Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619583
R. Mouton, V. Semet, D. Guillot, V. Binh
Layers of non-directional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently used as field emission (FE) cathodes. The main advantage for such cathodes is the low cost fabrication process using conventional film deposition techniques such as screen-printing or imprint. This advantage is unfortunately counter-balanced by the non-uniformity and low density of the field emission sites, a consequence of its mat-like deposition and the tubular geometry of the CNTs. Recently, by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, strings of nanoballs of carbon are obtained which are called carbon nanopearls. Due to its string-like structure of nanospheres, the deposited layers of the carbon nanopearls naturally present a higher density of field emission sites. As the nanopearls surface is constituted of graphene, as the carbon nanotubes apex, these field emission sites exhibit the same quality for current stability as observed with the carbon nanotubes. It has been demonstrated that a film of conditioned carbon nanopearls exhibits Fowler-Nordheim field emission behaviour, with currents of up to 50 muA readily obtainable under continuous emission in moderate vacuum. Compared to other graphitic nanostructures, in particular the tubular geometry of CNTs, the nanopearls have the advantage of presenting statistically a high density of apex areas with a small radius of curvature (~75 nm) when deposited on a planar surface. Moreover, these spheres are composed of graphitic flakes that are unclosed at the surface and therefore believed to exhibit many dangling bonds with the potential to enhance the field emission current. These two properties give the nanopearls excellent prospects as a cathode material. To investigate the field emission properties, the nanopearls were directly grown on the end of a metallic wire. The field emission was performed in a conventional field emission microscope environment, with the cathode located a few mm away from a flat screen. Systematic analysis of the field emission properties and behaviour of carbon nanopearls based cathodes were done, in particular the energy distribution measurements under different conditions. A comparative analysis with carbon nanotubes will point out the specific quality related to the nanopearl structure
{"title":"Field electron emission from a film of carbon nanopearls","authors":"R. Mouton, V. Semet, D. Guillot, V. Binh","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619583","url":null,"abstract":"Layers of non-directional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently used as field emission (FE) cathodes. The main advantage for such cathodes is the low cost fabrication process using conventional film deposition techniques such as screen-printing or imprint. This advantage is unfortunately counter-balanced by the non-uniformity and low density of the field emission sites, a consequence of its mat-like deposition and the tubular geometry of the CNTs. Recently, by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, strings of nanoballs of carbon are obtained which are called carbon nanopearls. Due to its string-like structure of nanospheres, the deposited layers of the carbon nanopearls naturally present a higher density of field emission sites. As the nanopearls surface is constituted of graphene, as the carbon nanotubes apex, these field emission sites exhibit the same quality for current stability as observed with the carbon nanotubes. It has been demonstrated that a film of conditioned carbon nanopearls exhibits Fowler-Nordheim field emission behaviour, with currents of up to 50 muA readily obtainable under continuous emission in moderate vacuum. Compared to other graphitic nanostructures, in particular the tubular geometry of CNTs, the nanopearls have the advantage of presenting statistically a high density of apex areas with a small radius of curvature (~75 nm) when deposited on a planar surface. Moreover, these spheres are composed of graphitic flakes that are unclosed at the surface and therefore believed to exhibit many dangling bonds with the potential to enhance the field emission current. These two properties give the nanopearls excellent prospects as a cathode material. To investigate the field emission properties, the nanopearls were directly grown on the end of a metallic wire. The field emission was performed in a conventional field emission microscope environment, with the cathode located a few mm away from a flat screen. Systematic analysis of the field emission properties and behaviour of carbon nanopearls based cathodes were done, in particular the energy distribution measurements under different conditions. A comparative analysis with carbon nanotubes will point out the specific quality related to the nanopearl structure","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115007084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619621
M. Waite, H. Bishop, M. Brierly, R. A. Tuck, W. Taylor
A novel type of emitter for a FED, the pFED is being developed for the past ten years. This emitter is formed from micron-sized silica coated with a nano-scale silica insulator. Of the commercially available graphites tested, the best performance was obtained from a 6 mum grade material. When printing such a material a coverage of ~15% cannot be exceeded without forming large clusters that disrupt subsequent processing, thus limiting the density of potential emission sites. In addition, many flakes lie flat on the surface and are unlikely to contribute to emission. In order to improve the density of emitters a thick ink approach has been investigated where the flakes are supported in a mixture of nanoparticle silica (or other insulating particles such as TiO2 or Al2O3) and submicron graphite. The resulting structure is some 1-2 mum thick with the graphite flakes and the underlying cathode connected by a semi-resistive pathway of conducting and insulating particles. The emission properties of these thick inks were comparable with those of the thin inks except that in some cases a second type of emission (Type II emission) was observed
