Field Crops Research最新文献_第4页

Integrated plastic film and straw mulching enhances potato tuber yield in mountainous regions by optimizing rhizospheric metabolites and root–microbe interactions 地膜秸秆一体化覆盖通过优化根际代谢物和根与微生物的相互作用提高了山区马铃薯块茎产量

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110364

Kang Du , Xinyue Yang , Zhenpeng Deng , Xi Lin , Mengyuan Hu , Rui Jiang , Guolian Zheng , Xiaoping Yi , Xun Liu , Changwen Lyu , Jichun Wang

Background

Potato production in the mountainous regions of Southwest China is constrained by low soil temperatures and poor nutrient availability. Although mulching is a widely adopted strategy to mitigate these constraints, the integrated effects of different mulching practices on the rhizosphere environment, particularly root development, soil microbial communities, and the rhizospheric metabolites, and their collective roles in yield formation remain poorly understood.

Methods

A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate four mulching treatments: no mulch (NM), straw mulch (PS), plastic film mulch (PP), and integrated plastic film and straw mulch (PPS). We comprehensively evaluated their impacts on soil temperature, root morphology, soil nutrient availability, enzyme activities, bacterial community composition, the rhizospheric metabolites, and tuber yield.

Results

The PPS treatment most effectively promoted potato growth and final tuber yield, achieving significant increases of 22.8 % in 2023 and 45.0 % in 2024 compared to NM. Specifically, PPS treatment optimized the soil thermal regime, promoted emergence 12–13 days earlier than NM, and stimulated root development, yielding the highest root volume and surface area. These enhanced root traits were associated with a distinct rhizospheric metabolic profile, including upregulation of arabinono-1,4-lactone, malic acid, and fumaric acid. Concurrently, PPS enriched beneficial bacteria taxa such as Burkholderiales and Myxococcota, which were strongly correlated with the altered metabolite pattern. The modified rhizosphere environment further improved soil nutrient availability and increased activities of urease and sucrase. Partial least squares path modeling established a positive regulatory loop: mulching-induced improvements in soil temperature and nutrients enhanced microbial diversity and the rhizospheric metabolites, which together fostered nutrient mobilization and directly promoted tuber yield.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that the integration of plastic film and straw mulching could enhance potato yield by establishing a coordinated mechanism in which early soil warming promotes root growth and stimulates the secretion of specific metabolites. These metabolites subsequently recruit beneficial microbial taxa, leading to enhanced soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity that ultimately support greater tuber yield. This elucidated mechanism provides a foundation for sustainable productivity enhancement in mountainous potato agroecosystems.

背景中国西南山区马铃薯生产受到土壤温度低和养分有效性差的制约。尽管覆盖是缓解这些限制的一种广泛采用的策略，但不同覆盖措施对根际环境的综合影响，特别是根系发育、土壤微生物群落和根际代谢物，以及它们在产量形成中的集体作用，仍然知之甚少。方法采用为期2年的田间试验，对不覆盖（NM）、秸秆覆盖（PS）、地膜覆盖（PP）和地膜秸秆复合覆盖（PPS） 4种覆盖方式进行评价。我们综合评估了它们对土壤温度、根系形态、土壤养分有效性、酶活性、细菌群落组成、根际代谢物和块茎产量的影响。结果PPS处理最有效地促进了马铃薯生长和最终块茎产量，与NM相比，2023年和2024年马铃薯产量分别显著提高22.8% %和45.0% %。具体而言，PPS处理优化了土壤热环境，比NM处理提前12-13 d催芽，促进了根系发育，根系体积和表面积最高。这些增强的根性状与不同的根际代谢谱有关，包括阿拉伯糖-1,4-内酯、苹果酸和富马酸的上调。同时，PPS富集了有益菌群，如Burkholderiales和Myxococcota，这些有益菌群与代谢模式的改变密切相关。改良的根际环境进一步改善了土壤养分有效性，提高了脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性。偏最小二乘路径模型建立了一个正调控循环：覆盖引起的土壤温度和养分的改善提高了微生物多样性和根际代谢物，共同促进了养分的调动，直接促进了块茎产量。结论地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖结合可通过建立土壤早期增温促进根系生长和促进特定代谢物分泌的协调机制提高马铃薯产量。这些代谢物随后招募有益的微生物类群，从而提高土壤养分有效性和酶活性，最终支持更高的块茎产量。该机制的阐明为山地马铃薯农业生态系统的可持续生产力提高提供了基础。

{"title":"Integrated plastic film and straw mulching enhances potato tuber yield in mountainous regions by optimizing rhizospheric metabolites and root–microbe interactions","authors":"Kang Du , Xinyue Yang , Zhenpeng Deng , Xi Lin , Mengyuan Hu , Rui Jiang , Guolian Zheng , Xiaoping Yi , Xun Liu , Changwen Lyu , Jichun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Potato production in the mountainous regions of Southwest China is constrained by low soil temperatures and poor nutrient availability. Although mulching is a widely adopted strategy to mitigate these constraints, the integrated effects of different mulching practices on the rhizosphere environment, particularly root development, soil microbial communities, and the rhizospheric metabolites, and their collective roles in yield formation remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate four mulching treatments: no mulch (NM), straw mulch (PS), plastic film mulch (PP), and integrated plastic film and straw mulch (PPS). We comprehensively evaluated their impacts on soil temperature, root morphology, soil nutrient availability, enzyme activities, bacterial community composition, the rhizospheric metabolites, and tuber yield.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The PPS treatment most effectively promoted potato growth and final tuber yield, achieving significant increases of 22.8 % in 2023 and 45.0 % in 2024 compared to NM. Specifically, PPS treatment optimized the soil thermal regime, promoted emergence 12–13 days earlier than NM, and stimulated root development, yielding the highest root volume and surface area. These enhanced root traits were associated with a distinct rhizospheric metabolic profile, including upregulation of arabinono-1,4-lactone, malic acid, and fumaric acid. Concurrently, PPS enriched beneficial bacteria taxa such as <em>Burkholderiales</em> and <em>Myxococcota</em>, which were strongly correlated with the altered metabolite pattern. The modified rhizosphere environment further improved soil nutrient availability and increased activities of urease and sucrase. Partial least squares path modeling established a positive regulatory loop: mulching-induced improvements in soil temperature and nutrients enhanced microbial diversity and the rhizospheric metabolites, which together fostered nutrient mobilization and directly promoted tuber yield.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate that the integration of plastic film and straw mulching could enhance potato yield by establishing a coordinated mechanism in which early soil warming promotes root growth and stimulates the secretion of specific metabolites. These metabolites subsequently recruit beneficial microbial taxa, leading to enhanced soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity that ultimately support greater tuber yield. This elucidated mechanism provides a foundation for sustainable productivity enhancement in mountainous potato agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110364"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of oxygen levels and microbial diversities under synergistic influence of irrigation methods and different mulching widths in cotton rhizosphere soil 灌溉方式和不同覆盖宽度协同影响下棉花根际土壤氧含量和微生物多样性的评价

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110355

Zhenyue Liu , Tong Heng , Pengrui Ai , Zhenghu Ma , Maosong Tang , Yingjie Ma

Drought and water scarcity have emerged as critical stress factors threatening crop yields in arid regions, necessitating the exploration of innovative water-saving technologies to enhance water use efficiency and optimize soil microenvironments. Through field experiments conducted from 2023 to 2024, this study systematically analyzed the effects of three mulch film widths (W1: ultra-wide film 4.4 m, W2: medium-width film 2.05 m, W3: narrow film 1.4 m) and two irrigation water types (M1: magnetized irrigation, M2: unmagnetized irrigation), comprising six experimental treatments, on soil oxygen levels and microbial communities in the cotton rhizosphere. The results demonstrated that the magnetized water irrigation combined with ultra-wide film mulching treatment (W1M1) achieved soil temperature and porosity of 23.49℃ and 49.8 %, respectively, both significantly higher than all other treatments. Medium-width film mulching treatments exhibited the highest soil oxygen levels; however, due to the higher porosity and lower soil moisture content under ultra-wide film mulching, the latter demonstrated higher total soil oxygen levels, with W1M1 exceeding W2M1 by 0.07 % and W1M2 surpassing W2M2 by 0.56 % in total soil oxygen content. Furthermore, W1M1 enhances microbial metabolic functions by modulating the relative abundance of microbial communities in cotton rhizosphere soil. The combined relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota phyla under W1M1 treatment increased by 11.20 % and 14.25 % compared to W2M1 and W3M1, respectively, while the relative abundance of Chloroflexota phylum decreased by 1.07 % and 3.05 % compared to W2M1 and W3M1, respectively. Compared to W2M1 and W3M1 treatments, W1M1 showed increases of 1.79 % and 21.34 % in Carbohydrate metabolism, 5.84 % and 13.04 % in Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and 1.98 % and 3.68 % in Membrane transport, respectively. In 2023 and 2024, the W1M1 treatment achieved the highest cotton root dry matter mass, seed cotton yield, and irrigation water use efficiency, recording 38.9 g plant⁻¹ and 40.9 g plant⁻¹ , 6328 kg ha⁻¹and 7545 kg ha⁻¹ , and 1.7 kg cm⁻³ and 1.8 kg cm⁻³ , respectively. These findings demonstrate that the W1M1 synergistic technique effectively optimizes soil structure, enhances soil oxygen content, and stimulates microbial metabolic activity, consequently improving cotton yield and water use efficiency, thus providing a promising approach for the widespread implementation of ultra-wide film mulching cultivation technology for cotton production in Xinjiang.

