Field Crops Research最新文献_第2页

Complementarity and competitive trade-offs enhance forage productivity, nutritive balance, land and water use, and economics in legume-grass intercropping 互补性和竞争性权衡可提高豆科植物-禾本科植物间作的饲草生产率、营养平衡、水土利用和经济效益

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109642

Chong Liang Luo , Hai Xia Duan , Ya Lin Wang , Hong Jin Liu , Shi Xiao Xu

Legume-grass intercropping is proposed as a globally sustainable approach to enhance forage crop productivity and quality while supporting agropastoral ecosystem functioning. However, the mechanism involved in interspecific complementarity and competition driven forage productivity, quality, resource utilization, and economic benefits across different proportions of intercrops remains unclear, particularly under interannual climate variability. To address this, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in the agropastoral area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) to assess the effects of different legume proportions (five legume-grass intercropping and their respective monocultures) and growing seasons on the productive, biological and economic viability. The results showed that legume proportions of 40 % and 50 % achieved the highest forage yield, system productivity (SP), water use efficiency (WUE), land equivalent ratio (LER), net profit (NP), return on investment (ROI), biodiversity effect (NE), and complementarity effect (CE) compared to other intercropping and monocultures (P < 0.05). As the legume proportion increased, yield stability, selection effect, crude protein (CP) and ash contents, grass aggressivity and competitive ratio significantly increased (P < 0.05), while ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), gross energy (GE), legume aggressivity and competitive ratio significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, the lowest forage yield, SP, NP, ROI, CP, EE, NFE, GE, and the highest WUE, LER, NE, CE, CF and ash contents were observed during the dry season (P < 0.05). Overall, our results suggested that the optimal legume proportions of 40–50 % increased forage productivity, land and water use efficiency, and economic benefits in intercropping system by improving complementarity and competitive trade-offs, which helps the intercropping systems better adapt to climatic droughts in the semiarid regions of the QTP.

豆科植物与禾本科植物间作被认为是提高饲料作物产量和质量、同时支持农牧生态系统功能的一种全球可持续方法。然而，种间互补和竞争驱动不同比例间作的饲草生产率、质量、资源利用和经济效益的机制仍不清楚，尤其是在年际气候多变的情况下。为解决这一问题，研究人员在青藏高原农牧区进行了为期 3 年的田间试验，以评估不同豆科植物比例（5 种豆科植物与禾本科植物间作及其各自的单作）和生长季节对生产、生物和经济可行性的影响。结果表明，与其他间作和单作相比，豆科植物比例为 40% 和 50% 时，牧草产量、系统生产力 (SP)、水分利用效率 (WUE)、土地当量比 (LER)、净利润 (NP)、投资回报率 (ROI)、生物多样性效应 (NE) 和互补效应 (CE) 最高（P < 0.05）。随着豆科植物比例的增加，产量稳定性、选择效应、粗蛋白质（CP）和灰分含量、禾本科植物攻击性和竞争比显著增加（P <0.05），而醚提取物（EE）、粗纤维（CF）、无氮提取物（NFE）、总能（GE）、豆科植物攻击性和竞争比显著降低（P <0.05）。此外，旱季的牧草产量、SP、NP、ROI、CP、EE、NFE、GE 最低，而 WUE、LER、NE、CE、CF 和灰分含量最高（P <0.05）。总之，我们的研究结果表明，40-50%的最佳豆科植物比例通过改善互补性和竞争权衡，提高了间作系统的饲草生产率、水土利用效率和经济效益，有助于间作系统更好地适应昆士兰热带雨林半干旱地区的气候干旱。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing sunflower yield: Understanding pollinator contribution to inform agri-environmental strategies 优化向日葵产量：了解授粉者的贡献，为农业环境战略提供依据

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109651

Lucie Mota , João Loureiro , José A. González , Violeta Hevia , Jorge J. Ortega-Marcos , Carlos Rad , Evan A.N. Marks , Sílvia Castro

Context

The agricultural intensification due to global increased food demand has harmed pollinator communities worldwide. However, some of the economically most important oilseed crops, such as the sunflower, depend on pollinators to produce seeds. While self-fertile varieties have undergone genetic selection to guarantee productivity, the pollinator-dependence levels and the economic contribution of pollinators have not been fully estimated.

Objective

Here, we aimed to explore floral and pollinator constraints limiting the agricultural yield of sunflower varieties most frequently used in the Iberian Peninsula.

Methods

Pollination experiments were undertaken to analyse the pollinator-dependence level of 12 varieties under controlled conditions and also under natural conditions in 23 fields of two Spanish agricultural regions. The selfing ability and economic contribution of pollinators were estimated by comparing bagged and open-pollination treatments.

Results

Our results showed that the degree of pollinator-dependence is highly dependent on sunflower variety, with impacts on production and productivity outcomes, e.g. individual plant yield values varied between 0.188 and 0.692. Several varieties could self-fertilize and produce seeds regardless of pollinators. However, outcrossing significantly increased seed set in most varieties with increments up to 0.341. Overall, a trade-off between the number and weight of seeds was observed. Under natural field conditions, pollinators significantly increased overall sunflower production, although differences were observed among regions (increment of 275 kg/ha in Burgos and 382 kg/ha in Cuenca), with an associated economic outcome.

Conclusions

The self-fertilization ability and the level of pollinator-dependence vary according to the intrinsic reproductive traits of the variety analysed. Although some varieties are able to produce seeds despite the absence of pollinators, the sunflower clearly benefits from insect pollination. The landscape context and the availability of pollinator communities influenced the final crop yield and the economic outcome.

