatitis seems to be less frequent in Tunisia than in western countries. Its age at onset is higher, and this may be correlated with the less severe forms of the disease seen.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"22 1","pages":"60 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74171654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Markert, P. Elsner, M. Amri, M. Youssef, M. Kharfi, F. Cherif, A. Masmoudi, M. Kourda, S. Fenniche, M. Dhaoui, M. Kamoun, A. Dhahri, A. Zahaf, R. Nouira, I. Mokhtar, N. Doss, J. Zili, E. Uhoda, M. Paye, G. Piérard
9–12 July 2003 Helsinki, Finland Exog Dermatol 2003;2:70–112 DOI:10.1159/000074109 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Bangalore · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Symposium 1: Prediction of Irritancy In vivo Irritation Models: Beyond Bioengineering Techniques – New Non-Invasive Approaches Fluhr, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 In vitro Irritancy Prediction Using a Three-Dimensional Culture Model Eun, H.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Prediction of Subclinical Irritation Berardesca, E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 The Glutathione Redox Ratio in Clinically Undamaged Skin May Predict the Duration of Treatment in Chronic Hand Dermatitis Eisen, M., Kaur, S., Kullisaar, T., Rehema, A., Vihalemm, T., Zilmer. . . . 76 Identification of a Sensitive Skin Panel? Holmes, J.L., Marriot, M.C., Cooper, K.J., Basketter, D.A. . . . . . . 76 Prediction of Damaging Effects of Wash-Off Products on Human Skin Barrier Function Hyldgaard, J.G., Halkier-Sørensen, L., Jensen, A.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Acquired Cutaneous Hyperirritability after Previous Hand Dermatitis John, S.M., Schwanitz, H.J. . . . . . . . 76 Early Upregulation of Chemokine Expression in Skin Injury following Tape Stripping Lauerma, A.I., Kankaanpää, C., Alenius, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Symposium 3: Prevention of Irritant Contact Dermatitis Barrier Creams and Moisturizers Elsner, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Education Programs in the Prevention of Irritant Contact Dermatitis Schwanitz, H.J., Klippel, U., Schlesinger, T., Wulfhorst, B., Schürer, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Symposium 4: Occupational Irritant Contact Dermatitis Causes of Occupational Irritant Contact Dermatitis – Finnish Statistics Jolanki, R., Mäkinen, I., Suuronen, K., Alanko, K., Estlander, T. . . . . . . . . . . 79 Causes and Prevention of Occupational Contact Dermatitis Diepgen, T.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Occupational Hand Eczema Andersen, K.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ‘General Secondary Individual Prevention’ of Occupational Skin Disease: Prospective Intervention Study in Northwest Germany Dickel, H., Kuss, O., Schlesinger, T., Chrenowa, L., Skudlik, C., Brandenburg, S., Schwanitz, H.J. . . . 80 Symposium 6: Latex Allergy: From Mechanisms to Practical Aspects Molecular Mechanisms in Latex Allergy Alenius, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Latex Allergens: Impact on Sensitisation, Clinical Allergy and Occupational Safety Aspects Palosuo, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Problems of Latex Allergy in Clinical Praxis Turjanmaa, K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Symposium 8: Sensitive Skin Sensitive Skin Syndrome Maibach, H.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Sensitive Skin Symptoms – Risk of Hand Eczema Susitaival, P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Symposium 9: Allergens and Irritants i
Surfactant-based skin care products can induce minimal to severer alterations of the human stratum corneum (SC). These changes can be conveniently assessed using electrometric devices. Four different surfactant-based solutions were applied to the forearms of 10 healthy volunteers following a soap chamber test method. The 2-day patch testing was followed by a 2-week follow-up. Clinical and instrumental assessments were performed at 7 time points. Data generated by the Corneometer® CM820, the Dermalab Moisture Module® and the Nova Dermal Phase Meter® (DPM) 9003 were compared. The significant differences between the product aggressiveness to the SC were similarly disclosed by the Corneometer and the Dermalab Moisture Module. The ranking of product aggressiveness given by the 3 devices 5 days after patch removal was similar to that given by the clinical assessment of erythema. A high level of correlation was found between the values yielded by the immediate and continuous mode assessments using the Dermalab Moisture Module with the pin probe, while the correlation was weaker with the Nova DPM. This finding may be related to the fact that the Nova DPM is influenced by the accumulation of the transepidermal water loss in the continuous mode assessment while there is no significant occlusion effect of the Dermalab Moisture pin probe that is more representative of the initial level of SC hydration. In conclusion, the Corneometer and the Dermalab Moisture Module respond similarly to changes in the SC content. This finding is different from some previous reports.