干旱和缺水已成为威胁干旱区作物产量的重要胁迫因素，需要探索创新节水技术来提高水分利用效率和优化土壤微环境。本研究通过2023 - 2024年的田间试验，系统分析了3种覆盖膜宽度（W1：超宽膜4.4 m、W2：中宽膜2.05 m、W3：窄膜1.4 m）和2种灌溉水类型（M1：磁化灌溉、M2：非磁化灌溉）6个试验处理对棉花根际土壤氧水平和微生物群落的影响。结果表明：磁化水灌溉配合超宽膜覆盖处理（W1M1）的土壤温度和孔隙度分别达到23.49℃和49.8 %，显著高于其他处理；中宽膜覆盖处理土壤氧含量最高；然而，由于超宽膜覆盖下孔隙率较高，土壤含水量较低，后者表现出较高的土壤全氧含量，其中W1M1比W2M1高0.07 %，W1M2比W2M2高0.56 %。此外，W1M1通过调节棉花根际土壤微生物群落的相对丰度来增强微生物代谢功能。与W2M1和W3M1相比，W1M1处理下变形菌门和放线菌门的总相对丰度分别提高了11.20 %和14.25 %，绿柔菌门的相对丰度分别降低了1.07 %和3.05 %。与W2M1和W3M1处理相比，W1M1处理的碳水化合物代谢能力分别提高了1.79 %和21.34 %，聚糖生物合成和代谢能力分别提高了5.84 %和13.04 %，膜转运能力分别提高了1.98 %和3.68 %。在2023年和2024年,W1M1治疗取得了最高的棉花根干物质质量,籽棉产量、和灌溉用水效率,记录38.9 克植物⁻¹  和40.9 g植物⁻¹ ,6328 公斤 公顷⁻¹和7545年 公斤 公顷⁻¹ ,和1.7 公斤 厘米⁻³  和1.8公斤 厘米⁻³ ,分别。综上所述，W1M1协同技术有效优化了土壤结构，提高了土壤含氧量，刺激了微生物代谢活性，从而提高了棉花产量和水分利用效率，为在新疆棉花生产中广泛实施超宽膜覆盖栽培技术提供了一条有希望的途径。

{"title":"Assessment of oxygen levels and microbial diversities under synergistic influence of irrigation methods and different mulching widths in cotton rhizosphere soil","authors":"Zhenyue Liu , Tong Heng , Pengrui Ai , Zhenghu Ma , Maosong Tang , Yingjie Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought and water scarcity have emerged as critical stress factors threatening crop yields in arid regions, necessitating the exploration of innovative water-saving technologies to enhance water use efficiency and optimize soil microenvironments. Through field experiments conducted from 2023 to 2024, this study systematically analyzed the effects of three mulch film widths (W1: ultra-wide film 4.4 m, W2: medium-width film 2.05 m, W3: narrow film 1.4 m) and two irrigation water types (M1: magnetized irrigation, M2: unmagnetized irrigation), comprising six experimental treatments, on soil oxygen levels and microbial communities in the cotton rhizosphere. The results demonstrated that the magnetized water irrigation combined with ultra-wide film mulching treatment (W1M1) achieved soil temperature and porosity of 23.49℃ and 49.8 %, respectively, both significantly higher than all other treatments. Medium-width film mulching treatments exhibited the highest soil oxygen levels; however, due to the higher porosity and lower soil moisture content under ultra-wide film mulching, the latter demonstrated higher total soil oxygen levels, with W1M1 exceeding W2M1 by 0.07 % and W1M2 surpassing W2M2 by 0.56 % in total soil oxygen content. Furthermore, W1M1 enhances microbial metabolic functions by modulating the relative abundance of microbial communities in cotton rhizosphere soil. The combined relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota phyla under W1M1 treatment increased by 11.20 % and 14.25 % compared to W2M1 and W3M1, respectively, while the relative abundance of Chloroflexota phylum decreased by 1.07 % and 3.05 % compared to W2M1 and W3M1, respectively. Compared to W2M1 and W3M1 treatments, W1M1 showed increases of 1.79 % and 21.34 % in Carbohydrate metabolism, 5.84 % and 13.04 % in Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and 1.98 % and 3.68 % in Membrane transport, respectively. In 2023 and 2024, the W1M1 treatment achieved the highest cotton root dry matter mass, seed cotton yield, and irrigation water use efficiency, recording 38.9 g plant⁻¹ and 40.9 g plant⁻¹ , 6328 kg ha⁻¹and 7545 kg ha⁻¹ , and 1.7 kg cm⁻³ and 1.8 kg cm⁻³ , respectively. These findings demonstrate that the W1M1 synergistic technique effectively optimizes soil structure, enhances soil oxygen content, and stimulates microbial metabolic activity, consequently improving cotton yield and water use efficiency, thus providing a promising approach for the widespread implementation of ultra-wide film mulching cultivation technology for cotton production in Xinjiang.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110355"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biochar alleviated soybean continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil hydrological properties and reducing erosion: Insights from an 11 year field study on sloping farmland 生物炭通过改善土壤水文特性和减少侵蚀来缓解大豆连作障碍：来自坡耕地11年实地研究的见解

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110348

Guoxin Shi , Xiaoqiang Cao , Qiang Fu , Tianxiao Li , Qingshan Chen

Biochar is widely recognized as a beneficial soil amendment; however, its potential to mitigate long-term continuous cropping obstacles in soybean systems remains poorly understood. Based on an 11-year field experiment, this study systematically explored the effects of biochar application on soil physical properties, nutrients, hydrological characteristics, erosion resistance, and soybean yield stability. The results demonstrated that long-term continuous soybean cropping led to soil structural degradation, nutrients depletion, increased erosion, reduced soybean yield, and lower water use efficiency. In contrast, biochar application significantly enhanced total soil porosity (TP) and the generalized soil structure index (GSSI), increased the proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and pores with diameters ≥ 0.3 μm. Furthermore, biochar improved soil hydrological functions by enhancing water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity, and significantly raised the initial, steady, and mean soil water infiltration rates. Notably, the application of 5.0 t·ha⁻¹ biochar was the most effective treatment. Compared to the control across years, it increased cumulative soil infiltration within 60 min by 50.26 mm (2015), 52.15 mm (2017), 69.88 mm (2019), 57.75 mm (2021), 55.52 mm (2023), and 67.92 mm (2025), respectively. This treatment also markedly reduced annual runoff and soil erosion, increased soil nutrients (organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium), promoted soybean growth, and improved water use efficiency and yield stability. Structural equation modeling indicated that biochar primarily enhanced soybean yield by improving soil hydrological properties and reducing soil erosion. These long-term findings highlight that biochar, particularly at 5.0 t·ha⁻¹ , can effectively alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, providing a theoretical and technical basis for sustainable soybean production.