Significance

Combining landscape-restoring interventions with the cultivation of self-compatible varieties during at least the first years of implementation may be a solid additional agri-environmental strategy to maintain production levels and economic outcomes, which may particularly mitigate effects of pollinator and biodiversity losses mainly in highly simplified agroecosystems.

背景由于全球粮食需求增加而导致的农业集约化损害了世界各地的授粉者群落。然而，一些经济上最重要的油籽作物（如向日葵）却依赖授粉者生产种子。虽然自交品种经过了遗传选择以保证产量，但对授粉者的依赖程度和授粉者的经济贡献还没有充分估计。在此，我们旨在探索限制伊比利亚半岛最常用向日葵品种农业产量的花卉和授粉者制约因素。结果我们的研究结果表明，授粉者的依赖程度与向日葵品种有很大关系，对产量和生产率都有影响，例如单株产量值在 0.188 到 0.692 之间。有几个品种可以自花授粉并生产种子，与授粉者无关。然而，大多数品种的外交会显著提高结籽率，最高可达 0.341。总体而言，种子的数量和重量之间存在权衡。在自然田间条件下，授粉昆虫显著提高了向日葵的总产量，但不同地区之间存在差异（布尔戈斯的增产幅度为 275 千克/公顷，昆卡为 382 千克/公顷），并产生了相关的经济效益。虽然有些品种在没有传粉昆虫的情况下也能结出种子，但向日葵明显受益于昆虫授粉。意义至少在实施的头几年，将景观恢复干预措施与种植自相容品种结合起来，可能是保持生产水平和经济效益的一个可靠的额外农业环境策略，尤其是在高度简化的农业生态系统中，可以减轻授粉者和生物多样性损失的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Scenarios for precision nitrogen management in potato: Impact on yield, tuber quality and post-harvest nitrate residues in the soil 马铃薯氮素精确管理方案：对产量、块茎质量和收获后土壤中硝酸盐残留的影响

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109648

A.S. Tsibart , J. Dillen , L. Van Craenenbroeck , A. Elsen , A. Postelmans , G. van De Ven , W. Saeys

<div><div>Potato belongs to the category of the staple food playing an important role in global food security and nutrition. Because potato plants have a shallow root system and stop nitrogen uptake early in the growing season (between 20 and 60 days after emergence), potato fields are more prone to leaching of nitrate to lower soil layers and the groundwater than deep rooting crops, thus posing a higher risk for polluting the environment with nitrate. On the other hand, lowering fertilizer dosages could result in yield loss and reduced tuber quality. To balance the risk of yield and quality loss against the risk of nitrate leaching, the fertilization dose should be adapted to the local production potential, which can vary considerably within a field. However, there is no consensus on how to adapt the fertilization to this variability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess various N fertilization scenarios and their effect on the concentration of residual nitrate, total potato yield and tuber quality. Five potato fields located in Flanders with historical spatial variation in crop productivity were selected as potential candidates for implementing site-specific nitrogen management practice. The fields were divided into management zones based on variation visible in soil maps, maps of electrical conductivity, maps of vegetation indices and soil samples. Nitrogen was applied in three different dosages, including the conventional dose, and two reduced fertilization levels. Based on time series of vegetation indices, cumulative vegetation indices and pair-wise correlations between the vegetation index values obtained from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery (FAPAR, NDVI, FCOVER, LAI) only two fields of five showed temporal stability of the spatial management zones, while in three other fields the zone performance shifted depending on the weather conditions during the growing season. In the fields with stable zones, the lowest N fertilization levels in the areas with lower productivity potential resulted in a reduction of the concentration of leachable nitrates while total yield and potato tuber quality (dry matter and nitrogen content) did not change. For this type of fields with temporally stable zones, it was concluded to recommend reducing the nitrogen dosage in the zones with a lower productivity potential and high mineralization levels to limit nitrate leaching. In the fields where better performing zones change their location in wet and dry years, significant differences between treatments in the total potato yield, dry matter and nitrogen content in the tuber were also often detected. However, application of a low nitrogen dose during the first fertilization in one of the zones in such fields is not recommended as it is not yet known how the zones will behave the coming season, leading to a risk for underfertilization of these zones. Therefore, conventional fertilization remains the recommended practice in case the production potential