{"title":"Comparative Clinical and Electrometric Assessments of the Impact of Surfactants on Forearm Skin","authors":"E. Uhoda, M. Paye, G. Piérard","doi":"10.1159/000074108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000074108","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactant-based skin care products can induce minimal to severer alterations of the human stratum corneum (SC). These changes can be conveniently assessed using electrometric devices. Four different surfactant-based solutions were applied to the forearms of 10 healthy volunteers following a soap chamber test method. The 2-day patch testing was followed by a 2-week follow-up. Clinical and instrumental assessments were performed at 7 time points. Data generated by the Corneometer® CM820, the Dermalab Moisture Module® and the Nova Dermal Phase Meter® (DPM) 9003 were compared. The significant differences between the product aggressiveness to the SC were similarly disclosed by the Corneometer and the Dermalab Moisture Module. The ranking of product aggressiveness given by the 3 devices 5 days after patch removal was similar to that given by the clinical assessment of erythema. A high level of correlation was found between the values yielded by the immediate and continuous mode assessments using the Dermalab Moisture Module with the pin probe, while the correlation was weaker with the Nova DPM. This finding may be related to the fact that the Nova DPM is influenced by the accumulation of the transepidermal water loss in the continuous mode assessment while there is no significant occlusion effect of the Dermalab Moisture pin probe that is more representative of the initial level of SC hydration. In conclusion, the Corneometer and the Dermalab Moisture Module respond similarly to changes in the SC content. This finding is different from some previous reports.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"6 1","pages":"64 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74258557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contact dermatitis can be induced by a variety of small antigens. After binding of such antigens to a skin protein, they form a hapten-protein complex which can be incorporated into Langerhans cells or which can develop intracellularly. These complexes or their fragments can be presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II by professional antigen-presenting cells or via MHC I by any cell present in the skin. The following activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells induces death of the presenting cell, including Langerhans cells or keratinocytes, which leads to an enormous release of immunoactive and chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines, initiating a strong inflammation.
{"title":"The Immunology of Contact Dermatitis","authors":"U. Markert, P. Elsner","doi":"10.1159/000074106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000074106","url":null,"abstract":"Contact dermatitis can be induced by a variety of small antigens. After binding of such antigens to a skin protein, they form a hapten-protein complex which can be incorporated into Langerhans cells or which can develop intracellularly. These complexes or their fragments can be presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II by professional antigen-presenting cells or via MHC I by any cell present in the skin. The following activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells induces death of the presenting cell, including Langerhans cells or keratinocytes, which leads to an enormous release of immunoactive and chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines, initiating a strong inflammation.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"8 1","pages":"53 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88105605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Warren, J. Schwartz, L. Sanders, P. S. Juneja
Background: Dandruff is believed to be a fungus-mediated disease which responds to the topical delivery of antifungal agents. Although the primary causative factor is fungus related, distal events include an inflammatory cascade that eventually expresses itself as corneocyte flakes. The most common vehicle for dandruff treatment includes surfactants (i.e. shampoos), which as a chemical group have the potential to promote dermatitis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of antidandruff agents and antimicrobials on the potential contact irritancy of surfactants. Methods: Excretion of interleukin 1α by human skin equivalent cultures was measured after topical application of test materials. Results: Zinc pyrithione specifically reduces surfactant-induced expression of interleukin 1α. Neither its sodium salt nor other antimicrobial/antifungal agents had a similar effect. Conclusion: These data suggest that in addition to its known antifungal activity, zinc pyrithione may provide an additional benefit by reducing the potential irritancy of surfactant vehicles.
{"title":"Attenuation of Surfactant-Induced Interleukin 1α Expression by Zinc Pyrithione","authors":"Raphael Warren, J. Schwartz, L. Sanders, P. S. Juneja","doi":"10.1159/000071930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000071930","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dandruff is believed to be a fungus-mediated disease which responds to the topical delivery of antifungal agents. Although the primary causative factor is fungus related, distal events include an inflammatory cascade that eventually expresses itself as corneocyte flakes. The most common vehicle for dandruff treatment includes surfactants (i.e. shampoos), which as a chemical group have the potential to promote dermatitis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of antidandruff agents and antimicrobials on the potential contact irritancy of surfactants. Methods: Excretion of interleukin 1α by human skin equivalent cultures was measured after topical application of test materials. Results: Zinc pyrithione specifically reduces surfactant-induced expression of interleukin 1α. Neither its sodium salt nor other antimicrobial/antifungal agents had a similar effect. Conclusion: These data suggest that in addition to its known antifungal activity, zinc pyrithione may provide an additional benefit by reducing the potential irritancy of surfactant vehicles.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"42 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82459978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Knittel, H. Buschmann, T. Textor, E. Schollmeyer
A report is given on new methods of surface modification of near-skin textiles. These modifications include the use of cyclodextrins, linear carbohydrate biopolymers and inorganic/organic hybrid networks; all of them can be permanently fixed on the textile for multiple uses. Textiles finished in this way may be used as transdermal therapeutic systems after loading with pharmaceuticals or as transdermal collector systems for stabilizing and analysing sweat components or as a means to regulate the skin climate.