生物炭被广泛认为是有益的土壤改良剂；然而，它在缓解大豆系统长期连作障碍方面的潜力仍然知之甚少。本研究通过11年的田间试验，系统探讨了施用生物炭对土壤物理性质、养分、水文特征、抗侵蚀性和大豆产量稳定性的影响。结果表明，长期连作大豆导致土壤结构退化，养分耗竭，侵蚀加剧，大豆产量降低，水分利用效率降低。相反，施用生物炭显著提高了土壤总孔隙度（TP）和广义土壤结构指数（GSSI），增加了大团聚体（>0.25 mm）和直径≥ 0.3 μm的孔隙比例。此外，生物炭通过提高土壤保水能力和导水能力改善土壤水文功能，显著提高土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和平均入渗速率。值得注意的是，5.0 t·ha⁻¹ 生物炭的应用是最有效的治疗方法。与历年对照相比，60 min内土壤累计入渗分别增加50.26 mm（2015）、52.15 mm（2017）、69.88 mm（2019）、57.75 mm（2021）、55.52 mm（2023）和67.92 mm（2025）。该处理还显著减少了年径流量和土壤侵蚀，增加了土壤养分（有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾），促进了大豆生长，提高了水分利用效率和产量稳定性。结构方程模型表明，生物炭主要通过改善土壤水文特性和减少土壤侵蚀来提高大豆产量。这些长期研究结果强调，生物炭，特别是5.0 t·ha⁻¹ 的生物炭，可以有效减轻连作障碍，为大豆可持续生产提供理论和技术基础。

{"title":"Biochar alleviated soybean continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil hydrological properties and reducing erosion: Insights from an 11 year field study on sloping farmland","authors":"Guoxin Shi , Xiaoqiang Cao , Qiang Fu , Tianxiao Li , Qingshan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar is widely recognized as a beneficial soil amendment; however, its potential to mitigate long-term continuous cropping obstacles in soybean systems remains poorly understood. Based on an 11-year field experiment, this study systematically explored the effects of biochar application on soil physical properties, nutrients, hydrological characteristics, erosion resistance, and soybean yield stability. The results demonstrated that long-term continuous soybean cropping led to soil structural degradation, nutrients depletion, increased erosion, reduced soybean yield, and lower water use efficiency. In contrast, biochar application significantly enhanced total soil porosity (TP) and the generalized soil structure index (GSSI), increased the proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and pores with diameters ≥ 0.3 μm. Furthermore, biochar improved soil hydrological functions by enhancing water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity, and significantly raised the initial, steady, and mean soil water infiltration rates. Notably, the application of 5.0 t·ha⁻¹ biochar was the most effective treatment. Compared to the control across years, it increased cumulative soil infiltration within 60 min by 50.26 mm (2015), 52.15 mm (2017), 69.88 mm (2019), 57.75 mm (2021), 55.52 mm (2023), and 67.92 mm (2025), respectively. This treatment also markedly reduced annual runoff and soil erosion, increased soil nutrients (organic carbon, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium), promoted soybean growth, and improved water use efficiency and yield stability. Structural equation modeling indicated that biochar primarily enhanced soybean yield by improving soil hydrological properties and reducing soil erosion. These long-term findings highlight that biochar, particularly at 5.0 t·ha⁻¹ , can effectively alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, providing a theoretical and technical basis for sustainable soybean production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110348"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Banded application of single superphosphate and ammonium sulfate enhances phosphorus-use efficiency and maize productivity on the Loess Plateau of China 单过磷酸钙和硫酸铵的带状施用提高了黄土高原玉米的磷利用效率和产量

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110327

Yu Yang , Xiaoyu Liu , Qin Ma , Huiyao Wu , Victor O. Sadras , Jinshan Liu

Context or problem

Phosphorus (P) over-fertilization in rainfed maize systems of the Loess Plateau of China contributes to environmental pollution and low P use efficiency. This study assessed how the reduced P fertilization rates and different application methods influence maize yield, P use efficiency, root morphology, rhizosphere enzyme activity, and soil P fractions.

Methods

Exp. 1 compared a P-unfertilized control (CK), a farmer’s practice (FP) at 52.4 kg P ha⁻¹, and a reduced rate of 30.6 kg P ha⁻¹ (RF) over four years. Exp. 2 included P-unfertilized control, broadcasted application of single superphosphate (RF), banded application of single superphosphate (BP), and banded application of single superphosphate plus ammonium sulfate (AS) over two years. Maize yield, P use efficiency, root morphology, rhizosphere enzyme activity, and soil P fractions were measured and analyzed.

Results

In Exp. 1, reducing P fertilization to 30.6 kg ha⁻¹ (RF) maintained yield, grain P content, and aboveground P uptake compared to the farmer’s practice (FP). In Exp. 2, compared to broadcasted application of single superphosphate (RF), yield was significantly increased by banded application of single superphosphate (BP) and banded application of superphosphate plus ammonium sulfate (AS), with AS showing a 13 % increase over two years. The AS treatment also lowered rhizosphere pH, enhanced labile P pool, and improved root morphology, promoting P uptake. Root traits (total root length, volume, surface area, and average root diameter) at the V3, V10, and R1 stages were positively correlated with the β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, phosphatase activity, and NH₄⁺-N availability. Both random forest and Mantel analyses identified soil available P as the primary determinant of yield and P uptake. PLS-PM further revealed that the AS treatment enhanced yield chiefly via its effects on soil available P, enzyme activity, and root traits.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that a tailored, low-input P management strategy, involving a 42 % reduction in P fertilization combined with banded application of superphosphate and ammonium sulfate enhances yield, improves P use efficiency, and optimizes soil conditions under maize dryland farming.

背景与问题黄土高原旱作玉米系统磷肥过量造成环境污染和磷素利用效率低下。研究了施磷量减少和不同施磷方式对玉米产量、磷利用效率、根系形态、根际酶活性和土壤磷组分的影响。1比较了未施磷肥对照（CK）、农民实践（FP）在4年内的52.4 kg P ha−1和30.6 kg P ha−1 （RF）的降低率。试验2包括不施磷肥对照、单过磷酸钙播施（RF）、单过磷酸钙带状施（BP）和单过磷酸钙加硫酸铵带状施（AS），为期两年。测定并分析了玉米产量、磷利用效率、根形态、根际酶活性和土壤磷组分。结果在实验1中，与农民实践（FP）相比，将施磷量降低至30.6 kg ha - 1 （RF）可维持产量、籽粒磷含量和地上磷吸收量。在试验2中，与单过磷酸钙（RF）撒播施用相比，单过磷酸钙（BP）带状施用和过磷酸钙加硫酸铵（AS）带状施用显著提高了产量，其中AS在两年内增加了13. %。AS处理还降低了根际pH值，增加了活性磷库，改善了根系形态，促进了磷的吸收。V3、V10和R1期根系性状（总根长、体积、表面积和平均根径）与β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性、磷酸酶活性和NH4+-N有效性呈正相关。随机森林分析和Mantel分析都确定土壤速效磷是产量和磷吸收的主要决定因素。PLS-PM进一步揭示，AS处理主要通过对土壤速效磷、酶活性和根系性状的影响来提高产量。研究结果表明，在玉米旱地种植条件下，减少42% %的磷肥施肥量，结合过磷酸钙和硫酸铵的带状施用，可提高产量，提高磷肥利用效率，优化土壤条件。

{"title":"Banded application of single superphosphate and ammonium sulfate enhances phosphorus-use efficiency and maize productivity on the Loess Plateau of China","authors":"Yu Yang , Xiaoyu Liu , Qin Ma , Huiyao Wu , Victor O. Sadras , Jinshan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>Phosphorus (P) over-fertilization in rainfed maize systems of the Loess Plateau of China contributes to environmental pollution and low P use efficiency. This study assessed how the reduced P fertilization rates and different application methods influence maize yield, P use efficiency, root morphology, rhizosphere enzyme activity, and soil P fractions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Exp. 1 compared a P-unfertilized control (CK), a farmer’s practice (FP) at 52.4 kg P ha<sup>−1</sup>, and a reduced rate of 30.6 kg P ha<sup>−1</sup> (RF) over four years. Exp. 2 included P-unfertilized control, broadcasted application of single superphosphate (RF), banded application of single superphosphate (BP), and banded application of single superphosphate plus ammonium sulfate (AS) over two years. Maize yield, P use efficiency, root morphology, rhizosphere enzyme activity, and soil P fractions were measured and analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In Exp. 1, reducing P fertilization to 30.6 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> (RF) maintained yield, grain P content, and aboveground P uptake compared to the farmer’s practice (FP). In Exp. 2, compared to broadcasted application of single superphosphate (RF), yield was significantly increased by banded application of single superphosphate (BP) and banded application of superphosphate plus ammonium sulfate (AS), with AS showing a 13 % increase over two years. The AS treatment also lowered rhizosphere pH, enhanced labile P pool, and improved root morphology, promoting P uptake. Root traits (total root length, volume, surface area, and average root diameter) at the V3, V10, and R1 stages were positively correlated with the β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, phosphatase activity, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N availability. Both random forest and Mantel analyses identified soil available P as the primary determinant of yield and P uptake. PLS-PM further revealed that the AS treatment enhanced yield chiefly via its effects on soil available P, enzyme activity, and root traits.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results demonstrate that a tailored, low-input P management strategy, involving a 42 % reduction in P fertilization combined with banded application of superphosphate and ammonium sulfate enhances yield, improves P use efficiency, and optimizes soil conditions under maize dryland farming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110327"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic regulation of chalkiness reduction in ratoon season rice by ABA and ascorbic acid: A physiological perspective ABA和抗坏血酸协同调控冬稻白度降低的生理研究