马铃薯属于主食，在全球粮食安全和营养方面发挥着重要作用。由于马铃薯植株根系较浅，且在生长季节早期（出苗后 20 到 60 天之间）停止吸收氮素，因此与深根作物相比，马铃薯田更容易将硝酸盐沥滤到较低的土壤层和地下水中，从而造成硝酸盐污染环境的更高风险。另一方面，减少肥料用量可能会导致减产和块茎质量下降。为了在产量和质量损失风险与硝酸盐沥滤风险之间取得平衡，施肥剂量应与当地的生产潜力相适应，因为一块田地的生产潜力可能差别很大。然而，对于如何使施肥量适应这种变化还没有达成共识。因此，本研究的目的是评估各种氮肥施用方案及其对残留硝酸盐浓度、马铃薯总产量和块茎质量的影响。研究人员选取了位于佛兰德斯的五块马铃薯田，它们的作物产量在空间上存在历史性变化，因此有可能实施因地制宜的氮肥管理措施。根据土壤地图、电导率地图、植被指数地图和土壤样本中可见的变化，这些田块被划分为不同的管理区。氮肥以三种不同的剂量施用，包括常规剂量和两种减量施肥水平。根据 "哨兵-2 "卫星图像（FAPAR、NDVI、FCOVER、LAI）获得的植被指数时间序列、累积植被指数和植被指数值之间的成对相关性，五块田中只有两块田的空间管理区表现出时间稳定性，而其他三块田的管理区表现则随生长季节的天气条件而变化。在分区稳定的田块中，生产潜力较低区域的最低氮肥施用水平导致可浸出硝酸盐浓度降低，而总产量和马铃薯块茎质量（干物质和氮含量）没有变化。对于这类具有时间稳定区的田块，结论是建议在生产潜力较低、矿化度较高的区域减少氮肥用量，以限制硝酸盐浸出。在表现较好的区块在潮湿和干旱年份会发生位置变化的田块中，也经常发现不同处理在马铃薯总产量、干物质和块茎中氮含量方面存在显著差异。然而，不建议在这些田块的某一区域进行第一次施肥时施用低剂量的氮，因为还不知道这些区域在下一季的表现如何，从而可能导致这些区域施肥不足。因此，如果各区的生产潜力取决于生长季节的天气，而在施肥时还不知道，则仍建议采用常规施肥方法。不过，生长季后期施用的肥料成分可根据作物生长情况和实际天气条件进行调整。

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引用次数: 0

Humic acid urea enhanced productivity and reduced active nitrogen loss in summer maize-winter wheat cropping system: A field lysimeter experiment 腐植酸尿素提高了夏玉米-冬小麦种植系统的生产率并减少了活性氮损失：田间渗滤试验

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109656

Min Liu , Meng Xu , Jiukai Xu, Shuiqin Zhang, Yanting Li, Liang Yuan, Bingqiang Zhao

Context

Humic acid urea (HAU) has become the leading product of high-efficiency nitrogen (N) fertilizer worldwide. Value-added urea products represented by HAU account for 80 % of the market share of high-efficient urea in China. To our knowledge, precise field monitoring of the agronomy and environmental performance of HAU has not been conducted.

Objective

We aimed to examine the effect of HAU on grain yield, N uptake, NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission, and NO₃^- leaching and to clarify the differences in productivity levels and N footprints between HAU and common urea (U) applied in field grain production.

Methods

From 2021–2023, a randomized design experiment was conducted during a summer maize-winter wheat rotation system using field lysimeters. Three N treatments, no N (CK), U, and HAU, were administered in the experiment, and each treatment was repeated three times.

Results

Compared with U, HAU increased the grain yield of winter wheat by 5.14–6.24 % and the grain yield of summer maize by 4.48–11.18 %. In the summer maize seasons, the NH₃ volatilization accumulation and N₂O emissions of HAU were significantly reduced (14.92–19.32 % and 21.01–25.16 %, respectively). In the winter wheat seasons, the NH₃ volatilization accumulation and N₂O emission of HAU were significantly reduced (19.44–19.94 % and 17.79 %–26.10 %, respectively). In summer maize, NO₃^- leaching losses occurred in 2021 and 2022 under HAU treatment was 8.40 % and 54.65 % lower, respectively, compared with U. Leaching losses in the 2021–2022 winter wheat season were reduced by 38.31 % under HAU compared with that under U. The N footprint of HAU was significantly reduced in the summer maize and winter wheat seasons by 10.57–20.52 % and 15.11–15.91 % compared with that under U. Furthermore, HAU reduced N loss and improved N use efficiency and soil residue rate in the summer maize-winter wheat rotation system.

Conclusion

HAU application reduced the loss of active N in all three main pathways and increased shoot N uptake and soil N residual, thereby contributing to not only the increase in grain yield but also the mitigation of nitrogen field pollution and the minimization of unnecessary urea waste.

Implications

This lysimeter-based study provides quantification of the evidence supporting HAU as a highly efficient fertilizer, which contributed to increased productivity of the rotation system and enhanced resilience in environmental sustainability.

背景腐植酸尿素（HAU）已成为全球高效氮肥的主导产品。以 HAU 为代表的高附加值尿素产品占中国高效尿素市场份额的 80%。我们旨在研究 HAU 对谷物产量、氮吸收、NH3 挥发、N2O 排放和 NO3 淋溶的影响，并阐明 HAU 与普通尿素（U）在田间粮食生产中的生产力水平和氮足迹的差异。方法从 2021 年至 2023 年，在夏玉米-冬小麦轮作系统中使用田间分析仪进行了随机设计试验。结果与尿素相比，HAU 可使冬小麦籽粒产量提高 5.14-6.24 %，夏玉米籽粒产量提高 4.48-11.18 %。在夏玉米种植季，HAU的NH3挥发积累量和N2O排放量显著减少（分别为14.92-19.32%和21.01-25.16%）。在冬小麦季节，HAU 的 NH3 挥发积累量和 N2O 排放量明显减少（分别为 19.44-19.94 % 和 17.79-26.10 %）。在夏玉米中，与U相比，HAU处理在2021年和2022年的NO3淋失量分别减少了8.40 %和54.65 %。此外，在夏玉米-冬小麦轮作系统中，HAU减少了氮的损失，提高了氮的利用效率和土壤残留率。结论HAU的施用减少了三大主要途径中活性氮的流失，提高了芽的氮吸收量和土壤氮残留量，因此不仅有助于提高谷物产量，还能减轻氮田污染，最大限度地减少不必要的尿素浪费。意义这项基于溶胞计的研究提供了支持HAU作为一种高效肥料的量化证据，有助于提高轮作系统的生产率和环境可持续性的恢复能力。

