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Inhibitory action of ginkgolic acid against pathogenic fungi and characterisation of its inhibitory activities on Nigrospora oryzae 银杏酸对病原真菌的抑制作用及其对米黑曲霉抑制活性的表征
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2023-0004
Jing Liu, Jiuliang Chen, Shuhong Ye, Yanl Ding, Shuhang Guo, Ningning Fan
ABSTRACT Ginkgolic acid is a natural plant antifungal substance with important biological activities, present in the testa of Ginkgo biloba. This research aims to analyse the antifungal action of ginkgolic acid against pathogenic fungi. Ginkgolic acid was analyzed by HPLC and FTIR, and the in vitro inhibitory activities of ginkgolic acid against pathogenic fungi has been investigated. Results showed that ginkgolic acid was a small hydrophobic molecule composed of five ginkgolic acids and their derivatives, with the alkyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups being located on the skeleton of the aromatic ring. Among Nigrospora oryzae (N. oryzae), Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) and Penicillium expansum (P. expansum), ginkgolic acid showed the strongest inhibition against N. oryzae, and the inhibition rate of ginkgolic acid at 5 mg · mL-1 reached 65.82%. Ginkgolic acid lysed the cell membrane of N. oryzae, causing the leaking of the mycelial protein and enhancement of the permeability of the cell membrane, which caused the electrical conductivity of the liquid medium to increase. In addition, it also decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the mycelium of N. oryzae, thereby weakening the cell’s protective function by damaging the integrity of the biomembrane. Furthermore, ginkgolic acid can effectively protect the leaves of Epipremnum aureum from infection by N. oryzae. It was concluded that ginkgolic acid effectively inhibited the activity of N. oryzae.
银杏酸是一种具有重要生物活性的天然植物抗真菌物质,存在于银杏种皮中。本研究旨在分析银杏酸对病原真菌的抗真菌作用。采用高效液相色谱法和红外光谱法对银杏酸进行了分析,并考察了银杏酸对病原真菌的体外抑制活性。结果表明,银杏酸是由5种银杏酸及其衍生物组成的疏水性小分子,烷基和酚羟基位于芳环骨架上。在米曲霉(N.oryzae)、Alternaria alternata(A.alternata)和扩展青霉(P.expansum)中,银杏酸对米曲霉的抑制作用最强,银杏酸在5mg·mL-1时的抑制率达到65.82%,导致菌丝蛋白的泄漏和细胞膜渗透性的增强,从而导致液体培养基的电导率增加。此外,它还降低了米曲霉菌丝体中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,从而通过破坏生物膜的完整性来削弱细胞的保护功能。此外,银杏酸还可以有效地保护金合欢的叶片免受稻瘟病的感染。结果表明,银杏酸能有效地抑制稻瘟病菌的活性。
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引用次数: 1
Morphological characteristics of flower organs and in vitro micropropagation of male sterile lines of Lilium hybrids 百合杂交种雄性不育系花器官形态特征及离体微繁
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2023-0001
Lei Cao, Songming Han, Jinzhu Zhang, Tao Yang, D. Che, Jinping Fan
ABSTRACT Lily pollen causes many problems affecting humans’ quality of life and health, such as clothing contamination and skin or nasal allergies. The manual removal of anthers is time-consuming and labour-intensive, and thus, not conducive to commercial production. It is of great importance to produce pollen-free lily varieties with beautiful shapes. In this study, we studied the morphological characteristics of flower organs and polyploids of six pollen-free filial generations of four lily species and their micropropagations. Lily ‘5-21’ is male sterile and produces uncrackable anthers with inactive pollens under natural conditions. Lily ‘3-12’ is unable to produce anthers, because the petals become stamens, thereby leading to infertility. Lilies ‘3-1’, ‘5-4’, ‘5-35’ and ‘0-0.2’ are unable to produce anthers, because they lack floral organs. Polyploids of six hybrid lilies were identified by flow cytometry and chromosome counting, and the results showed that lily ‘5-4’ was triploid and the rest were diploid. Morphological observation indicated that flowering periods were from early July to early August and lasted for about 11 days. Six male sterile lilies had low seed setting rates when they were used as female parents. Most of the seeds were flaky with developed embryos. Therefore, asexual reproduction is optimal for these six male sterile lilies. The male sterility of six lilies was associated with their parents’ pollen activity. Scales of ‘5-4’ and ‘5-35’ were used as explants for in vitro micropropagation. The findings of the present study lay a foundation for breeding of pollen-free lilies.