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110360

Hailong Xu , Bianhong Zhang , Xin Wu , Yijiang Hu , Americ Allison , Bin Qin , Jinying Li , Chaojie Lan , Jingnan Zou , Yazhou Liu , Anqi Li , Qingyang Zhang , Chunlin Guo , Zhixing Zhang , Wenxiong Lin

Grain chalkiness affects rice quality, and the chalkiness reduction improves grain appearance and processing quality. Ratoon season rice (RSR), is characterized by intrinsically reduced chalkiness and superior grain quality parameters. However, the physiological pathways governing these traits remain largely uncharacterized. Using three genotypes (YY1540, HHZ, M1YZZ), we compared grain-filling traits, endogenous hormone dynamics, and metabolomic profiles among main crop (MC), single-season mid-late rice (LR) heading simultaneously with RSR, and RSR.The results showed that the chalkiness degree of inferior spikelets (IS) in RSR significantly reduced by 38.09–40.24 % compared to MC and LR, respectively, whereas the head rice percentage increased by 2.50–2.86 %. Grain filling of IS began earlier in RSR, and peak filling occurred 7.99 and 6.64 days earlier than in MC and LR.Hormonal measurements indicated that ABA content in RSR grains was significantly higher at the grain-filling peak, with ABA levels of IS elevated by 17.61–22.03 % relative to MC and LR. Metabolomic analysis identified significant enrichment of antioxidant-related metabolites such as ascorbic acid (ASA), D-galactose, and malic acid in IS of RSR. Exogenous ABA enhanced ASA-GSH (reduced glutathione) cycling and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced chalkiness by 9.32 %-20.04 % in IS of MC and LR. ASA application improved endosperm structure，increased starch synthesis-related enzyme activities, and reduced chalkiness by 16.35 %-17.42 %. In summary, elevated ABA in RSR promotes ASA accumulation and antioxidant defenses, which mitigates oxidative damage, improves starch deposition, and reduces the chalkiness of RSR. This study reveals a key ABA-ASA regulatory mechanism that contributes to grain quality formation in RSR.

稻米垩白影响稻米品质，降低稻米垩白可改善稻米外观和加工品质。再生季稻（RSR）具有内在降低垩白度和优良的稻米品质参数的特点。然而，控制这些特征的生理途径在很大程度上仍未被描述。以YY1540、HHZ、M1YZZ 3个基因型为研究对象，比较了主粮（MC）、单季中晚稻（LR）同期抽穗和RSR抽穗的籽粒灌浆性状、内源激素动态和代谢组学特征。结果表明，与对照和对照相比，RSR处理的劣穗白垩度分别显著降低了38.09 ~ 40.24 %，而精穗白垩度则提高了2.50 ~ 2.86 %。稻谷灌浆期早于稻谷灌浆期，灌浆高峰期比稻谷灌浆期早7.99 d和6.64 d。激素测定结果表明，灌浆高峰期，RSR籽粒ABA含量显著升高，其中IS籽粒ABA含量较MC和LR提高17.61 ~ 22.03 %。代谢组学分析发现，在RSR的IS中，抗氧化剂相关代谢物如抗坏血酸（ASA）、d -半乳糖和苹果酸显著富集。外源ABA增强了还原性谷胱甘肽（ASA-GSH）循环和抗氧化酶活性，使小麦和小麦的垩白度降低了9.32 % ~ 20.04 %。ASA改善了胚乳结构，提高了淀粉合成相关酶的活性，降低了垩白度16.35 % ~ 17.42 %。综上所述，在RSR中增加ABA可促进ASA积累和抗氧化防御，从而减轻氧化损伤，改善淀粉沉积，降低RSR的白垩度。本研究揭示了ABA-ASA调控RSR籽粒品质形成的关键机制。

{"title":"Synergistic regulation of chalkiness reduction in ratoon season rice by ABA and ascorbic acid: A physiological perspective","authors":"Hailong Xu , Bianhong Zhang , Xin Wu , Yijiang Hu , Americ Allison , Bin Qin , Jinying Li , Chaojie Lan , Jingnan Zou , Yazhou Liu , Anqi Li , Qingyang Zhang , Chunlin Guo , Zhixing Zhang , Wenxiong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grain chalkiness affects rice quality, and the chalkiness reduction improves grain appearance and processing quality. Ratoon season rice (RSR), is characterized by intrinsically reduced chalkiness and superior grain quality parameters. However, the physiological pathways governing these traits remain largely uncharacterized. Using three genotypes (YY1540, HHZ, M1YZZ), we compared grain-filling traits, endogenous hormone dynamics, and metabolomic profiles among main crop (MC), single-season mid-late rice (LR) heading simultaneously with RSR, and RSR.The results showed that the chalkiness degree of inferior spikelets (IS) in RSR significantly reduced by 38.09–40.24 % compared to MC and LR, respectively, whereas the head rice percentage increased by 2.50–2.86 %. Grain filling of IS began earlier in RSR, and peak filling occurred 7.99 and 6.64 days earlier than in MC and LR.Hormonal measurements indicated that ABA content in RSR grains was significantly higher at the grain-filling peak, with ABA levels of IS elevated by 17.61–22.03 % relative to MC and LR. Metabolomic analysis identified significant enrichment of antioxidant-related metabolites such as ascorbic acid (ASA), <span>D</span>-galactose, and malic acid in IS of RSR. Exogenous ABA enhanced ASA-GSH (reduced glutathione) cycling and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced chalkiness by 9.32 %-20.04 % in IS of MC and LR. ASA application improved endosperm structure，increased starch synthesis-related enzyme activities, and reduced chalkiness by 16.35 %-17.42 %. In summary, elevated ABA in RSR promotes ASA accumulation and antioxidant defenses, which mitigates oxidative damage, improves starch deposition, and reduces the chalkiness of RSR. This study reveals a key ABA-ASA regulatory mechanism that contributes to grain quality formation in RSR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing nitrogen fertilization modulates root-soil interactions to enhance yield and quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) cultivated in sandy soil 优化施氮调节根土相互作用，提高沙质土壤虎坚果产量和品质

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110354

Xu Zheng , Wenjing Zhao , Luhua Li , Jianguo Liu , Jiaping Wang

<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Nitrogen-efficient fertilization on marginal sandy lands is crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity in degraded soils while promoting global food and oil security. However, the relationships between nitrogen (N) regimes, root–soil interactions, and tuber quality remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to elucidate how N fertilization modulates root adaptive strategies, soil nutrient availability, and extracellular enzyme activity, thereby influencing tuber yield and quality in tiger nut (<em>Cyperus esculentus</em> L.) grown on sandy farmland.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The experiment was conducted in sandy farmland with five nitrogen (N) application treatments: no nitrogen (N0), 100 (N100), 200 (N200), 300 (N300) and 400 (N400) kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. We systematically investigated: root functional traits, soil properties (total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, and organic matter), extracellular enzyme (<em>β</em>-glucosidase (<em>β</em>G), <em>β</em>-<span>D</span>-cellobiosidase (CBH), <em>β</em>-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), <em>β</em>-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), <span>L</span>-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)) and tuber parameters (yield, crude fat, protein and starch). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships between soil properties and plant performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our results revealed divergent root adaptation strategies across nitrogen (N) gradients. Under N0, tiger nut plants prioritized resource allocation toward thinner, elongated roots, significantly increasing specific root length (24.24 % – 372.63 %) and area (35.73 % – 385.22 %). Conversely, nitrogen-sufficient regimes (N300–N400) promoted denser root architectures, with root area and length densities increasing by 18.27 % – 57.42 %. This morphological shift coincided with significant soil enrichment; N300–N400 levels elevated soil inorganic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic matter, while stimulating <em>β</em>G and NAG activities. However, soil pH and CBH declined, and XYL activity peaked specifically at N300. Consequently, tuber yield reached a maximum at N300 before plateauing at N400. High nitrogen levels further improved quality by boosting crude protein (35.41 % – 42.47 %) and oil content (10.37 %–11.56 %), despite a concurrent reduction in starch content.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates the synergy between root morphological plasticity and soil biochemical health in boosting tiger nut productivity. Strategic nitrogen management stimulates adaptive root architecture and enhances soil enzymatic activity and nutrient availability in nutrient‑poor environments. A critical threshold of 300 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> was identified, providing a framework to transform marginal sandy soils into productive, high‑quality systems. These findings offer a sustainable pathway for cultivating clima

