Forensic science international最新文献_第8页

Location and accumulation of primary head injuries, and prevalence of secondary injuries among neuropathologically examined medico-legal autopsy cases – A comparative study of falls and assaults 经神经病理学检查的法医尸检病例中原发性头部损伤的位置和累积情况，以及继发性损伤的发生率 - 一项关于跌倒和袭击的比较研究。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112294

Teemu Silver , Petteri Oura

Even though traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death globally, detailed data on the location and accumulation of primary head injuries, and prevalence of secondary injuries in distinct injury circumstances such as falls and assaults is limited. This study aimed to highlight the differences in injury patterns between falls and assaults among neuropathologically examined medico-legal autopsy cases. Data were collected on a total of 128 cases from the Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, between the years 2016 and 2022. All cases had suspected or confirmed acute head injuries and underwent a full neuropathological examination. Background and circumstantial variables, as well as the presence of head and brain injuries, were extracted from the medico-legal autopsy case files. Comparative analyses were conducted between assured falls (n = 26) and assaults (n = 23). Any primary head injury was observed in 57.0 % of the full sample; the most common primary injuries were scalp haemorrhage (47.7 %), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) (24.2 %), and diffuse traumatic axonal injury (13.3 %). Assault cases showed a significantly higher prevalence of scalp haemorrhage (82.6 % vs. 46.2 %, p = 0.016) and SAH (52.2 % vs. 11.5 %, p = 0.004) compared to fall cases. In assault cases, the left hemisphere was clearly more frequently affected than the right one (91.3 % vs. 65.2 %). Of secondary injuries, brain oedema was more common in assaults than falls (47.8 % vs. 7.7 %, p = 0.003). In conclusion, this study highlights differences in head and brain injury patterns between falls and assaults. Scalp haemorrhage and SAH are more common in assaults than falls. Assaults appear to lead to a higher frequency and diversity of injuries, particularly in the left hemisphere.

尽管创伤性脑损伤（TBI）是全球死亡的主要原因之一，但有关原发性头部损伤的位置和累积情况，以及跌倒和袭击等不同损伤情况下继发性损伤发生率的详细数据却十分有限。本研究旨在突出经神经病理学检查的法医尸检病例中坠落伤和袭击伤在损伤模式上的差异。研究收集了2016年至2022年期间芬兰卫生与福利研究所法医组共128例病例的数据。所有病例均疑似或确诊为急性颅脑损伤，并接受了全面的神经病理学检查。背景和环境变量，以及是否存在头部和脑部损伤，均从医学法律尸检病例档案中提取。对放心摔倒（26 例）和袭击（23 例）进行了比较分析。在全部样本中，57.0%的病例出现了原发性头部损伤；最常见的原发性损伤是头皮出血（47.7%）、蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）（24.2%）和弥漫性创伤性轴索损伤（13.3%）。与摔伤病例相比，袭击病例头皮出血（82.6% 对 46.2%，P = 0.016）和蛛网膜下腔出血（52.2% 对 11.5%，P = 0.004）的发生率明显更高。在袭击病例中，左半球明显比右半球更常受到影响（91.3% 对 65.2%）。在继发性损伤中，袭击造成的脑水肿比跌倒造成的脑水肿更常见（47.8% 对 7.7%，P = 0.003）。总之，本研究强调了跌倒与袭击之间头部和脑部损伤模式的差异。头皮出血和 SAH 在袭击中比跌倒更常见。袭击似乎导致更高频率和更多样化的伤害，尤其是在左半球。

{"title":"Location and accumulation of primary head injuries, and prevalence of secondary injuries among neuropathologically examined medico-legal autopsy cases – A comparative study of falls and assaults","authors":"Teemu Silver , Petteri Oura","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Even though traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death globally, detailed data on the location and accumulation of primary head injuries, and prevalence of secondary injuries in distinct injury circumstances such as falls and assaults is limited. This study aimed to highlight the differences in injury patterns between falls and assaults among neuropathologically examined medico-legal autopsy cases. Data were collected on a total of 128 cases from the Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, between the years 2016 and 2022. All cases had suspected or confirmed acute head injuries and underwent a full neuropathological examination. Background and circumstantial variables, as well as the presence of head and brain injuries, were extracted from the medico-legal autopsy case files. Comparative analyses were conducted between assured falls (n = 26) and assaults (n = 23). Any primary head injury was observed in 57.0 % of the full sample; the most common primary injuries were scalp haemorrhage (47.7 %), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) (24.2 %), and diffuse traumatic axonal injury (13.3 %). Assault cases showed a significantly higher prevalence of scalp haemorrhage (82.6 % vs. 46.2 %, p = 0.016) and SAH (52.2 % vs. 11.5 %, p = 0.004) compared to fall cases. In assault cases, the left hemisphere was clearly more frequently affected than the right one (91.3 % vs. 65.2 %). Of secondary injuries, brain oedema was more common in assaults than falls (47.8 % vs. 7.7 %, p = 0.003). In conclusion, this study highlights differences in head and brain injury patterns between falls and assaults. Scalp haemorrhage and SAH are more common in assaults than falls. Assaults appear to lead to a higher frequency and diversity of injuries, particularly in the left hemisphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geographical classification of population: Analysis of amino acid in fingermark residues using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS combined with machine learning 人口地理分类：利用超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱/质谱结合机器学习分析指印残留物中的氨基酸。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112273