百合花粉引起许多影响人类生活质量和健康的问题,如服装污染和皮肤或鼻腔过敏。人工去除花药耗时耗力,不利于商业化生产。培育无花粉、外形美观的百合品种具有重要意义。本研究研究了4种百合的6个无花粉子代花器官和多倍体的形态特征及其微繁殖。百合' 5-21 '是雄性不育的,在自然条件下产生不开裂的花药和不活跃的花粉。百合' 3-12 '不能产生花药,因为花瓣变成了雄蕊,从而导致不育。百合' 3-1 ',' 5-4 ',' 5-35 '和' 0-0.2 '不能产生花药,因为它们缺乏花器官。通过流式细胞术和染色体计数对6株杂交百合的多倍体进行鉴定,结果表明,5-4为三倍体,其余为二倍体。花期为7月上旬至8月上旬,花期约11 d。6株雄性不育百合花作母本结实率较低。大多数种子是片状的,胚胎发育。因此,这6株雄性不育百合花的无性繁殖是最理想的。6株百合的雄性不育性与其亲本花粉活性有关。以‘5-4’和‘5-35’鳞片为外植体进行离体微繁。本研究结果为无花粉百合花的选育奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of different water contents in the substrate on cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. P. Kumm 基质中不同含水量对平菇栽培的影响。P.Kumm
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-02 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2023-0002
L. Wiesnerová, T. Hřebečková, I. Jablonský, M. Koudela
ABSTRACT Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated and investigated mushroom for its economical and ecological values and medicinal properties. P. ostreatus can be cultivated on different lignocellulosic substrates (oak sawdust, wheat straw, corn cobs and many more). Optimal growth is influenced not only by the composition of the substrate but also by the amount of water in it. In our study, P. ostreatus was cultivated on wheat straw pellets with different water contents (60%, 65%, 70% and 75%). Mycelium growth, biological efficiency (BE), moisture of substrate, pH, enzymatic activities and relationships were the parameters that were evaluated. Based on the results, the optimum initial substrate water content for mycelial growth and BE of the substrate ranged between 65% and 75%. On the other hand, the highest enzymatic activities of hydrolytic and ligninolytic enzymes (Mn-dependent peroxidase, 1,4-β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase) were determined for substrates with 75% of water content.
平菇是一种被广泛栽培和研究的蘑菇,具有经济、生态和药用价值。ostreatus可以在不同的木质纤维素基质(橡木锯末、麦秸、玉米芯等)上种植。最佳生长不仅受基质组成的影响,而且受基质中水量的影响。本研究采用不同含水量(60%、65%、70%、75%)的麦秸球团培养ostreatus。菌丝生长、生物效率(BE)、底物水分、pH、酶活性及其相互关系为评价参数。结果表明,菌丝生长的最佳初始基质含水量和BE值为65% ~ 75%。另一方面,当底物含水量为75%时,水解酶和木质素降解酶(mn依赖性过氧化物酶、1,4-β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素生物水解酶)的酶活性最高。
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引用次数: 1
Growth and yield in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) grown using different planting materials and exposed to different morphological alteration treatments 芋头的生长与产量使用不同的种植材料和暴露于不同形态改变处理的Schott)
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0018
B. Lakitan, Hana Haruna Putri, Rofiqoh Purnama Ria, Dora Fatma Nurshanti, F. Gustiar, S. Muda, A. Wijaya
Abstract This study aimed to compare cormels and suckers to determine the better planting material (PM) and to evaluate the effects of morphology-altering treatments on both shoot growth and corm yield in taro plants. The PMs used included cormel (PMC), suckers with two leaves (PMS2) and suckers with four leaves (PMS4). Morphological alteration (MA) treatment included removal of all suckers (MAS), excising the mother plant (MAM), and non-treated control (NMA). Data were collected weekly for non-destructive and at 12, 20, and 28 weeks after planting (WAP) for destructive measurements. Results of this study indicated that the SPAD values were higher in taro plants grown using cormel and morphologically non-altered plants. Removal of all suckers caused the mother plant to increase the number of leaves. The dry weight of the leaf blades, petioles and fibrous roots of the mother plant and the number of suckers decreased after the corm enlargement process took place. Fresh and dry weights of the corm increased at 20 WAP and then slowed down at 28 WAP. The moisture content of corm was relatively constant at 75%. Cormel could form on the fibrous roots and on suckers, but the total wet and dry weights of the cormels were decreased if the suckers were periodically removed. The growth of suckers was very dominant compared to the NMA plant when the mother plant was excised. Meanwhile, if all the suckers were removed, the growth of the mother plant was relatively comparable to that of the NMA plants.