{"title":"Humic acid urea enhanced productivity and reduced active nitrogen loss in summer maize-winter wheat cropping system: A field lysimeter experiment","authors":"Min Liu , Meng Xu , Jiukai Xu, Shuiqin Zhang, Yanting Li, Liang Yuan, Bingqiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Humic acid urea (HAU) has become the leading product of high-efficiency nitrogen (N) fertilizer worldwide. Value-added urea products represented by HAU account for 80 % of the market share of high-efficient urea in China. To our knowledge, precise field monitoring of the agronomy and environmental performance of HAU has not been conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to examine the effect of HAU on grain yield, N uptake, NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization, N<sub>2</sub>O emission, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> leaching and to clarify the differences in productivity levels and N footprints between HAU and common urea (U) applied in field grain production.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>From 2021–2023, a randomized design experiment was conducted during a summer maize-winter wheat rotation system using field lysimeters. Three N treatments, no N (CK), U, and HAU, were administered in the experiment, and each treatment was repeated three times.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with U, HAU increased the grain yield of winter wheat by 5.14–6.24 % and the grain yield of summer maize by 4.48–11.18 %. In the summer maize seasons, the NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization accumulation and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions of HAU were significantly reduced (14.92–19.32 % and 21.01–25.16 %, respectively). In the winter wheat seasons, the NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization accumulation and N<sub>2</sub>O emission of HAU were significantly reduced (19.44–19.94 % and 17.79 %–26.10 %, respectively). In summer maize, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> leaching losses occurred in 2021 and 2022 under HAU treatment was 8.40 % and 54.65 % lower, respectively, compared with U. Leaching losses in the 2021–2022 winter wheat season were reduced by 38.31 % under HAU compared with that under U. The N footprint of HAU was significantly reduced in the summer maize and winter wheat seasons by 10.57–20.52 % and 15.11–15.91 % compared with that under U. Furthermore, HAU reduced N loss and improved N use efficiency and soil residue rate in the summer maize-winter wheat rotation system.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>HAU application reduced the loss of active N in all three main pathways and increased shoot N uptake and soil N residual, thereby contributing to not only the increase in grain yield but also the mitigation of nitrogen field pollution and the minimization of unnecessary urea waste.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>This lysimeter-based study provides quantification of the evidence supporting HAU as a highly efficient fertilizer, which contributed to increased productivity of the rotation system and enhanced resilience in environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"319 ","pages":"Article 109656"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Increasing nitrogen supply during limited irrigation improves drip-irrigated sugar beet growth, yield, and net return in arid areas 在有限灌溉期间增加氮素供应，改善干旱地区滴灌甜菜的生长、产量和净收益

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109646

Hongliang Zhou , Le Wang , Pengjie Xu , Dongfei Liu , Yuchen Hao , Kaiyong Wang , Hua Fan

Context

Limited irrigation is a measure to avoid sugar beet yield reduction and improve water use efficiency in arid areas. However, it is unclear whether the optimization of traditional nitrogen fertilizer management under the limited irrigation conditions can further improve sugar beet yield and economic benefits.

Methods

In this three-year field experiment in the arid region of northwest China, N fertilizer (150 (N1, recommended N application rate) and 225 kg ha⁻¹ (N2, traditional N application rate) was applied in three methods, i.e., N fertilizer was applied at the ratios of 20: 80 (T1), 30: 70 (T2), and 40: 60 (T3, traditional N fertilization method) before sowing and at the rapid canopy growth stage. Then, the effects of the above N fertilizer managements on the growth parameters, canopy productivity, nutrient uptake, yield, and economic benefits of drip-irrigated sugar beets under limited irrigation was explored. To avoid the subjectivity of human evaluation, four comprehensive evaluation models were used for the evaluation of the N fertilization managements.

Results

The results showed that under the two N application rates, T1 treatment promoted plant nutrient uptake by increasing the available N content in the soil compared with the T3 treatment. This then increased the shoot and taproot growth rates by an average of 18.8 % (p < 0.05) and 26.5 % (p < 0.05), respectively by increasing the leaf area duration (LAD) during 45–120 DAE (days after emergence). In addition, T1 treatment increased the leaf senescence rate (LSR) of sugar beet during 120–150 DAE, which promoted yield formation and increased the taproot yield (TY) by 17.3 % (p < 0.05) compared with T3 treatment. Although N2T1 treatment resulted in higher net return (NR) than N2T3 (traditional N management method) and N1T1 treatment, N2T1 treatment did not increase marginal benefit (MB) and N use efficiency compared with N1T1 treatment. The results of the four comprehensive evaluation models showed that the N1T1 treatment had the highest evaluation value and the highest ranking compared with the other treatments.

Conclusions

When limited irrigation is carried out in sugar beet cropping in arid areas, it is suggested that the traditional N fertilizer application rate can be reduced to 150 kg ha⁻¹, and the proportion of topdressed N during limited irrigation can be increased.

Significance

This study is of great significance for the sustainable development of local sugar beet production and the increase of farmers' income.