Lu-Chuan Tian (田陆川), Shi-Si Tian (田师思), Ya-Bin Zhao (赵雅彬)

Objective

To determine the living regions of individuals based on amino acids in fingermark residues and to establish a rapid and accurate regional classification method using machine learning. Methods: A total of 71 fingermark donors from six different provinces in various regions of China were selected. The content of 18 amino acids in their fingermarks was detected using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Classification models were established using various machine learning algorithms, and the cross-validation accuracy of 72 combinations, including feature engineering, classification algorithms, and optimization algorithms, was compared. Results: UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS successfully quantified 16 amino acids. Significant differences in the relative content of amino acids were found between the fingermarks from the eastern and western regions of China, as well as among neighboring provinces. The combination of SFS+SVM+BO was identified as the optimal classification model, achieving an accuracy of 90.14 %. Conclusion: The study found regional differences in the relative content of amino acids in fingermarks and established a regional classification method combining UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and machine learning. The method developed in this study can be applied to incomplete or distorted fingermarks, and the experimental results can be directly used in police investigations. This research uncovers the multidimensional information carried by fingerprint substances, demonstrating innovation and application value. It not only saves and shortens investigation time and provides investigative leads, but also enables previously unusable physical evidence to play a role again, enhancing the profiling of suspects.

目的根据指痕残基中的氨基酸确定个体的生活区域，并利用机器学习建立快速准确的区域分类方法：方法：选取来自中国不同地区 6 个不同省份的 71 名指痕供体。采用超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱/质谱联用技术检测了指印中 18 种氨基酸的含量。采用多种机器学习算法建立分类模型，比较了特征工程、分类算法和优化算法等72种组合的交叉验证准确性：结果：UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS 成功定量了 16 种氨基酸。结果：超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱/质谱法成功定量了 16 种氨基酸，发现中国东部和西部地区以及相邻省份的指印之间氨基酸相对含量存在显著差异。SFS+SVM+BO组合被确定为最佳分类模型，准确率达到90.14%：该研究发现了指印中氨基酸相对含量的区域差异，并建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱/质谱联用和机器学习相结合的区域分类方法。本研究开发的方法可用于不完整或扭曲的指痕，实验结果可直接用于警方调查。该研究揭示了指纹物质所携带的多维信息，具有创新性和应用价值。它不仅节约和缩短了侦查时间，提供了侦查线索，还使以前无法使用的物证重新发挥作用，增强了对犯罪嫌疑人的特征分析。

{"title":"Geographical classification of population: Analysis of amino acid in fingermark residues using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS combined with machine learning","authors":"Lu-Chuan Tian (田陆川), Shi-Si Tian (田师思), Ya-Bin Zhao (赵雅彬)","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the living regions of individuals based on amino acids in fingermark residues and to establish a rapid and accurate regional classification method using machine learning. Methods: A total of 71 fingermark donors from six different provinces in various regions of China were selected. The content of 18 amino acids in their fingermarks was detected using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Classification models were established using various machine learning algorithms, and the cross-validation accuracy of 72 combinations, including feature engineering, classification algorithms, and optimization algorithms, was compared. Results: UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS successfully quantified 16 amino acids. Significant differences in the relative content of amino acids were found between the fingermarks from the eastern and western regions of China, as well as among neighboring provinces. The combination of SFS+SVM+BO was identified as the optimal classification model, achieving an accuracy of 90.14 %. Conclusion: The study found regional differences in the relative content of amino acids in fingermarks and established a regional classification method combining UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and machine learning. The method developed in this study can be applied to incomplete or distorted fingermarks, and the experimental results can be directly used in police investigations. This research uncovers the multidimensional information carried by fingerprint substances, demonstrating innovation and application value. It not only saves and shortens investigation time and provides investigative leads, but also enables previously unusable physical evidence to play a role again, enhancing the profiling of suspects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forensic science: Where to from Here? 法医学：何去何从？