摘要本研究旨在比较球茎和吸盘,以确定更好的种植材料(PM),并评估形态改变处理对芋头植株芽生长和球茎产量的影响。使用的PM包括球茎(PMC)、两片叶子的吸盘(PMS2)和四片叶子的吸管(PMS4)。形态改变(MA)处理包括去除所有吸盘(MAS)、切除母株(MAM)和未处理对照(NMA)。每周收集数据进行非破坏性测量,并在种植后12、20和28周收集数据(WAP)进行破坏性测量。本研究的结果表明,使用球茎和形态未改变的植物生长的芋头植物的SPAD值较高。去除所有吸盘使母株的叶片数量增加。球茎膨大后,母株叶片、叶柄和须根的干重和吸盘数量减少。球茎的鲜重和干重在20WAP时增加,然后在28WAP时减慢。球茎的水分含量相对稳定在75%。球茎可以在须根和吸盘上形成,但如果定期去除吸盘,球茎的总湿重和干重会降低。当母株被切除时,与NMA植物相比,吸盘的生长非常显著。同时,如果去除所有吸盘,母株的生长与NMA植物的生长相对可比。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study of the effects of selenium nanoparticles and selenite on selenium content and nutrient quality in soybean sprouts 纳米硒与亚硒酸盐对黄豆芽硒含量及营养品质影响的比较研究
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0017
S. Rao, X. Xiao, Yuan Wang, Yuzhou Xiong, Hua Cheng, Li Li, S. Cheng
Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) sprouts are a common vegetable with rich nutrients, such as protein, vitamin C and isoflavones. Soybean is also capable of accumulating selenium (Se). To study the effects of Se biofortification on the nutrient of this crop, soybean sprouts were treated with different concentrations of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) or selenite (i.e., 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, 80 μM and 100 μM) in a hydroponic experiment. Results showed that SeNPs and selenite remarkably increased the total Se concentration in soybean sprouts. Five Se speciations, namely, selenocystine, selenomethionine, methyl selenocysteine, selenite and selenate were detected in soybean sprouts, but selenomethionine was found to be the dominant Se speciation. SeNPs and selenite increased the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C and isoflavones in soybean sprouts. SeNPs treatments led to less malondialdehyde content compared with selenite. SeNPs and selenite both enhanced the glutathione content. The modest dosage of exogenous Se stimulated the catalase activity, whereas the large amount reduced it. The peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activities were stimulated by SeNPs and selenite. SeNPs posed no significant influence on the superoxide dismutase activity. This study suggests that SeNPs are a good exogenous Se source for the production of Se-rich soybean sprouts.
摘要大豆芽是一种富含蛋白质、维生素C和异黄酮等营养成分的常见蔬菜。大豆还能积累硒(Se)。为研究硒生物强化对豆芽养分的影响,在水培试验中,采用10 μM、20 μM、40 μM、80 μM和100 μM浓度的硒纳米颗粒(SeNPs)和亚硒酸盐处理豆芽。结果表明,SeNPs和亚硒酸盐显著提高了豆芽中总硒浓度。在豆芽中检测到硒半胱氨酸、硒代蛋氨酸、甲基硒半胱氨酸、亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐5种硒形态,其中硒代蛋氨酸为优势硒形态。SeNPs和亚硒酸盐提高了大豆芽中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C和异黄酮的含量。与亚硒酸盐处理相比,SeNPs处理导致丙二醛含量降低。SeNPs和亚硒酸盐均能提高谷胱甘肽含量。适量的硒刺激了过氧化氢酶的活性,大量的硒则降低了过氧化氢酶的活性。SeNPs和亚硒酸盐刺激过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性。SeNPs对超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著影响。本研究表明,SeNPs是生产富硒豆芽的良好外源硒源。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of a weak supply of light at night on the growth and quality components of tea plants 夜间弱光对茶树生长和品质成分的影响
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0020
Qinlin Liu, S. Dong, Xiao-li Hu, Yang Yang, Qian Tang, Lina Tan
Abstract Supplying artificial light is widely used in crop cultivation to improve yield and quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of a weak supply of light (WSL) on the growth and quality components of tea plants. Starting from mid-winter (20 January 2021), the purple tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivar ‘Ziyan’ was exposed to four different spectra at an intensity of 2 μmol · m−2 · s−1 or 5 μmol · m−2 · s−1 for 3 h or 5 h after sunset. The field observations showed that the sprouting index, which represents the time and speed of bud flush, was significantly higher in most of the WSL treatments than in the control (CK, p < 0.01). The total content of catechin in the harvested leaves of 3 WSL treatments was 11.51%–18.94% higher than that of the CK, but the content of anthocyanin of 4 WSL treatments unexpectedly decreased by 6.77%–11.69% (p < 0.05). The differences in yield, free amino acids and caffeine contents between the WSL treatments and CK were not significant. We concluded that the WSL treatments during the early spring night had positive impacts on the growth and some quality components of tea plants.