{"title":"Surface of Textiles and the Human Skin","authors":"D. Knittel, H. Buschmann, T. Textor, E. Schollmeyer","doi":"10.1159/000071928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000071928","url":null,"abstract":"A report is given on new methods of surface modification of near-skin textiles. These modifications include the use of cyclodextrins, linear carbohydrate biopolymers and inorganic/organic hybrid networks; all of them can be permanently fixed on the textile for multiple uses. Textiles finished in this way may be used as transdermal therapeutic systems after loading with pharmaceuticals or as transdermal collector systems for stabilizing and analysing sweat components or as a means to regulate the skin climate.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"85 1","pages":"11 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77512837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Wollina, A. Koch, Iris-Sylvia Schulze, F. Giusti, S. Seidenari, H. Kobayashi, H. Tagami, D. Knittel, H. Buschmann, T. Textor, E. Schollmeyer, K. Beermann, Raphael Warren, J. Schwartz, L. Sanders, P. S. Juneja, H. Eun, Chunja Nam, M. Gloor, J. Haus, D. Suh, J. H. Han, K. Park
{"title":"Acknowledgement to Referees for Exogenous Dermatology 2002","authors":"U. Wollina, A. Koch, Iris-Sylvia Schulze, F. Giusti, S. Seidenari, H. Kobayashi, H. Tagami, D. Knittel, H. Buschmann, T. Textor, E. Schollmeyer, K. Beermann, Raphael Warren, J. Schwartz, L. Sanders, P. S. Juneja, H. Eun, Chunja Nam, M. Gloor, J. Haus, D. Suh, J. H. Han, K. Park","doi":"10.1159/000072950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000072950","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"19 1","pages":"51 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75400376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose of the Study: To determine the effect of pretreatment with 5% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution and occlusive film dressings on stratum corneum hydration and barrier function. Procedures: Twenty subjects were treated with 5% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution (versus water) 3 times at 12-hour intervals, followed by 24 h of occlusion. Outcome measures were the effects of this treatment on stratum corneum moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydrocortisone blanching and skin irritation in the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) irritation test. Results: Aluminum chloride significantly (versus water) prevented occlusion-induced increases in corneometric measurement values and TEWL and significantly (versus water) reduced corticosteroid penetration in the blanching test but had no significant effect on skin irritation in the SLS irritation test. Conclusions and Message: Five percent aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution reduces the water content of the stratum corneum under occlusive conditions. An increased water content of the stratum corneum is obtained in persons suffering from hyperhidrosis and under protective gloves. While improving stratum corneum barrier integrity as such, aluminum chloride fails to protect the stratum corneum barrier against irritation induced by surfactants.
{"title":"Aluminum Chloride: Is It Useful for Skin Protection in Occupational Dermatology?","authors":"M. Gloor, J. Haus","doi":"10.1159/000071931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000071931","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of the Study: To determine the effect of pretreatment with 5% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution and occlusive film dressings on stratum corneum hydration and barrier function. Procedures: Twenty subjects were treated with 5% aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution (versus water) 3 times at 12-hour intervals, followed by 24 h of occlusion. Outcome measures were the effects of this treatment on stratum corneum moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydrocortisone blanching and skin irritation in the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) irritation test. Results: Aluminum chloride significantly (versus water) prevented occlusion-induced increases in corneometric measurement values and TEWL and significantly (versus water) reduced corticosteroid penetration in the blanching test but had no significant effect on skin irritation in the SLS irritation test. Conclusions and Message: Five percent aluminum chloride hexahydrate solution reduces the water content of the stratum corneum under occlusive conditions. An increased water content of the stratum corneum is obtained in persons suffering from hyperhidrosis and under protective gloves. While improving stratum corneum barrier integrity as such, aluminum chloride fails to protect the stratum corneum barrier against irritation induced by surfactants.","PeriodicalId":12086,"journal":{"name":"Exogenous Dermatology","volume":"50 1","pages":"28 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73616208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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