背景有限灌溉是避免干旱地区甜菜减产和提高水分利用效率的一项措施。方法在中国西北干旱地区进行为期三年的田间试验，采用三种方法施用氮肥（150 kg ha-1（N1，推荐氮肥施用量）和 225 kg ha-1（N2，传统氮肥施用量）、在播种前和快速冠层生长阶段，分别以 20：80（T1）、30：70（T2）和 40：60（T3，传统施肥法）的比例施用氮肥。然后，探讨了上述氮肥管理方法对有限灌溉条件下滴灌甜菜的生长参数、冠层生产力、养分吸收、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明，在两种氮肥施用量下，与 T3 处理相比，T1 处理通过增加土壤中的可利用氮含量来促进植物对养分的吸收。这样，在出苗后 45-120 DAE（叶面积持续时间）期间，通过增加叶面积持续时间（LAD），嫩枝和直根的平均生长率分别提高了 18.8 %（p < 0.05）和 26.5 %（p < 0.05）。此外，与 T3 处理相比，T1 处理提高了甜菜在 120-150 DAE 期间的叶片衰老率（LSR），促进了产量的形成，并使直根产量（TY）增加了 17.3 %（p < 0.05）。虽然 N2T1 处理的净收益（NR）高于 N2T3（传统氮管理方法）和 N1T1 处理，但与 N1T1 处理相比，N2T1 处理并未提高边际效益（MB）和氮利用效率。结论在干旱地区甜菜种植中进行有限灌溉时，建议将传统的氮肥施用量减少到 150 kg ha-1，并增加有限灌溉期间的氮肥外施比例。

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引用次数: 0

Plasticity of grain number and its components in contrasting wheat cultivars 对比小麦栽培品种粒数及其组成部分的可塑性

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109653

Breno Bicego , Roxana Savin , Christine Girousse , Vincent Allard , Gustavo A. Slafer

Context

A better understanding of the plasticity of grain number (GN) components may be essential to design better management and breeding strategies. Alterations in resource availability during pre-anthesis may affect the interplay between the main GN components, spike number (SN) and grains per spike (GS). Quantifying the magnitude, and understanding the physiological bases, of differences in plasticity of GN components within elite material would be valuable for breeding.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiology of GN determination, the plasticity of, and any possible trade-offs between its components.

Methods

Two modern genotypes (Ascott and Sy Moisson), expected to have contrasting GS response to changes in SN, were subjected to 5 levels of resource availability (two levels of shading, two levels of thinning and an unmanipulated control) from the onset of stem elongation to anthesis in two locations (France and Spain).

Results and conclusions

Yield in the control was relatively high in both locations and strongly related to GN, which was more plastic in Ascott than in Sy Moisson; and the difference in plasticity was related to different responses of the two main GN components. SN acted as a coarse regulator of yield contributing with crop level plasticity while GS acted as a fine-tuning mechanism expressing the smaller responses to resource at genotypic level. The higher GS plasticity of Ascott-like genotypes may provide more stability in early stress scenarios where the SN is reduced as long as no later limitations occur.

Implications

The acceptance of a hypothesis on genotypic variation in plasticity of GS derived from multilocation and multiyear datasets, and the consistency of the genotypic difference in response to changes in resources across the two locations, suggests that the genotypic difference in plasticity may be constitutive and would therefore be useful in designing strategic crosses aiming to combine plasticity of GS with other yield-related attributes.

背景要设计出更好的管理和育种策略，就必须更好地了解谷粒数（GN）成分的可塑性。开花前期资源供应的变化可能会影响谷粒数的主要组成部分--穗数（SN）和每穗粒数（GS）之间的相互作用。量化颖花材料中 GN 成分可塑性差异的程度并了解其生理基础对育种很有价值。方法在两个地点（法国和西班牙），从茎开始伸长到开花，对两个现代基因型（Ascott 和 Sy Moisson）进行了 5 级资源可用性试验（两级遮光、两级疏苗和未受控制的对照），预计这两个基因型会对 SN 的变化产生截然不同的 GS 响应。SN是产量的粗调因子，具有作物水平的可塑性，而GS则是一种微调机制，在基因型水平上对资源的反应较小。从多地点和多年数据集得出的关于GS可塑性基因型差异的假说，以及两地基因型对资源变化反应差异的一致性，表明基因型可塑性差异可能是构成性的，因此有助于设计旨在将GS可塑性与其他产量相关属性相结合的战略杂交。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing crop yield and carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission mitigation through different organic matter input in the Bohai Rim region: An estimation based on the DNDC-RF framework 环渤海地区通过不同的有机质投入提高作物产量、固碳和温室气体减排：基于 DNDC-RF 框架的估算

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109624

Naijie Chang , Di Chen , Yurong Cai , Jianzheng Li , Mengxuan Zhang , Hu Li , Ligang Wang