摘要为提高作物产量和品质,在作物栽培中广泛应用人工光源。在本研究中,我们研究了弱光照对茶树生长和品质成分的影响。从冬至(2021年1月20日)开始,将紫茶品种紫燕暴露在2 μmol·m−2·s−1或5 μmol·m−2·s−1的4种不同光谱下,在日落后分别照射3 h或5 h。田间观察结果表明,大部分WSL处理的发芽指数(即出芽时间和出芽速度)显著高于对照(CK, p < 0.01)。3个WSL处理收获叶片中儿茶素总含量比对照高11.51% ~ 18.94%,花青素含量意外下降6.77% ~ 11.69% (p < 0.05)。在产量、游离氨基酸和咖啡因含量方面,WSL处理与对照差异不显著。结果表明,早春夜的WSL处理对茶树的生长和部分品质成分有积极的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Green extraction of bioactive compounds from Azadirachta indica in aqueous glycerol and modelling and optimisation by response surface methodology 水溶甘油绿色提取印楝生物活性化合物及响应面法建模与优化
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0019
Mahnoor Anis, D. Ahmed, Nida Anis
Abstract Development of efficient and green methods for extracting bioactive phytochemicals has great industrial value. Increasing environmental sensitivity at the global level has tremendously enhanced the demand for such methods. Azadirachta indica is a well-known medicinal tree. As glycerol has emerged as a green and safe extraction solvent for bioactive phytochemicals, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a glycerol–water solvent system to extract bioactive compounds from A. indica leaves. Modelling and optimisation were carried out by using response surface methodology (RSM) as per the Box–Behnken design with three variables, namely, solvent concentration, time and temperature. The responses were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity (MCA). The optimum conditions found by numerical optimisation were a solvent concentration of 69.713%, a time period of 38.328 min and a temperature of 32.114 °C with the predicted values of TPC, TFC, %DPPH and %MCA as 5.27 mg gallic acid equivalents · g−1 DW (dry weight), 9.869 mg rutin equivalents · g−1 DW, 73.8% and 54.366%, respectively. The validation experiments showed almost the same results for each response with very low% errors (5.431–7.661). Increasing glycerol concentration in the extracting medium favoured the extraction of TPC, TFC and antioxidant phytochemicals, but for MCA, the trend was the opposite. In conclusion, 70% aqueous glycerol is an effective medium for the extraction of polyphenolic and antioxidant phytochemicals from A. indica leaves. Extraction models suggested by RSM have high prospects to be used on a large industrial scale.
摘要开发高效、绿色的植物活性化学物质提取方法具有重要的工业价值。全球一级对环境日益敏感,极大地增加了对这种方法的需求。印楝是一种著名的药用树木。由于甘油已成为一种绿色、安全的生物活性植物化学物质提取溶剂,本研究旨在研究甘油-水溶剂系统从a.indica叶中提取生物活性化合物的功效。根据Box-Behnken设计,使用响应面方法(RSM)进行建模和优化,其中包含三个变量,即溶剂浓度、时间和温度。反应为总酚含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)、2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DPPH)自由基清除活性和金属螯合活性(MCA)。通过数值优化发现的最佳条件是溶剂浓度为69.713%,时间为38.328分钟,温度为32.114°C,TPC、TFC、%DPPH和%MCA的预测值分别为5.27 mg没食子酸当量·g−1 DW(干重)、9.869 mg芦丁当量·g–1 DW、73.8%和54.366%。验证实验显示,每个响应的结果几乎相同,误差百分比非常低(5.431–7.661)。提取介质中甘油浓度的增加有利于TPC、TFC和抗氧化植物化学物质的提取,但对于MCA,趋势相反。总之,70%的甘油水溶液是从籼稻叶片中提取多酚和抗氧化植物化学物质的有效介质。RSM提出的萃取模型具有很高的工业化应用前景。
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引用次数: 1
Does the sunblock alleviate abiotic stress in mango trees grown in the tropical semiarid? 防晒霜是否能缓解生长在热带半干旱地区的芒果树的非生物胁迫?