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112285

Alastair Ross , Chris Lennard , Claude Roux

‘Where to from Here’ (WTFH) was the theme chosen for the 2023 meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS). This theme reflects the fact that forensic science is evolving rapidly, not only within individual sub-disciplines but, critically, across the whole forensic science landscape. Identifying and predicting evolutionary change will enable a more focused and constructive future for forensic science. The IAFS meeting originally scheduled for 2020 was cancelled due to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 18 May 2021, an IAFS Virtual Event launched the Sydney Declaration as an integral part of the WTFH initiative. The Sydney Declaration articulates a definition and seven principles for forensic science and provides a much-needed platform for forensic science into the future. It is aspirational, not focused on organisations, techniques or protocols, and provides a shared understanding of forensic science and its principles. The 2023 IAFS meeting built on the Sydney Declaration, with five themes developed as the basis for eliciting information from delegates related to the WTFH concept. The themes were: (i) integration and harmonisation; (ii) digital transformation; (iii) research; (iv) education and training; and (v) technology. Information across these themes was gathered via short, sharply focused panel discussions in the final session of each of the 22 disciplines represented at the meeting. In addition, there was a panel-based seminar on the Sydney Declaration and a panel-based plenary session on the conference theme. Meeting delegates were also able to provide their thoughts during the meeting, and for a two-week post-conference window, via a dedicated meeting app. Information from all of these sources has been collated to provide a consolidated WTFH landscape for forensic science.

国际法医学协会（IAFS）2023 年会议的主题是 "何去何从"（WTFH）。这一主题反映了一个事实，即法医学正在迅速发展，这不仅体现在各个分支学科内部，更重要的是体现在整个法医学领域。识别和预测演变变化将使法医学的未来更具针对性和建设性。由于 COVID-19 大流行病对全球的影响，原定于 2020 年举行的 IAFS 会议被取消。然而，2021年5月18日，IAFS虚拟活动发布了《悉尼宣言》，作为WTFH倡议的组成部分。悉尼宣言》阐明了法医学的定义和七项原则，为法医学的未来提供了一个亟需的平台。该宣言具有远大目标，不以组织、技术或规程为重点，提供了对法医学及其原则的共同理解。2023年国际法医科学联合会会议以《悉尼宣言》为基础，制定了五个主题，作为向代表们征集与WTFH概念有关的信息的依据。这些主题是(i) 整合与协调；(ii) 数字化转型；(iii) 研究；(iv) 教育与培训；(v) 技术。在会议的最后一次会议上，与会的 22 个学科的每个学科都进行了简短、重点突出的小组讨论，以收集这些主题的信息。此外，还举行了关于《悉尼宣言》的小组研讨会和关于会议主题的小组全体会议。会议代表还可以在会议期间以及会后两周内通过会议专用应用程序发表感想。对所有这些来源的信息进行了整理，为法医学提供了一个综合的WTFH景观。

{"title":"Forensic science: Where to from Here?","authors":"Alastair Ross , Chris Lennard , Claude Roux","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>‘Where to from Here’ (WTFH) was the theme chosen for the 2023 meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS). This theme reflects the fact that forensic science is evolving rapidly, not only within individual sub-disciplines but, critically, across the whole forensic science landscape. Identifying and predicting evolutionary change will enable a more focused and constructive future for forensic science. The IAFS meeting originally scheduled for 2020 was cancelled due to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 18 May 2021, an IAFS Virtual Event launched the Sydney Declaration as an integral part of the WTFH initiative. The Sydney Declaration articulates a definition and seven principles for forensic science and provides a much-needed platform for forensic science into the future. It is aspirational, not focused on organisations, techniques or protocols, and provides a shared understanding of forensic science and its principles. The 2023 IAFS meeting built on the Sydney Declaration, with five themes developed as the basis for eliciting information from delegates related to the WTFH concept. The themes were: (i) integration and harmonisation; (ii) digital transformation; (iii) research; (iv) education and training; and (v) technology. Information across these themes was gathered via short, sharply focused panel discussions in the final session of each of the 22 disciplines represented at the meeting. In addition, there was a panel-based seminar on the Sydney Declaration and a panel-based plenary session on the conference theme. Meeting delegates were also able to provide their thoughts during the meeting, and for a two-week post-conference window, via a dedicated meeting app. Information from all of these sources has been collated to provide a consolidated WTFH landscape for forensic science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"366 ","pages":"Article 112285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Detection of organic explosive residues from outdoor detonations using confocal Raman microscopy 利用共焦拉曼显微镜检测户外爆炸的有机爆炸物残留物。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112292