{"title":"Alternative field electron emission characteristics from graphite-insulator composite layers","authors":"M. Waite, H. Bishop, M. Brierly, R. A. Tuck, W. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619621","url":null,"abstract":"A novel type of emitter for a FED, the pFED is being developed for the past ten years. This emitter is formed from micron-sized silica coated with a nano-scale silica insulator. Of the commercially available graphites tested, the best performance was obtained from a 6 mum grade material. When printing such a material a coverage of ~15% cannot be exceeded without forming large clusters that disrupt subsequent processing, thus limiting the density of potential emission sites. In addition, many flakes lie flat on the surface and are unlikely to contribute to emission. In order to improve the density of emitters a thick ink approach has been investigated where the flakes are supported in a mixture of nanoparticle silica (or other insulating particles such as TiO2 or Al2O3) and submicron graphite. The resulting structure is some 1-2 mum thick with the graphite flakes and the underlying cathode connected by a semi-resistive pathway of conducting and insulating particles. The emission properties of these thick inks were comparable with those of the thin inks except that in some cases a second type of emission (Type II emission) was observed","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117050231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619480
Yu Wang, C. Hunt, Y. Diawara, T. Thorson
We present here an X-ray detector based on Si field-emission tip technology. The X-ray is first converted to EHPs in the substrate Si The electrons are emitted into vacuum from spatially-distinct nanoscale field emission tips fabricated on the back-side of the conversion layer, and detected using an imaging multi-channel plate (MCP).
{"title":"X-ray imaging detector silicon field emission tip array energy conversion","authors":"Yu Wang, C. Hunt, Y. Diawara, T. Thorson","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619480","url":null,"abstract":"We present here an X-ray detector based on Si field-emission tip technology. The X-ray is first converted to EHPs in the substrate Si The electrons are emitted into vacuum from spatially-distinct nanoscale field emission tips fabricated on the back-side of the conversion layer, and detected using an imaging multi-channel plate (MCP).","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124187353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619496
L. Velásquez-García, A. Akinwande, M. Martínez-Sánchez
This paper reports the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a microfabricated, internally-fed linear array of electrospray emitters intended for space propulsion applications. The engine uses highly doped formamide as propellant, with electrical conductivity in the 0.3 - 3.0 S/m range. The electrospray array operates in the single Taylor cone droplet emission regime, and it requires about 2000 V to become activated. The reported device demonstrates the feasibility of high clustering of the electrospray emitters.
{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of a micro-fabricated linear array of electrospray emitters intended for space thruster applications","authors":"L. Velásquez-García, A. Akinwande, M. Martínez-Sánchez","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619496","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of a microfabricated, internally-fed linear array of electrospray emitters intended for space propulsion applications. The engine uses highly doped formamide as propellant, with electrical conductivity in the 0.3 - 3.0 S/m range. The electrospray array operates in the single Taylor cone droplet emission regime, and it requires about 2000 V to become activated. The reported device demonstrates the feasibility of high clustering of the electrospray emitters.","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123793332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Triple junction of metal-dielectric-vacuum is theoretically analysed. Electric field enhancement is observed in the vicinity of a metal-dielectric contact and considered to be due to the presence of dielectric. The dielectric enhancement in the problem gives rise to a new concept that dielectric can enhance the electric field, which is opposite to the usual view that dielectric reduces the electric field. This new type of enhancement is attributed to the polarization of dielectric. It is also found that the metal-dielectric-vacuum path is more favorable than the metal-vacuum path for field electrons. The present results suggest that the triple junction can be a new type of field emission source
{"title":"Theoretical analysis of triple junction field emission for a new type of cold cathode","authors":"M. Chung, T. S. Choi, P. H. Cutler, N. Miskovsky","doi":"10.1116/1.2185650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2185650","url":null,"abstract":"Triple junction of metal-dielectric-vacuum is theoretically analysed. Electric field enhancement is observed in the vicinity of a metal-dielectric contact and considered to be due to the presence of dielectric. The dielectric enhancement in the problem gives rise to a new concept that dielectric can enhance the electric field, which is opposite to the usual view that dielectric reduces the electric field. This new type of enhancement is attributed to the polarization of dielectric. It is also found that the metal-dielectric-vacuum path is more favorable than the metal-vacuum path for field electrons. The present results suggest that the triple junction can be a new type of field emission source","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129518953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619463
B. Satyanarayana
In an effort to develop a relatively low cost-low temperature process based technology compatible with semiconductor technology, a low field electron emission from a nanocarbon based multilayered electron emitter was studied. Some of the results are presented in this paper as well as a possible mechanism of emission from such multilayered electron emitter.