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0016
Anderson R. L. Silva, Í. Cavalcante, M. A. Silva, V. B. P. Paiva Neto, R. A. Amariz, Letícia Y. A. Amorim
Abstract Mango is the most exported fruit of Brazil, especially grown in São Francisco Valley (tropical semiarid) where there is high temperatures and low air humidity, a condition that can cause stress to plants. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different sunblocks to alleviate the abiotic stress of “Palmer” mango trees grown in a semiarid environment. The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with six treatments, four repetitions and three plants per plot. The treatments consisted of different strategies of sunblocks as follows: (T1) control (no sunblock); (T2) calcium carbonate (50 g · L−1); (T3) sunblock (5 mL · L−1); (T4) sunblock (5 mL · L−1) + calcium carbonate (50 g · L−1); (T5) sunblock (5 mL · L−1) + sunblock silicon concentrated (20 mL · L−1) and (T6) sunblock (20 mL · L−1). The results indicate a clear action of sunblock in attenuating the abiotic stress of mango, with a persistent effect with time elapsing, considering the evaluated interval. The sunblock clearly promotes a differentiated leaf coverage pattern, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing its performance and consequently improving the production of plant reserves. The use of calcium carbonate individually promotes a very short protective effect, without positive reflexes after a few days of application. Mango fruit yield is affected by the sunblock with an increase of 4.2 t · ha−1 from the treatment with sunblock (20 mL · L−1) in relation to the control treatment.
芒果是巴西出口最多的水果,特别是生长在旧金山谷(热带半干旱地区),那里温度高,空气湿度低,这种条件会给植物造成压力。因此,本研究旨在评估不同防晒剂对生长在半干旱环境中的“Palmer”芒果树的非生物胁迫的缓解效果。试验设计包括6个处理,4个重复,每个地块3株植物的随机分组。各组采用不同的防晒霜治疗策略:(T1)对照(不涂防晒霜);(T2)碳酸钙(50 g·L−1);(T3)防晒霜(5 mL·L−1);(T4)防晒霜(5ml·L−1)+碳酸钙(50g·L−1);(T5)防晒霜(5ml·L−1)+防晒硅浓(20ml·L−1)和(T6)防晒霜(20ml·L−1)。结果表明,考虑到评估的时间间隔,防晒霜对芒果的非生物胁迫有明显的减弱作用,并且随着时间的推移具有持续的效果。防晒霜明显促进分化的叶片覆盖模式,保护光合机构,提高其性能,从而提高植物储备的产量。单独使用碳酸钙可以促进很短的保护效果,在使用几天后没有积极的反应。防晒霜对芒果果实产量有影响,与对照处理相比,防晒霜处理(20 mL·L−1)增加了4.2 t·ha−1。
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引用次数: 0
Development of dandelion (Taraxacum spp.) quality evaluation technology based on phenolic acids 基于酚酸的蒲公英品质评价技术的发展
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0015
Zhe Wu, Yahua Yang, Zhaojia Li, Xue-jun Lu, Xiuping Wang
Abstract One of the main purposes for which dandelions are cultivated is to derive phenolic acids from their processing. Phenolic acids, which are one of the main useful compounds in dandelion, constitute one of the important groups of therapeutically significant bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicine. To carry out a relatively full evaluation of dandelion quality, it was found advisable to use multiple indices to avoid conflict with the single evaluation index stipulated by China Pharmacopoeia. Thus, a quality evaluation method was created based on traditional Chinese medicinal theory and relevant statistics on phenolic acids. Firstly, four main kinds of phenolic acids – caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and cichoric acid – were chosen as the main indices for quality evaluation through the optimisation of high performance liquid chromatography detection conditions and fingerprint comparison analysis; then, the content of each component was divided into five levels based on the descriptive statistics of 578 dandelion samples and references; finally, the equal weight average method was used to convert content levels of the four components into a comprehensive quality index, which served as the means for dandelion quality to be identified and segregated into grades, as follows: Grade 1 (super high, probability of 0.8%), Grade 2 (high, 18.72%), Grade 3 (medium, 37.28%), Grade 4 (qualified, 32%) and Grade 5 (low, 11.2%). This method is the first to comprehensively evaluate dandelion quality for setting an industry standard in China, and has practical and scientific characteristics.