边缘沙地的高效氮肥施肥对于提高退化土壤的农业生产力，同时促进全球粮食和石油安全至关重要。然而，氮肥制度、根-土相互作用和块茎质量之间的关系仍然知之甚少。目的研究氮肥对沙质农田虎坚果根系适应策略、土壤养分有效性和胞外酶活性的调节作用，从而影响虎坚果块茎产量和品质。方法采用无氮（N0）、100 （N100）、200 （N200）、300 （N300）和400 (N400) kg N ha−1 5个氮肥处理，在沙田进行试验。我们系统地研究了根系功能性状、土壤性质（全氮、无机氮和有机质）、胞外酶（β-葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、β- d -纤维素生物苷酶（CBH）、β-1,4- n -乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（XYL）、l -亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP））和块茎参数（产量、粗脂肪、蛋白质和淀粉）。采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）分析了土壤性质与植物生长性能之间的关系。结果不同氮素梯度下植物根系适应策略存在差异。no处理下，虎坚果植物优先向较细、较长的根系分配资源，显著增加了比根长度（24.24 % ~ 372.63 %）和比根面积（35.73 % ~ 385.22 %）。相反，氮充足的处理（N300-N400）促进了更密集的根系结构，根面积和长度密度增加了18.27 % ~ 57.42 %。这种形态转变与土壤显著富集相吻合；n300 ~ n400水平提高了土壤无机氮、全氮和有机质含量，同时刺激了βG和NAG活性。土壤pH和CBH呈下降趋势，XYL活性在N300处达到峰值。因此，块茎产量在N300时达到最大值，在N400时趋于稳定。高氮水平通过提高粗蛋白质（35.41 % ~ 42.47 %）和含油量（10.37 % ~ 11.56 %）进一步改善了品质，但同时降低了淀粉含量。结论根系形态可塑性与土壤生化健康在提高虎坚果产量中的协同作用。战略性氮管理可刺激适应性根系结构，提高养分贫乏环境下土壤酶活性和养分有效性。确定了300 kg N ha - 1的临界阈值，为将边缘沙质土壤转化为生产性高质量系统提供了框架。这些发现为培育适应气候变化的作物、加强粮食安全和恢复退化的农田提供了一条可持续的途径。

{"title":"Optimizing nitrogen fertilization modulates root-soil interactions to enhance yield and quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) cultivated in sandy soil","authors":"Xu Zheng , Wenjing Zhao , Luhua Li , Jianguo Liu , Jiaping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Nitrogen-efficient fertilization on marginal sandy lands is crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity in degraded soils while promoting global food and oil security. However, the relationships between nitrogen (N) regimes, root–soil interactions, and tuber quality remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to elucidate how N fertilization modulates root adaptive strategies, soil nutrient availability, and extracellular enzyme activity, thereby influencing tuber yield and quality in tiger nut (<em>Cyperus esculentus</em> L.) grown on sandy farmland.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The experiment was conducted in sandy farmland with five nitrogen (N) application treatments: no nitrogen (N0), 100 (N100), 200 (N200), 300 (N300) and 400 (N400) kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. We systematically investigated: root functional traits, soil properties (total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, and organic matter), extracellular enzyme (<em>β</em>-glucosidase (<em>β</em>G), <em>β</em>-<span>D</span>-cellobiosidase (CBH), <em>β</em>-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), <em>β</em>-1,4-xylosidase (XYL), <span>L</span>-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)) and tuber parameters (yield, crude fat, protein and starch). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the relationships between soil properties and plant performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our results revealed divergent root adaptation strategies across nitrogen (N) gradients. Under N0, tiger nut plants prioritized resource allocation toward thinner, elongated roots, significantly increasing specific root length (24.24 % – 372.63 %) and area (35.73 % – 385.22 %). Conversely, nitrogen-sufficient regimes (N300–N400) promoted denser root architectures, with root area and length densities increasing by 18.27 % – 57.42 %. This morphological shift coincided with significant soil enrichment; N300–N400 levels elevated soil inorganic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic matter, while stimulating <em>β</em>G and NAG activities. However, soil pH and CBH declined, and XYL activity peaked specifically at N300. Consequently, tuber yield reached a maximum at N300 before plateauing at N400. High nitrogen levels further improved quality by boosting crude protein (35.41 % – 42.47 %) and oil content (10.37 %–11.56 %), despite a concurrent reduction in starch content.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates the synergy between root morphological plasticity and soil biochemical health in boosting tiger nut productivity. Strategic nitrogen management stimulates adaptive root architecture and enhances soil enzymatic activity and nutrient availability in nutrient‑poor environments. A critical threshold of 300 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> was identified, providing a framework to transform marginal sandy soils into productive, high‑quality systems. These findings offer a sustainable pathway for cultivating clima","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110354"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Organic fertilizer application improved the growth characteristics and enhanced sustainable production of wheat-maize crops under saline water irrigation 施用有机肥改善了盐碱水灌溉条件下小麦-玉米作物的生长特性，提高了作物的可持续产量

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110350

Changkuan Zhu , Chunlian Zheng , Caiyun Cao , Dan Liu , Hongkai Dang , Huimin Yuan , Anqi Zhang , Junpeng Zhang , Chitao Sun

Context or problem

Saline water irrigation alleviates freshwater scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions but causes salt stress. However, the mitigating effects and regulatory mechanisms of organic fertilizer on salt stress remain unclear.

Objective or research question

This study aimed to clarify the growth and development responses of wheat and maize under saline water irrigation combined with organic fertilizer application, and to reveal the distinct mechanisms affecting these two crops.

Methods

The four electrical conductivity (EC) levels of irrigation water (1.3 dS·m⁻¹, T1; 3.4 dS·m⁻¹, T2; 7.1 dS·m⁻¹, T3; 10.6 dS·m⁻¹, T4) and two fertilization types of organic fertilizer application (F1) and no organic fertilizer application (F0) were set up in the experiment. During the 2022–2024 growing periods, plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation (DMA), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), and yield of winter wheat and summer maize were measured.

Results

The results showed that winter wheat exhibited significant reductions in PH, LAI, DMA, Pn, Tr, and SPAD under T4 compared with T1. In contrast, summer maize showed significant decreases in growth and physiological indicators under both T3 and T4, demonstrating its greater sensitivity to saline water irrigation. F1 effectively mitigated the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on wheat and maize growth, enhancing the productivity of wheat-maize system. Especially under T3 and T4 treatments, the F1 led to an increase of 9.36 % and 12.75 % in the average annual yield of wheat, and by 9.03 % and 8.44 % for maize, respectively. Furthermore, organic fertilizer application elevated the EC thresholds of irrigation water for 5 % and 10 % yield reductions in the wheat-maize system under saline irrigation. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) indicated that organic fertilizer enhanced yield through crop-specific pathways. For winter wheat, organic fertilizer enhanced yield through the combined improvement of growth indicators as well as photosynthetic performance. Whereas summer maize primarily regulated its growth through photosynthesis to promote yield, with no significant direct impact of organic fertilizer on growth indicators.

Conclusions

In summary, organic fertilizer application mitigated the negative effects of saline water irrigation and boosted productivity in both types of crops through different pathways.

Implications or significance

The research provided a scientific basis for sustainable grain production under saline water irrigation.