{"title":"Emission mechanism for field assisted electron emission from a novel multilayered nanocarbon based electron emitter","authors":"B. Satyanarayana","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619463","url":null,"abstract":"In an effort to develop a relatively low cost-low temperature process based technology compatible with semiconductor technology, a low field electron emission from a nanocarbon based multilayered electron emitter was studied. Some of the results are presented in this paper as well as a possible mechanism of emission from such multilayered electron emitter.","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131115322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619596
Wang Weibiao, Xia Yuxue, Lei Da, Chen Song, L. Lili, Chen Ming, L. Jingqiu
This study introduced a kind of carbon microtubes. These materials have some different properties with carbon nanotubes and the density is lower than carbon nanotube bundles. These carbon microtubes are directly synthesized by liquidoid epitaxy method on silicon substrates at low temperature. The field emission properties of carbon microtubes were also determined.
{"title":"Fabrication and electron emission of carbon microtubes","authors":"Wang Weibiao, Xia Yuxue, Lei Da, Chen Song, L. Lili, Chen Ming, L. Jingqiu","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619596","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduced a kind of carbon microtubes. These materials have some different properties with carbon nanotubes and the density is lower than carbon nanotube bundles. These carbon microtubes are directly synthesized by liquidoid epitaxy method on silicon substrates at low temperature. The field emission properties of carbon microtubes were also determined.","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131165472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619631
T. Ganetsos, Nikolaos Laskaris, Ch. Lontos, B. Kotsos
In this work, mass spectrum analysis using a new novel software by MATLAB were tested in several liquid metal ion sources (LMAISs) such as AuGeSi, GaIN, ErFeCrNi, and AuGe. The relative intensities of the main ions of each source were determined. In AuGeSi source our results strongly point towards the co-existence of two mechanisms for the emission of doubly-charged monomer ions: direct field evaporation for the Ge/sup 2+/ and Si/sup 2+/ ions but Au/sup 2+/ is formed by the post-ionisation of Au/sup +/. In ErFeCrNi source according to Brandon's criterion Er/sup 2+/, Fe/sup 2+/ is likely to be field evaporated as doubly charged ions. Also, in AuSi alloy source Si/sup 2+/ is directly field-evaporated while Au/sup 2+/ must formed by the post-ionisation of Au/sup +/.
{"title":"Mass spectrum analysis of a L.M.A.I.Ss using a novel software by MATLAB","authors":"T. Ganetsos, Nikolaos Laskaris, Ch. Lontos, B. Kotsos","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619631","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, mass spectrum analysis using a new novel software by MATLAB were tested in several liquid metal ion sources (LMAISs) such as AuGeSi, GaIN, ErFeCrNi, and AuGe. The relative intensities of the main ions of each source were determined. In AuGeSi source our results strongly point towards the co-existence of two mechanisms for the emission of doubly-charged monomer ions: direct field evaporation for the Ge/sup 2+/ and Si/sup 2+/ ions but Au/sup 2+/ is formed by the post-ionisation of Au/sup +/. In ErFeCrNi source according to Brandon's criterion Er/sup 2+/, Fe/sup 2+/ is likely to be field evaporated as doubly charged ions. Also, in AuSi alloy source Si/sup 2+/ is directly field-evaporated while Au/sup 2+/ must formed by the post-ionisation of Au/sup +/.","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117061911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619623
M. Xiaoyan, Lei Wei, Gu Wei, Zhang Xiaobing
This paper discusses the capacitance effect of the triode structure on the display characteristic of a field emission display. An RC circuit model between gate and cathode is adopted and results show that the effect of the capacitance and resistance on the waveform and the grayscale are estimated.