Jared Estevanes, Geraldine Monjardez

The detection of post-blast residues in the aftermath of an explosion involving organic explosives with spectroscopic techniques is challenging as, typically, no microscopically visible unreacted particles remain after the explosion. However, some low-order explosions may leave visible particles behind, as well as the presence of significant amounts of unreacted material. In this study, four authentic open-air detonations using two simulated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) containing a mixture of military explosives (TNT and RDX), and two IEDs containing smokeless powder were conducted. The various materials they contained, including plastic, wood, and metal, were swabbed and extracted with acetone to create post-blast liquid extracts. The extracts were then dried and examined using confocal Raman microscopy, alongside a 50 ppm reference mixture of smokeless powder constituents, which was created to evaluate the effects of Raman scattering within the full smokeless powder mixture. Smokeless powder constituents, such as ethyl centralite, diphenylamine, nitroglycerin, and dibutyl phthalate, were successfully identified by comparison to the reference mixture on most substrates, with the exception of the paint stick (wood) substrate. TNT/RDX was also able to be identified in the extracts, with RDX crystals being observed in some dried extracts after solvent evaporation. However, the detection of TNT/RDX in the second detonation was unsuccessful, possibly due to an explosive chain reaction that was highly efficient. No trends were seen in substrate affinity for TNT/RDX. The challenges and benefits with the developed methodology for the detection of organic explosive residues from a variety of substrates are discussed in detail.

使用光谱技术检测有机爆炸物爆炸后的残留物具有挑战性，因为通常情况下，爆炸后不会留下微观可见的未反应颗粒。然而，某些低阶爆炸可能会留下可见颗粒，以及大量未反应物质。在本研究中，使用两个含有军用炸药（TNT 和 RDX）混合物的模拟简易爆炸装置和两个含有无烟火药的简易爆炸装置进行了四次真实的露天爆炸。对其中包含的各种材料（包括塑料、木材和金属）进行拭擦并用丙酮提取，以获得爆炸后的液体提取物。然后将提取物烘干，使用共焦拉曼显微镜与 50 ppm 的无烟火药成分参考混合物一起进行检测，以评估拉曼散射在全部无烟火药混合物中的影响。通过与大多数基底（油漆棒（木质）基底除外）上的参考混合物进行比较，成功鉴定出了无烟火药成分，如仲丁子乙酯、二苯胺、硝化甘油和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。TNT/RDX 也能在提取物中被鉴定出来，在一些溶剂蒸发后的干燥提取物中可以观察到 RDX 结晶。不过，在第二次爆炸中未能成功检测到 TNT/RDX，这可能是由于爆炸链反应的效率很高。在底物对 TNT/RDX 的亲和性方面没有发现任何趋势。详细讨论了所开发的从各种基质中检测有机爆炸残留物的方法所面临的挑战和益处。

{"title":"Detection of organic explosive residues from outdoor detonations using confocal Raman microscopy","authors":"Jared Estevanes, Geraldine Monjardez","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection of post-blast residues in the aftermath of an explosion involving organic explosives with spectroscopic techniques is challenging as, typically, no microscopically visible unreacted particles remain after the explosion. However, some low-order explosions may leave visible particles behind, as well as the presence of significant amounts of unreacted material. In this study, four authentic open-air detonations using two simulated improvised explosive devices (IEDs) containing a mixture of military explosives (TNT and RDX), and two IEDs containing smokeless powder were conducted. The various materials they contained, including plastic, wood, and metal, were swabbed and extracted with acetone to create post-blast liquid extracts. The extracts were then dried and examined using confocal Raman microscopy, alongside a 50 ppm reference mixture of smokeless powder constituents, which was created to evaluate the effects of Raman scattering within the full smokeless powder mixture. Smokeless powder constituents, such as ethyl centralite, diphenylamine, nitroglycerin, and dibutyl phthalate, were successfully identified by comparison to the reference mixture on most substrates, with the exception of the paint stick (wood) substrate. TNT/RDX was also able to be identified in the extracts, with RDX crystals being observed in some dried extracts after solvent evaporation. However, the detection of TNT/RDX in the second detonation was unsuccessful, possibly due to an explosive chain reaction that was highly efficient. No trends were seen in substrate affinity for TNT/RDX. The challenges and benefits with the developed methodology for the detection of organic explosive residues from a variety of substrates are discussed in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the effects of silent genes on pairwise kinship testing 评估沉默基因对配对亲缘关系测试的影响。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112290