摘要栽培蒲公英的主要目的之一是从其加工过程中提取酚酸。酚酸是蒲公英中主要有用的化合物之一,是中药中具有重要治疗意义的生物活性化合物之一。为了对蒲公英的质量进行比较全面的评价,建议采用多个指标,避免与《中国药典》规定的单一评价指标相冲突。因此,建立了一种基于中药理论和酚酸相关统计数据的质量评价方法。首先,通过优化高效液相色谱检测条件和指纹图谱对比分析,选择咖啡酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸和菊苣酸四种主要酚酸作为质量评价指标;然后,根据578份蒲公英样品和参考文献的描述性统计,将各成分的含量分为五个层次;最后,采用等重平均法将四种成分的含量水平转换为综合质量指数,作为蒲公英质量的识别和分级手段,分为:1级(超高,概率0.8%)、2级(高,18.72%)、3级(中等,37.28%),4级(合格,32%)和5级(低,11.2%)。该方法是国内首个为制定行业标准而对蒲公英质量进行综合评价的方法,具有实用性和科学性。
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引用次数: 0
Waste apple wood: A safe and economical alternative substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes 废苹果木:一种安全、经济的栽培平菇和香菇的替代基质
IF 2 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/fhort-2022-0014
G. Yu, Xinxin Li, Shengting Zhao, Shuguang Sun, Yanru Yu, Jinzhi Chen, Xianhao Cheng, Weihuan Li
Abstract The use of waste apple-wood as a source of sawdust to cultivate the mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes is a common practice, but it is imperative to ensure that the wood does not contain unsafe amounts of heavy-metals or pesticide residues. In this study, we sampled and investigated the pollution of heavy metals and pesticide residues in apple-wood from Yantai, Shandong, China and cultivated P. ostreatus and L. edodes using apple-wood as substrate. Heavy metals, pesticide residues, mineral elements, and biological efficiency were measured. Heavy metals were more commonly detected in the 73 apple-wood samples, but serious pollution was only an isolated phenomenon. No Pb was detected in P. ostreatus and L. edodes. The contents of Hg, As, Cd, and Cr were at safe levels. The contents of Ni were equivalent to those of wild mushrooms. Most notably, chlorpyrifos was detected in all the apple-wood tested. However, chlorpyrifos was only detected in L. edodes cultivated with apple sawdust. No other pesticide residues were detected in the other mushroom samples. The biological efficiency of P. ostreatus cultivated by apple sawdust was 89%, which was 80% of the control. The biological efficiency of L. edodes cultivated with apple sawdust was 81%, which did not differ significantly from the control. Apple-wood can replace wild oak as the material for L. edodes cultivation, but producers should ensure that the raw materials are safe. The main materials chosen to cultivate P. ostreatus should balance the two factors of raw material price and biological efficiency.
摘要利用废弃的苹果木作为锯末来源种植蘑菇平菇和香菇是一种常见的做法,但必须确保木材中不含不安全量的重金属或农药残留。在本研究中,我们对山东烟台苹果木中的重金属和农药残留进行了采样和调查,并以苹果木为基质培育了平菇和香菇。测定了重金属、农药残留、矿物元素和生物效率。重金属在73个苹果木样品中更为常见,但严重污染只是一个孤立的现象。在平菇和香菇中未检出铅。汞、砷、镉和铬的含量均处于安全水平。Ni含量与野生蘑菇相当。最值得注意的是,在所有测试的苹果木中都检测到了毒死蜱。然而,毒死蜱只在用苹果木屑培养的香菇中检测到。在其他蘑菇样本中没有检测到其他农药残留。苹果木屑培养平菇的生物学效率为89%,是对照的80%。用苹果木屑培养香菇的生物学效率为81%,与对照相比差异不显著。苹果木可以取代野生橡树作为种植香菇的材料,但生产商应确保原材料的安全。培养平菇的主要材料选择应平衡原料价格和生物效率两个因素。
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引用次数: 1
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Folia Horticulturae
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