<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Comprehending the intricacies of crop growth and its impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is crucial for food security and agricultural resilience to climate change.</div></div><div><h3>Research question</h3><div>Agroecosystem models are instrumental in this endeavor, yet their regional applicability remains constrained.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In our study, we conducted a rigorous verification of the DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) model across eight representative sites in the Bohai Rim region and determined its efficacy in accurately simulating crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. We developed a coupled framework, DNDC-RF (DeNitrification-DeComposition-Random Forest), using the RF algorithm in conjunction with DNDC simulation results across fertilization and climate scenarios. Employing the DNDC-RF, we quantitatively evaluated the impact of diverse fertilization strategies on yield and net GHG (including SOC and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions) under future climate scenarios, spanning the period from 2008 to 2100.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The DNDC-RF framework accurately predicts SOC, yield, and N<sub>2</sub>O with high R<sup>2</sup> and LCCC, lower RMSE and MAE. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, spring maize yields exhibited a reduction under conventional fertilization measures. However, with organic matters input could achieve the yield increase, particularly additional manure input (9.6 kg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). Summer maize yields were projected to increase under future climate change, with the fastest increase occurring under the RCP8.5 scenario with additional manure input (26 kg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). Wheat yields also increased under future climate change, with the highest growth rate observed with straw return under the RCP8.5 (17.1 kg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>). Under different fertilization practices, spring maize fields exhibited a net GHG sink. The best performance was observed with additional manure input and straw return under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. In contrast, conventional fertilization in winter wheat-summer maize fields resulted in a net GHG source under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. However, the application of organic matter mitigated the net GHG emissions, with additional manure input resulting in the largest increase rate of the net GHG sink.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>DNDC-RF framework can quickly and effectively solve the difficulties of DNDC model in regional scale prediction (such as complex parameter setting, difficult to accurately and quickly simulate at regional scale and time series), and can accurately simulate regional crop yield, SOC change and N<sub>2</sub>O emission. With the input of organic matter, the projected yields of maize and wheat are expected to increase, and the field’s ability to act as a net GHG sink could be enhanced.</div></div><div><h3>Significance<

背景理解作物生长的复杂性及其对温室气体（GHG）排放的影响对于粮食安全和农业抵御气候变化至关重要。研究问题农业生态系统模型在这一过程中发挥着重要作用，但其区域适用性仍然受到限制。方法在我们的研究中，我们在环渤海地区八个具有代表性的地点对 DNDC（脱硝-脱碳）模型进行了严格的验证，并确定了该模型在准确模拟作物产量、土壤有机碳 (SOC) 和一氧化二氮 (N2O) 排放方面的功效。我们开发了一个耦合框架 DNDC-RF（脱硝-脱碳-随机森林），将 RF 算法与 DNDC 在施肥和气候情景下的模拟结果结合使用。通过使用 DNDC-RF，我们定量评估了在未来气候情景下，不同施肥策略对产量和净温室气体（包括 SOC 和 N2O 排放）的影响，时间跨度从 2008 年到 2100 年。结果 DNDC-RF 框架准确预测了 SOC、产量和 N2O，具有较高的 R2 和 LCCC，较低的 RMSE 和 MAE。在 RCP4.5 情景下，常规施肥措施会导致春玉米减产。然而，有机物的投入可以实现增产，特别是额外的粪肥投入（9.6 千克碳/公顷-年-1）。预计在未来气候变化条件下，夏玉米产量将增加，在 RCP8.5 情景下，增加粪肥投入（26 千克碳/公顷-年-1），夏玉米产量增加最快。小麦产量在未来气候变化下也会增加，在 RCP8.5 条件下，秸秆还田的增长率最高（17.1 千克碳/公顷-年-1）。在不同施肥方法下，春玉米田表现出净温室气体汇。在 RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 条件下，增加粪肥投入和秸秆还田的效果最好。与此相反，在 RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5 条件下，冬小麦-夏玉米田的常规施肥导致温室气体净源。结论DNDC-RF 框架能快速有效地解决 DNDC 模型在区域尺度预测中的困难（如参数设置复杂、难以在区域尺度和时间序列上准确快速模拟），并能准确模拟区域作物产量、SOC 变化和 N2O 排放。我们的研究结果对促进区域农业可持续发展和制定有效的区域农业管理措施具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。

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引用次数: 0

Exogenous melatonin improves peanut field productivity and quality at reduced nitrogen application 外源褪黑激素在减少氮肥施用量的情况下提高花生田的产量和质量

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109650

Lijie Li , Xiangguo Cheng , Yi Zhang , Dana Kohtz , Xiaohui Wang , Xiaotian Zhang , Xiangjun Kong , Huiyun Xue , Peipei Jia , Na Bai , Zengqiang Li , Peng Xiao , Xiaoping Pan , Zhiyong Zhang , Baohong Zhang

Context

Nitrogen (N) plays integral roles in plant growth and yield. Finding ways to increase plant yield with reduced N usage will promote both agricultural and environmental sustainability. Melatonin acts as a multifunctional regulatory molecule in numerous metabolic processes crucial for plant growth and development as well as response to environmental stresses. The effects of melatonin on the material accumulation and transport, source-sink dynamics, as well as its association with yield and quality formation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) remain unclear, especially at different N levels.

Objectives

We aim to investigate the response mechanism of melatonin in peanut plants subjected to reduced N application, in order to confirm the hypothesis that melatonin regulates carbon and N accumulation and transport, and coordinates source-sink relationships to increase production and improve quality.

Methods

This study examined the effects of two seed dressing treatments (with or without 0.5 μM MT) and three N fertilizer levels (90, 135, and 180 kg/ha) using a randomized complete block design with split plots and three biological replications over 2021 and 2022. The evaluation focused on photosynthetic physiology, enzyme activities related to carbon and N metabolism, accumulation and transport of dry matter and N, yield, and quality, while exploring the relationships among these variables.