Da Yang , Mei Li Li , An Qi Wei

Short tandem repeat (STR) loci are frequently utilized in kinship testing, and mutations of a single base occurring in the primer-binding region of the STR locus can result in the failure of allelic amplification and the emergence of silent genes. Silent genes are not observable and, therefore, are excluded from the genotypes assessed. Pedigree likelihood ratios (LRs) are often employed in kinship testing to determine the likelihood of different kinship scenarios. LR values are derived from various types of genotypes. LR_exact values are based on the exact or actual genotypes, which may include silent genes. Conversely, LR_observe values are based on observed genotypes that exclude silent genes, while LR_adjust values incorporate all potential genotypes, including both observed and those with silent genes. Initially, the formulae for LRs in 1st degree, 2nd degree, and 3rd degree kinship testing are presented according to different genotype forms of pairwise individuals. The correctness of these formulae is then verified using the Familias software, and the results are compared with those from the GeneVisa software (www.genevisa.net). Lastly, the simulation modules of GeneVisa are used to assess the impact of silent genes on pairwise kinship testing. The findings indicate that the overall impact of silent genes is minimal, although in some cases, the effects can be relatively significant. The influence of silent genes generally decreases as the kinship relationship becomes more distant. In specific kinship tests, the effect of silent genes is reduced when the individuals are unrelated compared to when there is a kinship relationship. Utilizing the LR_adjust value for 1st degree and 2nd degree kinship testing can substantially mitigate the effects of silent genes.

短串联重复（STR）基因座经常被用于亲缘关系检测，而 STR 基因座引物结合区发生的单碱基突变可导致等位基因扩增失败和沉默基因的出现。沉默基因是无法观察到的，因此被排除在评估的基因型之外。在亲缘关系检验中，通常会使用世系似然比（LR）来确定不同亲缘关系的可能性。LR 值来自不同类型的基因型。LRexact 值基于准确或实际的基因型，其中可能包括沉默基因。相反，LRobserve 值基于观察到的基因型，其中不包括沉默基因，而 LRadjust 值包含所有潜在的基因型，包括观察到的基因型和包含沉默基因的基因型。首先，根据成对个体的不同基因型形式，列出了一级、二级和三级亲缘关系检验中的 LR 计算公式。然后使用 Familias 软件验证这些公式的正确性，并将结果与 GeneVisa 软件（www.genevisa.net）的结果进行比较。最后，GeneVisa 的模拟模块用于评估沉默基因对配对亲缘关系检验的影响。研究结果表明，沉默基因的总体影响很小，但在某些情况下，其影响可能相对显著。沉默基因的影响一般会随着亲缘关系的疏远而减小。在特定的亲缘关系测试中，当个体之间没有亲缘关系时，沉默基因的影响比有亲缘关系时要小。在一级和二级亲缘关系检验中使用 LRadjust 值可以大大减轻沉默基因的影响。

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of silent genes on pairwise kinship testing","authors":"Da Yang , Mei Li Li , An Qi Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short tandem repeat (STR) loci are frequently utilized in kinship testing, and mutations of a single base occurring in the primer-binding region of the STR locus can result in the failure of allelic amplification and the emergence of silent genes. Silent genes are not observable and, therefore, are excluded from the genotypes assessed. Pedigree likelihood ratios (LRs) are often employed in kinship testing to determine the likelihood of different kinship scenarios. LR values are derived from various types of genotypes. LR<sub>exact</sub> values are based on the exact or actual genotypes, which may include silent genes. Conversely, LR<sub>observe</sub> values are based on observed genotypes that exclude silent genes, while LR<sub>adjust</sub> values incorporate all potential genotypes, including both observed and those with silent genes. Initially, the formulae for LRs in 1st degree, 2nd degree, and 3rd degree kinship testing are presented according to different genotype forms of pairwise individuals. The correctness of these formulae is then verified using the Familias software, and the results are compared with those from the GeneVisa software (<span><span>www.genevisa.net</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Lastly, the simulation modules of GeneVisa are used to assess the impact of silent genes on pairwise kinship testing. The findings indicate that the overall impact of silent genes is minimal, although in some cases, the effects can be relatively significant. The influence of silent genes generally decreases as the kinship relationship becomes more distant. In specific kinship tests, the effect of silent genes is reduced when the individuals are unrelated compared to when there is a kinship relationship. Utilizing the LR<sub>adjust</sub> value for 1st degree and 2nd degree kinship testing can substantially mitigate the effects of silent genes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immunohistochemical markers in the determination of lesion viability in decomposed bodies: A mini literature review 免疫组化标记在确定腐尸病变存活率中的作用：小型文献综述。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112289

Cecilia Salzillo , Liliana Innamorato , Alessia Leggio , Andrea Marzullo

The ability to distinguish between viable and post-mortem lesions is crucial in forensic medicine, especially in cases of advanced decomposition. Glycophorin A (GPA) is one of the most studied immunohistochemical markers for assessing lesion viability, with persistence in putrefied tissues up to 6 months. However, its sensitivity decreases beyond 15 days. Other markers such as tryptase, IL-15, CD15, CD45 and matrix metalloproteinases have been tested in decomposition contexts, but the results are inconclusive. This mini review article explores the main studies on immunohistochemical markers, discussing their utility and limitations in forensic investigations of decomposed bodies.