背景或问题盐水灌溉缓解了干旱和半干旱地区的淡水短缺，但也造成了盐胁迫。然而，有机肥对盐胁迫的缓解作用和调控机制尚不清楚。目的或研究问题本研究旨在阐明盐碱水灌溉配施有机肥对小麦和玉米生长发育的响应，揭示影响这两种作物生长发育的不同机制。方法设置4个灌溉水电导率（EC）水平（1.3 dS·m−1,T1; 3.4 dS·m−1,T2; 7.1 dS·m−1,T3; 10.6 dS·m−1,T4）和施用有机肥（F1）和不施用有机肥（F0）两种施肥方式。测定了2022 ~ 2024年两个生育期冬小麦和夏玉米的株高（PH）、叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累（DMA）、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）和产量。结果与T1相比，T4处理冬小麦的PH、LAI、DMA、Pn、Tr和SPAD均显著降低。而夏玉米在T3和T4处理下的生长和生理指标均显著下降，说明夏玉米对盐水灌溉更为敏感。F1有效缓解了盐水灌溉对小麦和玉米生长的不利影响，提高了小麦-玉米系统的生产力。特别是在T3和T4处理下，F1对小麦的年均产量分别提高9.36 %和12.75 %，对玉米的年均产量分别提高9.03 %和8.44 %。此外，施用有机肥提高了灌溉水的EC阈值，使盐灌小麦-玉米体系减产5 %和10 %。偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）表明，有机肥通过作物特异性途径提高产量。对冬小麦而言，有机肥通过综合改善生长指标和光合性能来提高产量。而夏玉米主要通过光合作用调节其生长，促进产量，有机肥对其生长指标没有显著的直接影响。综上所述，施用有机肥可通过不同途径减轻盐碱水灌溉的负面影响，提高两种作物的生产力。研究结果为盐碱水灌溉条件下的粮食可持续生产提供了科学依据。

{"title":"Organic fertilizer application improved the growth characteristics and enhanced sustainable production of wheat-maize crops under saline water irrigation","authors":"Changkuan Zhu , Chunlian Zheng , Caiyun Cao , Dan Liu , Hongkai Dang , Huimin Yuan , Anqi Zhang , Junpeng Zhang , Chitao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context or problem</h3><div>Saline water irrigation alleviates freshwater scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions but causes salt stress. However, the mitigating effects and regulatory mechanisms of organic fertilizer on salt stress remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective or research question</h3><div>This study aimed to clarify the growth and development responses of wheat and maize under saline water irrigation combined with organic fertilizer application, and to reveal the distinct mechanisms affecting these two crops.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The four electrical conductivity (EC) levels of irrigation water (1.3 dS·m<sup>−1</sup>, T1; 3.4 dS·m<sup>−1</sup>, T2; 7.1 dS·m<sup>−1</sup>, T3; 10.6 dS·m<sup>−1</sup>, T4) and two fertilization types of organic fertilizer application (F1) and no organic fertilizer application (F0) were set up in the experiment. During the 2022–2024 growing periods, plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation (DMA), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), and yield of winter wheat and summer maize were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that winter wheat exhibited significant reductions in PH, LAI, DMA, Pn, Tr, and SPAD under T4 compared with T1. In contrast, summer maize showed significant decreases in growth and physiological indicators under both T3 and T4, demonstrating its greater sensitivity to saline water irrigation. F1 effectively mitigated the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on wheat and maize growth, enhancing the productivity of wheat-maize system. Especially under T3 and T4 treatments, the F1 led to an increase of 9.36 % and 12.75 % in the average annual yield of wheat, and by 9.03 % and 8.44 % for maize, respectively. Furthermore, organic fertilizer application elevated the EC thresholds of irrigation water for 5 % and 10 % yield reductions in the wheat-maize system under saline irrigation. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) indicated that organic fertilizer enhanced yield through crop-specific pathways. For winter wheat, organic fertilizer enhanced yield through the combined improvement of growth indicators as well as photosynthetic performance. Whereas summer maize primarily regulated its growth through photosynthesis to promote yield, with no significant direct impact of organic fertilizer on growth indicators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In summary, organic fertilizer application mitigated the negative effects of saline water irrigation and boosted productivity in both types of crops through different pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Implications or significance</h3><div>The research provided a scientific basis for sustainable grain production under saline water irrigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110350"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A modeling framework for spatial optimization of cropping structure to promote food supply–demand balance and environmental sustainability 促进粮食供需平衡和环境可持续性的种植结构空间优化建模框架

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110320

Xiaoliang Li , Kening Wu , Weimin Cai , Bailin Zhang , Yanan Liu , Xiao Li

<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Imbalances in cropping structure and disordered spatial distribution pose potential threats to environmental carrying capacity, food security, economic returns, and land-use efficiency. However, systematic approaches to optimizing both cropping structures and their spatial allocation remain limited. Previous studies have primarily focused on quantitative optimization while neglecting critical constraints, thereby introducing biases and limiting spatial applicability.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to diagnose the problems in current cropping structures and develop an integrated optimization framework that simultaneously accounts for both quantitative and spatial dimensions, thereby promoting food supply–demand balance and environmental sustainability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed a life cycle assessment model to evaluate the water and carbon footprints of rice, wheat, and maize, and applied a food supply–demand balance model to identify cropping structures that meet healthy dietary requirements. A multi-objective optimization model combined with an integer linear programming approach was then used to optimize both the quantity and spatial allocation of cropping structures under dietary demand and planetary boundary constraints.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 2018 and 2023, the sown areas of rice, wheat, and maize remained relatively stable, whereas double-cropping areas declined and single-cropping areas expanded. Compared with the diet-oriented cropping structure in 2023, the current structure resulted in 12.18 % higher carbon footprint and 8.78 % higher water footprint, though still 19.28 % and 28.08 % lower than the planetary boundaries of carbon and blue water use, respectively. Under three optimization scenarios, net economic benefits increased by up to 37.23 %, while water and carbon footprints were reduced by 8.87 % and 16.43 %, respectively. The optimized spatial configuration was dominated by single-cropping maize and wheat–maize rotations, with cropland suitability improved by at least 9.52 %. Nevertheless, notable discrepancies remain between the current and optimized patterns, highlighting the urgent need for policy support and adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although the current structure has not exceeded planetary boundaries, it exhibits a significant mismatch between supply and demand. Optimized cropping structures can simultaneously enhance economic benefits and ensure environmental sustainability while maintaining dietary balance. Compared with current conditions, the optimized spatial allocation further improves overall cropland suitability.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>This study proposes an integrated pathway for the quantitative and spatial optimization of cropping structures in the context of healthy dietary demand and environmental sustainability, providing a methodological framework and practical reference

种植结构失衡和空间分布无序对环境承载力、粮食安全、经济效益和土地利用效率构成潜在威胁。然而，系统地优化种植结构及其空间配置的方法仍然有限。以往的研究主要集中在定量优化上，而忽略了关键约束，从而引入了偏差，限制了空间适用性。目的分析当前粮食种植结构存在的问题，构建定量和空间兼顾的综合优化框架，促进粮食供需平衡和环境可持续性。方法采用生命周期评估模型对水稻、小麦和玉米的水足迹和碳足迹进行评估，并采用粮食供需平衡模型识别满足健康膳食需求的种植结构。采用多目标优化模型结合整数线性规划方法，在膳食需求和行星边界约束条件下对种植结构的数量和空间配置进行了优化。结果2018 - 2023年，水稻、小麦和玉米播种面积保持相对稳定，两熟面积减少，单熟面积扩大。与2023年以饮食为导向的种植结构相比，目前的种植结构导致碳足迹增加12.18 %，水足迹增加8.78 %，但仍比碳和蓝水利用的地球边界分别低19.28 %和28.08 %。3种优化方案下，净经济效益最高可提高37.23% %，水足迹和碳足迹分别减少8.87 %和16.43 %。优化后的空间构型以单作玉米和小麦-玉米轮作为主，耕地适宜性提高至少9.52% %。然而，目前的模式与优化后的模式之间仍存在明显差异，迫切需要政策支持和调整。尽管目前的结构还没有超出地球的极限，但它显示出供需之间的严重不匹配。优化种植结构可以在保持膳食平衡的同时提高经济效益和环境可持续性。与现状相比，优化后的空间配置进一步提高了耕地的整体适宜性。本研究提出了健康膳食需求和环境可持续性背景下种植结构数量和空间优化的综合路径，为结构调整和政策制定提供了方法框架和实践参考。