Results

Melatonin-treated plants had more stable carbon and N metabolism than the untreated ones. This stability was linked to improved photosynthesis, sucrose production, and N assimilation, especially at the reduced N levels (90 and 135 kg/ha). Across three N levels and two years of field tests, MT increased peanut dry matter by 23.49 % from 455.63 g/m² to 562.66 g/m², enhanced the accumulation and mobilization of dry matter and N to grains by increasing peanut grain mass by 22.41–29.07 % at different N levels. This process appears to subsequently elevate the effective pod rate, leading to an average increase in pod yield, fat and protein content by 12.63 %, 7.95 %, and 10.33 %, respectively, over a two-year period and across three N application levels.

Conclusions

Plants subjected to melatonin treatment exhibited a coordinated source-sink relationship, which is manifested in high photosynthetic capacity and a high proportion of assimilates transported to pods, thus promoting effective proportions and pod fullness to improve peanut yield and quality under reduced N application.

Significance

Our research provided insights into the response mechanism of melatonin on peanut carbon and N metabolism across various N treatments, contributing to a deeper understanding of how melatonin enhances crop yield and quality.

背景氮（N）对植物的生长和产量起着不可或缺的作用。找到在减少氮用量的同时提高植物产量的方法将促进农业和环境的可持续发展。褪黑激素是一种多功能调控分子，在植物生长和发育以及应对环境胁迫的众多代谢过程中起着至关重要的作用。褪黑激素对花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）的物质积累和运输、源-汇动态的影响及其与产量和品质形成的关系仍不清楚，特别是在不同的氮水平下。目的我们旨在研究褪黑激素在氮施用量减少的花生植株中的响应机制，以证实褪黑激素调节碳和氮的积累和运输以及协调源-汇关系以提高产量和改善品质的假设。方法本研究采用随机完全区组设计，在 2021 年和 2022 年采用分小区和三次生物重复，考察了两种拌种处理（含或不含 0.5 μM MT）和三种氮肥水平（90、135 和 180 千克/公顷）的影响。评价的重点是光合生理、与碳和氮代谢有关的酶活性、干物质和氮的积累和运输、产量和质量，同时探讨这些变量之间的关系。这种稳定性与光合作用、蔗糖产量和氮同化的改善有关，尤其是在氮含量较低的情况下（90 和 135 千克/公顷）。在三个氮水平和两年的田间试验中，MT 使花生干物质增加了 23.49%，从 455.63 克/平方米增加到 562.66 克/平方米，增强了干物质和氮对籽粒的积累和动员，在不同氮水平下，花生籽粒质量增加了 22.41-29.07 %。这一过程似乎随之提高了有效结荚率，在两年时间里，三种氮施用水平下的荚果产量、脂肪和蛋白质含量分别平均提高了 12.63 %、7.95 % 和 10.33 %。意义我们的研究深入探讨了褪黑激素在不同氮处理下对花生碳和氮代谢的响应机制，有助于加深对褪黑激素如何提高作物产量和品质的理解。

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引用次数: 0

The roots of the rotation effect run deep 轮换效应的根源很深

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109640

Virginia A. Nichols , William Osterholz , Sotirios V. Archontoulis , Matt Liebman

<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>It is well-established that maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) grown in extended rotations produces higher grain yields compared to maize grown in one- or two-phase rotations, even when nitrogen (N) is not limiting. Understanding the mechanisms driving this phenomenon, commonly referred to as ‘the rotation effect’, is important for designing cropping systems that use land and other resources efficiently. Differences in root systems can influence crop resource acquisition and therefore yield, but it is unknown if such differences play a role in the rotation effect.</div></div><div><h3>Research question</h3><div>We hypothesized that maize grown in an extended rotation system exhibits a deeper root structure with less root mass compared to maize grown in a short rotation, and that these characteristics are correlated with differences in grain production.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a long-term experiment established in 2001, we measured maize rooting depth across the growing season, root mass in 15 cm increments from 0 to 60 cm, and grain yields in the maize phase of two contrasting rotations: a 2-year rotation of maize/soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> [L.] Merr) using inorganic sources of nitrogen (N) and maximum tillage depths of 15 cm (hereafter the ‘short rotation’), and a 4-year rotation of maize/soybean/oat (<em>Avena sativa</em> L.)-alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.)/alfalfa using a mix of organic and inorganic N sources and periodic inversion tillage to 25 cm (hereafter the ‘extended rotation’). Additionally, we measured soil penetration resistance and soil moisture, and performed a growth analysis on aboveground maize biomass.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 2013 to 2020, maize grain yields in the extended rotation were equal to or significantly higher than in the short rotation, averaging 8 % greater across eight years (11.0 and 10.2 dry Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively). The timing (e.g., early season, late season) of the extended rotation’s maize growth advantage was not consistent across years, but in all three seasons of root measurements (2019–2021) the maximum rooting depth of maize in the extended rotation was significantly deeper than in the short rotation by an average of 11 % (82 versus 76 cm, respectively). At physiological maturity, the two systems had similar amounts of root mass from 0 to 60 cm soil depth, but maize grown in the extended rotation invested significantly less of that mass (30 % compared to 47 %) into the soil surface layer (0 to 15 cm). The soil penetration resistances of the two systems differed in a manner consistent with the differing tillage regimes of the two rotations, however the patterns did not align with root differences.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We posit that the extended rotation’s ‘deeper and steeper’ maize root patterns did not guarantee higher maize yields, but rather bestowed the plant with more flexibility in resource acqui