在法医学中，尤其是在晚期腐烂的情况下，区分存活病变和死后病变的能力至关重要。Glycophorin A（GPA）是研究最多的评估病变存活能力的免疫组化标记物之一，在腐败组织中的存活时间长达 6 个月。不过，超过 15 天后，其敏感性就会下降。其他标记物，如胰蛋白酶、IL-15、CD15、CD45 和基质金属蛋白酶也在分解过程中进行了测试，但结果并不确定。这篇小型综述文章探讨了有关免疫组化标记物的主要研究，讨论了这些标记物在法医调查腐烂尸体时的作用和局限性。

引用次数: 0

Felid scavenging in forensic taphonomic research: An experimental approach 法证岩石学研究中的猫科动物食腐：实验方法

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112280

D. Errickson , L. Lawrence , L. Indra , T.J.U. Thompson

Animal scavenging on human remains presents a major challenge at a forensic scene. These lasting changes can influence the interpretation of a post-mortem interval, the overall state of the remains and any associated evidence, impacting the integrity of the scene. Therefore, identifying taphonomic related changes due to animal scavenging is important to understand the post-deposition sequence of events. However, knowing where to look is challenging and animal scavenging studies are difficult to create. Therefore, this study worked in collaboration with zoological institutes in the UK to capture the scavenging changes to horse bone, focussing on the locations of scavenging on bone and the characteristics left. This study focused on large felid (cheetah, lion, tiger, leopard) scavenging, which is less documented in comparison to canine scavenging. This research demonstrated the distribution patterns of tooth activity associated with large felid scavenging is consistent with those reported in the taphonomic literature on lions. Specifically, pits, punctures, scalloping and furrowing were found and characteristics were frequently noted at the borders and flat regions of bones. This study adds to the forensic discussion of scavenging. While focussing on large cats, the work demonstrates anatomical regions that may be affected by scavenging and the visual cues that may help identify animal interaction over human.

动物对遗骸的啃食是法医现场的一大挑战。这些持久的变化会影响对死后时间间隔的解释、遗骸的整体状态以及任何相关证据，从而影响现场的完整性。因此，确定动物食腐引起的与岩石学相关的变化对于了解沉积后的事件顺序非常重要。然而，知道在哪里寻找具有挑战性，而且动物食腐研究很难进行。因此，本研究与英国的动物研究所合作，捕捉马骨的食腐变化，重点研究食腐在马骨上的位置和留下的特征。这项研究的重点是大型猫科动物（猎豹、狮子、老虎、豹）的食腐，与犬科动物的食腐相比，大型猫科动物的食腐记录较少。这项研究表明，与大型猫科动物食腐相关的牙齿活动分布模式与有关狮子的古生物学文献报道一致。具体地说，在骨骼的边缘和平坦区域发现了凹坑、穿刺、扇形和沟纹等特征。这项研究为有关食腐的法医学讨论增添了新的内容。这项研究以大型猫科动物为重点，展示了可能受到食腐影响的解剖区域，以及有助于识别动物与人类互动的视觉线索。

{"title":"Felid scavenging in forensic taphonomic research: An experimental approach","authors":"D. Errickson , L. Lawrence , L. Indra , T.J.U. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal scavenging on human remains presents a major challenge at a forensic scene. These lasting changes can influence the interpretation of a post-mortem interval, the overall state of the remains and any associated evidence, impacting the integrity of the scene. Therefore, identifying taphonomic related changes due to animal scavenging is important to understand the post-deposition sequence of events. However, knowing where to look is challenging and animal scavenging studies are difficult to create. Therefore, this study worked in collaboration with zoological institutes in the UK to capture the scavenging changes to horse bone, focussing on the locations of scavenging on bone and the characteristics left. This study focused on large felid (cheetah, lion, tiger, leopard) scavenging, which is less documented in comparison to canine scavenging. This research demonstrated the distribution patterns of tooth activity associated with large felid scavenging is consistent with those reported in the taphonomic literature on lions. Specifically, pits, punctures, scalloping and furrowing were found and characteristics were frequently noted at the borders and flat regions of bones. This study adds to the forensic discussion of scavenging. While focussing on large cats, the work demonstrates anatomical regions that may be affected by scavenging and the visual cues that may help identify animal interaction over human.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142617197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accuracy and reproducibility of bullet comparison decisions by forensic examiners 法医检验人员做出子弹对比决定的准确性和可重复性。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112287