{"title":"A modeling framework for spatial optimization of cropping structure to promote food supply–demand balance and environmental sustainability","authors":"Xiaoliang Li , Kening Wu , Weimin Cai , Bailin Zhang , Yanan Liu , Xiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Imbalances in cropping structure and disordered spatial distribution pose potential threats to environmental carrying capacity, food security, economic returns, and land-use efficiency. However, systematic approaches to optimizing both cropping structures and their spatial allocation remain limited. Previous studies have primarily focused on quantitative optimization while neglecting critical constraints, thereby introducing biases and limiting spatial applicability.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to diagnose the problems in current cropping structures and develop an integrated optimization framework that simultaneously accounts for both quantitative and spatial dimensions, thereby promoting food supply–demand balance and environmental sustainability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We employed a life cycle assessment model to evaluate the water and carbon footprints of rice, wheat, and maize, and applied a food supply–demand balance model to identify cropping structures that meet healthy dietary requirements. A multi-objective optimization model combined with an integer linear programming approach was then used to optimize both the quantity and spatial allocation of cropping structures under dietary demand and planetary boundary constraints.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 2018 and 2023, the sown areas of rice, wheat, and maize remained relatively stable, whereas double-cropping areas declined and single-cropping areas expanded. Compared with the diet-oriented cropping structure in 2023, the current structure resulted in 12.18 % higher carbon footprint and 8.78 % higher water footprint, though still 19.28 % and 28.08 % lower than the planetary boundaries of carbon and blue water use, respectively. Under three optimization scenarios, net economic benefits increased by up to 37.23 %, while water and carbon footprints were reduced by 8.87 % and 16.43 %, respectively. The optimized spatial configuration was dominated by single-cropping maize and wheat–maize rotations, with cropland suitability improved by at least 9.52 %. Nevertheless, notable discrepancies remain between the current and optimized patterns, highlighting the urgent need for policy support and adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although the current structure has not exceeded planetary boundaries, it exhibits a significant mismatch between supply and demand. Optimized cropping structures can simultaneously enhance economic benefits and ensure environmental sustainability while maintaining dietary balance. Compared with current conditions, the optimized spatial allocation further improves overall cropland suitability.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>This study proposes an integrated pathway for the quantitative and spatial optimization of cropping structures in the context of healthy dietary demand and environmental sustainability, providing a methodological framework and practical reference ","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110320"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145902399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Responses of soil moisture, leaf physiological characteristics, and canopy radiation interception to irrigation amount during the drought-rewatering process of drip-irrigated cotton under film mulch 膜下滴灌棉花干旱复水过程中土壤水分、叶片生理特性和冠层辐射截留对灌水量的响应

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110363

Zhentao Bai , Bingxue Dong , Xinwei Deng , Zhijun Li , Kechun Wang , Shawn Carlisle Kefauver , José Luis Araus , Muhammad Farooq , Junliang Fan , Feihu Yin

<div><h3>Context</h3><div>The seed cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L.) yield is highly dependent on irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. However, the effects of irrigation amount on soil moisture and leaf photochemical characteristics during the drought-rewatering process, as well as canopy radiation interception and seed cotton yield of drip-irrigated cotton under film mulch remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aimed to investigate how irrigation amounts affect soil moisture distribution, leaf photochemical recovery, and canopy radiation interception following drought‑rewatering in drip‑irrigated cotton under film mulch. We further sought to reveal the multiscale pathways (soil–leaf–canopy) through which irrigation regulates water use and yield formation.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A two-season (2023–2024) field experiment was performed in the northern Xinjiang of China, with four irrigation amounts (60 %ET<sub>c</sub>, 80 %ET<sub>c</sub>, 100 %ET<sub>c</sub> and 120 %ET<sub>c</sub>, where ET<sub>c</sub> is crop evapotranspiration). Soil moisture and leaf physiology were measured on the 1st day before irrigation, 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after irrigation. The photosynthetic pigments, canopy radiation and dry matter accumulation after irrigation as well as the final seed cotton yield were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the drought-rewatering process, high irrigation amount (120 %ET<sub>c</sub>) significantly prolonged the retention time of deep soil moisture (80–100 cm). The narrow rows and wide rows were always the main distribution areas of soil moisture, and bare soil moisture was significantly affected by soil evaporation. The leaf stomatal conductance, actual photochemical quantum effect (φ<sub>PSII</sub>) and electron transfer rate (ETR) showed a threshold response with increasing irrigation amount. The φ<sub>PSII</sub> and ETR increased by 20.4 % and 20.6 % under 120 %ET<sub>c</sub> compared with 60 %ET<sub>c</sub>, respectively. The leaf temperature and saturated water vapor pressure deficit were significantly reduced. High irrigation increased the upper layer intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) in narrow rows by 25.9 % in 2023 and 53.5 % in 2024, but decreased it in the lower layer by 78.7 % in 2023 and 90.0 % in 2024. Total IPAR was strongly correlated with seed cotton yield (path coefficient 0.87). The 100 %ET<sub>c</sub> treatment maintained 90.4 % of the yield potential achieved while saving water under 120 %ET<sub>c</sub> demonstrating higher water-saving efficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The drought-rewatering process drives cotton yield formation through a soil–leaf–canopy cascade: soil moisture dynamics regulate leaf physiological recovery, which in turn shapes canopy light capture and assimilate partitioning. Moderately increasing irrigation (80 %–100 %ET<sub>c</sub>) can increase seed cotton yie

摘要在世界干旱和半干旱地区，棉籽棉的产量高度依赖灌溉。然而，灌水量对膜下滴灌棉花干旱复水过程中土壤水分和叶片光化学特性、冠层辐射截留和籽棉产量的影响尚不清楚。目的研究膜下滴灌棉花复旱后灌水量对土壤水分分布、叶片光化学恢复和冠层辐射拦截的影响。我们进一步寻求揭示灌溉调节水分利用和产量形成的多尺度途径（土壤-叶片-冠层）。方法在新疆北部进行2季（2023-2024年）田间试验，采用4种灌水量（60 %ETc、80 %ETc、100 %ETc和120 %ETc， ETc为作物蒸散量）。分别于灌溉前第1天、灌溉后第1、3、5、7天测定土壤水分和叶片生理。测定了灌水后的光合色素、冠层辐射和干物质积累量以及最终籽棉产量。结果在复旱过程中，高灌水量（120 %ETc）显著延长了深层土壤水分滞留时间（80 ~ 100 cm）。窄行和宽行一直是土壤水分的主要分布区，裸地土壤水分受土壤蒸发的影响显著。叶片气孔导度、实际光化学量子效应（φPSII）和电子传递速率（ETR）随灌水量的增加呈阈值响应。与60 %ETc相比，在120 %ETc下φPSII和ETR分别提高了20.4 %和20.6 %。叶片温度和饱和水汽压差显著降低。高灌水使上层窄行截获的光合有效辐射（IPAR）在2023年和2024年分别提高了25.9 %和53.5 %，而下层IPAR在2023年和2024年分别降低了78.7 %和90.0 %。总IPAR与籽棉产量呈显著正相关（通径系数0.87）。100 %ETc处理保持了90.4 %的产量潜力，而120 %ETc处理节水效果更好。结论干旱复水过程通过土壤-叶片-冠层级联驱动棉花产量形成：土壤水分动态调节叶片生理恢复，进而影响冠层光捕获和同化分配。适度增加灌溉（80 % ~ 100 %等）可通过改善土壤深层水分、提高光合效率和优化冠层结构等途径提高籽棉产量，而过量灌溉（120 %等）由于光竞争加剧而降低边际效益。结果揭示了膜下滴灌棉花的干旱复水响应和产量形成驱动机制，为干旱地区制定精准灌溉策略提供了理论依据。