{"title":"Capacitance effect on FED system","authors":"M. Xiaoyan, Lei Wei, Gu Wei, Zhang Xiaobing","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619623","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the capacitance effect of the triode structure on the display characteristic of a field emission display. An RC circuit model between gate and cathode is adopted and results show that the effect of the capacitance and resistance on the waveform and the grayscale are estimated.","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122165222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-10DOI: 10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619524
N. Kiselev, A. L. Musatov, J. Hutchison, O. Zhigalina, E. Kukovitskiǐ, V. Artemov, Y. Grigoriev, K. R. Izrael’yants, S. L’vov
Carbon nanotube (NT) layers grown by CVD on Ni foil demonstrated low voltage characteristics of field electron emission: the value of the field amplification coefficient beta was in the range 1000-4000. The influence of electric field (Eav), emission current (IFE ) and exposure time on the configuration of conical-layer carbon nanotubes grown by CVD on the edge of a Ni foil has been investigated. TEM profile imaging revealed a significant concentration of NTs close to the edge surface, whereas on the NTs layers' outer surfaces single, non-oriented NTs with open ends free of catalytic particles, were observed. After sufficient electric field application many NTs become oriented towards the anode, but one or two of them were always a few microns more extended. In-situ SEM investigation showed that below Eav = 3.2 - 3.9 V/mum, emission was achieved at the expense of originally existing free NTs ends. Configuration changes began at the higher applied fields. On the observed foil edge length (14.6 - 17.8 mum) and the edge thickness 200 mum one or two NTs extended towards the anode and probably become main emitters. On further increasing the field to Eav= 5.7 - 8 V/mum and at IFE=2times10-5 A these tubes disappeared (or essentially shortened). At Eav = 8 V/mum and higher, and at an exposure time of up to 40 min, several tens of extended NTs appeared with one or two extended significantly beyond the others. This NT configuration pattern is probably connected with electrostatic screening between the NTs. It is suggested that in the range of Eav and IFE that was investigated, a limited number of NTs were emitting and these nanotubes were constantly changing as Eav, IFE and exposure time increase
{"title":"The influence of electric field and emission current on the configuration of nanotubes in carbon nanotubes layers","authors":"N. Kiselev, A. L. Musatov, J. Hutchison, O. Zhigalina, E. Kukovitskiǐ, V. Artemov, Y. Grigoriev, K. R. Izrael’yants, S. L’vov","doi":"10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IVNC.2005.1619524","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanotube (NT) layers grown by CVD on Ni foil demonstrated low voltage characteristics of field electron emission: the value of the field amplification coefficient beta was in the range 1000-4000. The influence of electric field (Eav), emission current (IFE ) and exposure time on the configuration of conical-layer carbon nanotubes grown by CVD on the edge of a Ni foil has been investigated. TEM profile imaging revealed a significant concentration of NTs close to the edge surface, whereas on the NTs layers' outer surfaces single, non-oriented NTs with open ends free of catalytic particles, were observed. After sufficient electric field application many NTs become oriented towards the anode, but one or two of them were always a few microns more extended. In-situ SEM investigation showed that below Eav = 3.2 - 3.9 V/mum, emission was achieved at the expense of originally existing free NTs ends. Configuration changes began at the higher applied fields. On the observed foil edge length (14.6 - 17.8 mum) and the edge thickness 200 mum one or two NTs extended towards the anode and probably become main emitters. On further increasing the field to Eav= 5.7 - 8 V/mum and at IFE=2times10-5 A these tubes disappeared (or essentially shortened). At Eav = 8 V/mum and higher, and at an exposure time of up to 40 min, several tens of extended NTs appeared with one or two extended significantly beyond the others. This NT configuration pattern is probably connected with electrostatic screening between the NTs. It is suggested that in the range of Eav and IFE that was investigated, a limited number of NTs were emitting and these nanotubes were constantly changing as Eav, IFE and exposure time increase","PeriodicalId":121164,"journal":{"name":"2005 International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127110439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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