R. Austin Hicklin , Connie L. Parks , Kensley M. Dunagan , Brandi L. Emerick , Nicole Richetelli , William J. Chapman , Melissa Taylor , Robert M. Thompson

Few previous studies have assessed the accuracy and reproducibility of bullet comparison decisions by firearms examiners, and none have evaluated accuracy of examiners’ decisions when comparing damaged bullets, comparisons of questioned bullets, or the effects on decision rates of using jacketed hollow-point vs. full metal jacket bullets. In this study, 49 practicing forensic firearms examiners conducted 3156 comparisons of bullets, including bullets ranging in quality, bullets from different types of ammunition, and bullets fired from various makes/models of firearms. The study evaluated two scenarios commonly used in casework: questioned-questioned (QQ) comparisons of two bullets from unknown sources, and known-questioned (KQ) comparisons in which a bullet from an unknown source is compared to three known exemplars from a single firearm. Key findings: after controlling for other factors, QQ vs. KQ comparisons had relatively limited effects on decision rates; rates of inconclusive responses were inversely related to bullet quality; bullets fired from polygonally-rifled pistols resulted in more inconclusive or unsuitable responses than conventional rifling; on nonmated comparison sets, the rate of (true) exclusions was particularly high when comparing different caliber bullets, and was higher on comparisons of different makes/models of firearms vs. the same model of firearm; comparisons in which different types of ammunition were fired from the same firearm had a high rate of erroneous exclusions; decision rates differed notably by firearm model; decision rates varied notably among the participants. Because the measured rates vary dramatically due to these various factors, we recommend against using overall decision rates to summarize the results of this study.

Significance statement

Comparisons of bullets by forensic firearms examiners are a critical part of the criminal justice system, seeking to determine whether recovered bullets from crime scenes can be attributed to specific firearms. This paper reports the results of a research study designed to assess the accuracy and reliability of forensic bullet comparison decisions, which is important to assess scientific validity for admissibility in court. Few studies have been conducted assessing the accuracy of forensic bullet comparison decisions, and no previous studies have evaluated the accuracy and reproducibility of decisions made by practicing forensic firearms examiners when comparing bullets of varying quality or bullets of different types, or when making comparisons of questioned bullets.

之前很少有研究对枪支检验人员做出的子弹比对决定的准确性和可重复性进行评估，也没有研究对检验人员在比对受损子弹时做出决定的准确性、对有疑问的子弹进行比对或使用护套空尖弹与全金属护套弹对决定率的影响进行评估。在这项研究中，49 名执业法医枪支检验员对 3156 发子弹进行了比较，包括不同质量的子弹、不同类型弹药的子弹以及不同品牌/型号枪支发射的子弹。研究评估了案件工作中常用的两种情况：来源不明的两颗子弹的 "质疑-提问"（QQ）比较和 "已知-提问"（KQ）比较，其中 "质疑-提问 "比较是将来源不明的一颗子弹与来自同一枪支的三颗已知样弹进行比较。主要发现：在控制了其他因素后，QQ 与 KQ 对比对判定率的影响相对有限；不确定的回答率与子弹质量成反比；与传统膛线相比，多边形膛线手枪发射的子弹导致更多不确定或不合适的回答；在非配枪对比集上，比较不同口径子弹时的（真实）排除率特别高，比较不同品牌/型号枪支与相同型号枪支时的（真实）排除率更高；在配枪对比集上，比较不同品牌/型号枪支时的（真实）排除率特别高，比较不同品牌/型号枪支与相同型号枪支时的（真实）排除率更高。不同型号枪支与同一型号枪支的比较中，错误排除率较高；同一枪支发射不同类型弹药的比较中，错误排除率较高；不同型号枪支的判定率差异显著；不同参与者的判定率差异显著。由于上述各种因素导致测得的判定率差异巨大，我们建议不要使用总体判定率来概括本研究的结果。意义声明：法医枪支检验人员对子弹进行比较是刑事司法系统的重要组成部分，目的是确定从犯罪现场找到的子弹是否可归属于特定枪支。本文报告了一项研究的结果，该研究旨在评估法医子弹比对决定的准确性和可靠性，这对于评估法庭受理的科学有效性非常重要。很少有研究对法医子弹比对决定的准确性进行评估，以前也没有研究对执业法医枪支检验员在比对不同质量的子弹或不同类型的子弹时，或在比对可疑子弹时所作决定的准确性和可重复性进行评估。