{"title":"Responses of soil moisture, leaf physiological characteristics, and canopy radiation interception to irrigation amount during the drought-rewatering process of drip-irrigated cotton under film mulch","authors":"Zhentao Bai , Bingxue Dong , Xinwei Deng , Zhijun Li , Kechun Wang , Shawn Carlisle Kefauver , José Luis Araus , Muhammad Farooq , Junliang Fan , Feihu Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>The seed cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L.) yield is highly dependent on irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. However, the effects of irrigation amount on soil moisture and leaf photochemical characteristics during the drought-rewatering process, as well as canopy radiation interception and seed cotton yield of drip-irrigated cotton under film mulch remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aimed to investigate how irrigation amounts affect soil moisture distribution, leaf photochemical recovery, and canopy radiation interception following drought‑rewatering in drip‑irrigated cotton under film mulch. We further sought to reveal the multiscale pathways (soil–leaf–canopy) through which irrigation regulates water use and yield formation.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A two-season (2023–2024) field experiment was performed in the northern Xinjiang of China, with four irrigation amounts (60 %ET<sub>c</sub>, 80 %ET<sub>c</sub>, 100 %ET<sub>c</sub> and 120 %ET<sub>c</sub>, where ET<sub>c</sub> is crop evapotranspiration). Soil moisture and leaf physiology were measured on the 1st day before irrigation, 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after irrigation. The photosynthetic pigments, canopy radiation and dry matter accumulation after irrigation as well as the final seed cotton yield were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the drought-rewatering process, high irrigation amount (120 %ET<sub>c</sub>) significantly prolonged the retention time of deep soil moisture (80–100 cm). The narrow rows and wide rows were always the main distribution areas of soil moisture, and bare soil moisture was significantly affected by soil evaporation. The leaf stomatal conductance, actual photochemical quantum effect (φ<sub>PSII</sub>) and electron transfer rate (ETR) showed a threshold response with increasing irrigation amount. The φ<sub>PSII</sub> and ETR increased by 20.4 % and 20.6 % under 120 %ET<sub>c</sub> compared with 60 %ET<sub>c</sub>, respectively. The leaf temperature and saturated water vapor pressure deficit were significantly reduced. High irrigation increased the upper layer intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) in narrow rows by 25.9 % in 2023 and 53.5 % in 2024, but decreased it in the lower layer by 78.7 % in 2023 and 90.0 % in 2024. Total IPAR was strongly correlated with seed cotton yield (path coefficient 0.87). The 100 %ET<sub>c</sub> treatment maintained 90.4 % of the yield potential achieved while saving water under 120 %ET<sub>c</sub> demonstrating higher water-saving efficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The drought-rewatering process drives cotton yield formation through a soil–leaf–canopy cascade: soil moisture dynamics regulate leaf physiological recovery, which in turn shapes canopy light capture and assimilate partitioning. Moderately increasing irrigation (80 %–100 %ET<sub>c</sub>) can increase seed cotton yie","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110363"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic optimization of yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in indica rice: Influence of nitrogen management and C-N metabolism linkages 籼稻产量、品质和氮素利用效率的协同优化：氮素管理和碳氮代谢关系的影响

IF 6.4 1区农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY

Field Crops Research

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110324

Hongjin Li , Tao Li , Jianghui Yu , Tianyu Du , Ping Zhang , Jingjing Cui , Zheshu Xu , Ying Zhu , Fangfu Xu , Qun Hu , Guodong Liu , Guangyan Li , Haiyan Wei

<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Currently, indica rice cultivation faces significant challenges in achieving coordinated enhancement of high yield, superior quality, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Carbon-nitrogen (C-N) metabolic coordination is recognized as a pivotal trait for attaining this goal.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to systematically analyze the dynamic characteristics of C-N metabolism under nitrogen (N) regulation and clarify their mechanistic roles in synergistically improving the yield-quality-NUE relationship.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, the indica rice cultivar Quanliangyou 851 was used with nine N regulation treatments (78.75–292.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) established through dynamic allocation of basal, tillering, supplementary, and panicle fertilizers. This approach shaped distinct C-N metabolic patterns across the growth cycle.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Treatments under phased insufficient N supply conditions always exhibited low yield and poor rice appearance quality, treatments with a total N application of 225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> achieved yield increases (9.50–10.35 × 10<sup>3</sup> kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) through supplementary or panicle fertilization. Notably, appropriate dosage and application period of nitrogen (N6 treatment, panicle fertilizer applied at the 13th leaf stage) significantly increased the total spikelet number and stem-sheath non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation rate, thereby achieving higher yield and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN). Furthermore, its optimization of carbon-dominated assimilate allocation during grain filling mitigated the negative impact of excessive protein accumulation on rice taste value, ultimately demonstrating optimal yield-quality-NUE synergy through balanced carbon-nitrogen metabolism. A comprehensive evaluation of yield-quality-NUE based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model revealed strong correlations between comprehensive evaluation scores and C-N metabolism indicators. Stepwise regression modeling further validated that SPAD decay rate (β=-0.4), the ratio of stem-sheath NSC accumulation (NSCA) to stem-sheath N accumulation (NA) at heading (NSCA/NA) (β= 0.62), and the ratio of LAI to SPAD value at heading stage (LAI/SPAD) (β=1.20) collectively explained 87.1 % of the synergistic variation (R<sup>2</sup>=0.871). This demonstrates that efficient C-N metabolic coordination is crucial for synergistic yield-quality-NUE improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The synergistic improvement in yield, quality, and NUE achieved by applying panicle fertilizer at the 13th leaf stage (225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) is fundamentally underpinned by the regulated balance of C-N metabolism. This balance optimizes sink strength, assimilate allocation, and nitrogen remobilization. Furthermore, NSCA/NA, LAI/SPAD, and SPAD decay rate are validated as key diagnostic indicators for guiding this precision managem

目前，籼稻在高产、优质和氮素利用效率（NUE）协同提升方面面临着重大挑战。碳氮（C-N）代谢协调被认为是实现这一目标的关键特征。

{"title":"Synergistic optimization of yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in indica rice: Influence of nitrogen management and C-N metabolism linkages","authors":"Hongjin Li , Tao Li , Jianghui Yu , Tianyu Du , Ping Zhang , Jingjing Cui , Zheshu Xu , Ying Zhu , Fangfu Xu , Qun Hu , Guodong Liu , Guangyan Li , Haiyan Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Currently, indica rice cultivation faces significant challenges in achieving coordinated enhancement of high yield, superior quality, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Carbon-nitrogen (C-N) metabolic coordination is recognized as a pivotal trait for attaining this goal.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to systematically analyze the dynamic characteristics of C-N metabolism under nitrogen (N) regulation and clarify their mechanistic roles in synergistically improving the yield-quality-NUE relationship.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, the indica rice cultivar Quanliangyou 851 was used with nine N regulation treatments (78.75–292.5 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) established through dynamic allocation of basal, tillering, supplementary, and panicle fertilizers. This approach shaped distinct C-N metabolic patterns across the growth cycle.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Treatments under phased insufficient N supply conditions always exhibited low yield and poor rice appearance quality, treatments with a total N application of 225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> achieved yield increases (9.50–10.35 × 10<sup>3</sup> kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) through supplementary or panicle fertilization. Notably, appropriate dosage and application period of nitrogen (N6 treatment, panicle fertilizer applied at the 13th leaf stage) significantly increased the total spikelet number and stem-sheath non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation rate, thereby achieving higher yield and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN). Furthermore, its optimization of carbon-dominated assimilate allocation during grain filling mitigated the negative impact of excessive protein accumulation on rice taste value, ultimately demonstrating optimal yield-quality-NUE synergy through balanced carbon-nitrogen metabolism. A comprehensive evaluation of yield-quality-NUE based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model revealed strong correlations between comprehensive evaluation scores and C-N metabolism indicators. Stepwise regression modeling further validated that SPAD decay rate (β=-0.4), the ratio of stem-sheath NSC accumulation (NSCA) to stem-sheath N accumulation (NA) at heading (NSCA/NA) (β= 0.62), and the ratio of LAI to SPAD value at heading stage (LAI/SPAD) (β=1.20) collectively explained 87.1 % of the synergistic variation (R<sup>2</sup>=0.871). This demonstrates that efficient C-N metabolic coordination is crucial for synergistic yield-quality-NUE improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The synergistic improvement in yield, quality, and NUE achieved by applying panicle fertilizer at the 13th leaf stage (225 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) is fundamentally underpinned by the regulated balance of C-N metabolism. This balance optimizes sink strength, assimilate allocation, and nitrogen remobilization. Furthermore, NSCA/NA, LAI/SPAD, and SPAD decay rate are validated as key diagnostic indicators for guiding this precision managem","PeriodicalId":12143,"journal":{"name":"Field Crops Research","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 110324"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0