背景或问题已经证实，与单期或两期轮作的玉米相比，即使氮素（N）不受限制，延长轮作期种植的玉米（Zea mays L.）也能获得更高的谷物产量。了解这种现象（通常称为 "轮作效应"）的驱动机制，对于设计高效利用土地和其他资源的种植系统非常重要。根系的差异会影响作物对资源的获取，进而影响产量，但这种差异是否在轮作效应中发挥作用还不得而知。研究问题我们假设，与短期轮作的玉米相比，长期轮作的玉米根系结构更深，根系质量更小，而且这些特征与谷物产量的差异相关。方法利用 2001 年建立的一项长期实验，我们测量了玉米在整个生长季的扎根深度、从 0 厘米到 60 厘米以 15 厘米为单位的根系质量，以及两种对比轮作方式玉米阶段的谷物产量：玉米/大豆（Glycine max [L. ] Merr）2 年轮作，使用无机物。Merr）的 2 年轮作，使用无机氮源，最大耕作深度为 15 厘米（以下简称 "短轮作"）；以及玉米/大豆/燕麦（Avena sativa L.）-紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）/紫花苜蓿的 4 年轮作，混合使用有机和无机氮源，定期翻耕至 25 厘米（以下简称 "长轮作"）。此外，我们还测量了土壤渗透阻力和土壤湿度，并对玉米地上生物量进行了生长分析。结果从 2013 年到 2020 年，延长轮作期的玉米谷物产量与短轮作期持平或显著高于短轮作期，八年间平均高出 8%（分别为 11.0 和 10.2 干毫克/公顷-1）。延长轮作期玉米生长优势的时间（如早季、晚季）在各年并不一致，但在所有三个根系测量季节（2019-2021 年），延长轮作期玉米的最大扎根深度明显比短轮作期深，平均深 11%（分别为 82 厘米和 76 厘米）。在生理成熟期，两个系统从 0 到 60 厘米土壤深度的根量相似，但延长轮作种植的玉米投入土壤表层（0 到 15 厘米）的根量明显较少（30% 比 47%）。两种制度的土壤渗透阻力不同，这与两种轮作制度的耕作制度不同是一致的，但其模式与根系的差异并不一致。结论我们认为，延长轮作期的玉米根系模式 "更深、更陡"，并不能保证玉米产量更高，而是赋予了植物获取资源的更大灵活性，在某些条件下，与短轮作期的玉米相比，玉米产量更高。这项研究加深了我们对耕作制度历史如何影响产量的理解，并提供了有关产量和根系的新数据，这两者都与可持续集约化高度相关。虽然本研究侧重于物理测量，但它表明，要从机理上理解 "轮作效应"，还需要对生物驱动因素如何影响根系结构进行更详细的探索。

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引用次数: 0

Delayed application of water and fertilizer increased wheat yield but did not improve quality parameters 延迟施水和施肥提高了小麦产量，但没有改善质量参数

IF 5.6 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109649

Chunsheng Yao , Jinpeng Li , Yanmei Gao , Zhen Zhang , Ying Liu , Zhencai Sun , Zhimin Wang , Yinghua Zhang

Context or problem

Wheat is an important food crop for mankind, simultaneous improvement of wheat yield and quality is human most important goal, but they often cannot increase at the same time.

Objective or research question

The effects of irrigation mode, nitrogen application rate and topdressing time on yield and quality of two wheat varieties were studied, and the possibility of synergistic improvement of yield and quality was also explored.

Methods

Two irrigation treatments (conventional border irrigation and micro-sprinkling irrigation) were set up, and three nitrogen application rate treatments (120, 210 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹) were set up under each irrigation treatment. The yield formation and quality parameters of wheat were investigated.

Results

The grain yield, key enzyme activities of protein synthesis, protein content and dough processing quality of the two cultivars increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. However, when the nitrogen level was higher than 210 kg N ha⁻¹, the grain yield and processing quality of winter wheat did not increase further. Under the same nitrogen application rate, compared with conventional border irrigation (CBI), micro-sprinkling irrigation (MSI) significantly increased the grain yield and total protein content, but did not improve the ratio of glutenin to gliadin and dough processing quality parameters.

Conclusions

Under the experimental conditions, the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and quality parameters could be achieved by optimizing nitrogen application rate, and the delayed application of water and fertilizer could further increase wheat grain yield, but did not improve grain quality parameters.

Implications or significance

This study provided theoretical guidance for further improving the grain yield and quality of winter wheat in the North China Plain.

背景或问题小麦是人类重要的粮食作物，同时提高小麦产量和品质是人类最重要的目标，但二者往往不能同时提高。目的或研究问题研究了灌溉方式、氮肥施用量和表层施肥时间对两个小麦品种产量和品质的影响，并探讨了产量和品质协同提高的可能性。方法设置了两种灌溉处理（常规畦灌和微喷灌），并在每种灌溉处理下设置了三种施氮量处理（120、210 和 300 kg N ha-1）。结果两个品种的谷物产量、蛋白质合成的关键酶活性、蛋白质含量和面团加工质量随着施氮量的增加而增加。但是，当氮含量高于 210 kg N ha-1 时，冬小麦的籽粒产量和加工品质没有进一步提高。在相同施氮量条件下，与常规畦灌（CBI）相比，微喷灌（MSI）显著提高了谷物产量和总蛋白含量，但没有改善谷蛋白与麦胶蛋白的比例和面团加工质量参数。结论在试验条件下，优化氮肥施用量可实现小麦产量和品质参数的协同提高，水肥延迟施用可进一步提高小麦籽粒产量，但未改善籽粒品质参数。

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引用次数: 0