{"title":"Accuracy and reproducibility of bullet comparison decisions by forensic examiners","authors":"R. Austin Hicklin , Connie L. Parks , Kensley M. Dunagan , Brandi L. Emerick , Nicole Richetelli , William J. Chapman , Melissa Taylor , Robert M. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Few previous studies have assessed the accuracy and reproducibility of bullet comparison decisions by firearms examiners, and none have evaluated accuracy of examiners’ decisions when comparing damaged bullets, comparisons of questioned bullets, or the effects on decision rates of using jacketed hollow-point vs. full metal jacket bullets. In this study, 49 practicing forensic firearms examiners conducted 3156 comparisons of bullets, including bullets ranging in quality, bullets from different types of ammunition, and bullets fired from various makes/models of firearms. The study evaluated two scenarios commonly used in casework: questioned-questioned (QQ) comparisons of two bullets from unknown sources, and known-questioned (KQ) comparisons in which a bullet from an unknown source is compared to three known exemplars from a single firearm. Key findings: after controlling for other factors, QQ vs. KQ comparisons had relatively limited effects on decision rates; rates of inconclusive responses were inversely related to bullet quality; bullets fired from polygonally-rifled pistols resulted in more inconclusive or unsuitable responses than conventional rifling; on nonmated comparison sets, the rate of (true) exclusions was particularly high when comparing different caliber bullets, and was higher on comparisons of different makes/models of firearms vs. the same model of firearm; comparisons in which different types of ammunition were fired from the same firearm had a high rate of erroneous exclusions; decision rates differed notably by firearm model; decision rates varied notably among the participants. Because the measured rates vary dramatically due to these various factors, we recommend against using overall decision rates to summarize the results of this study.</div></div><div><h3>Significance statement</h3><div>Comparisons of bullets by forensic firearms examiners are a critical part of the criminal justice system, seeking to determine whether recovered bullets from crime scenes can be attributed to specific firearms. This paper reports the results of a research study designed to assess the accuracy and reliability of forensic bullet comparison decisions, which is important to assess scientific validity for admissibility in court. Few studies have been conducted assessing the accuracy of forensic bullet comparison decisions, and no previous studies have evaluated the accuracy and reproducibility of decisions made by practicing forensic firearms examiners when comparing bullets of varying quality or bullets of different types, or when making comparisons of questioned bullets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the health conditions of migrants and asylum seekers in reception centers: From scene investigation to the evaluation of signs of torture 分析接待中心移民和寻求庇护者的健康状况：从现场调查到酷刑迹象评估。

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112288

Massimiliano Esposito , Monica Salerno , Mario Giuseppe Chisari , Francesco Sessa , Venerando Rapisarda , Cristoforo Pomara

The phenomenon of migration is an international issue that mainly concerns Europe. In Italy, because of its close proximity to Africa, there are many migrant landings, especially on the islands of Lampedusa and Sicily. Migrants and asylum seekers suffer torture on their journey to their destination country, however, most of the time the signs are not always recognizable. In the present study, a scene investigation was carried out in a reception center for level II immigrants in Sicily, in order to evaluate the hygiene conditions of the migrants and asylum seekers inside this center. Subsequently 26 migrants and asylum seekers, all minors and males, were examined in a clinic of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Catania, with the help of a native speaker interpreter and applying the Istanbul Protocol. The scene investigation demonstrated the poor clinical conditions of the reception center and the failure to comply with emergency regulations. The physical examination of the migrants and asylum seekers demonstrated that all the torture reported had taken place in Libya. However, only 4 migrants and asylum seekers showed signs of violence consistent with torture, compatible with the Istanbul Protocol. Nine migrants and asylum seekers (34.6 %) reported having pathologies and asked to undergo a medical examination in a hospital but were not listened to by the reception center staff. Two migrants and asylum seekers reported having worn the same clothes for several weeks to the reception center staff. In particular, all the migrants and asylum seekers reported having suffered torture using blunt instruments, especially beatings with truncheons. One migrant and asylum seeker reported being detained for days without food, instead 1 migrants and asylum seekers reported being kidnapped-blindfolded-stripped naked for days, and 1 migrants and asylum seekers reported having contracted infections, including scabies, with electrical and thermal trauma. Despite the international commitment to the phenomenon of migration, migrants and asylum seekers continue to receive abuse and torture. Furthermore, most migrants and asylum seekers studies primarily involve surveys, and few have applied the Istanbul Protocol to a sizable sample. An original aim of the study is the use of forensic tools to assess the sanitary and hygienic conditions of a migrant reception center, with the secondary aim of assessing alleged cases of torture.

移民现象是一个主要涉及欧洲的国际问题。在意大利，由于毗邻非洲，有许多移民登陆，特别是在兰佩杜萨岛和西西里岛。移民和寻求庇护者在前往目的地国的途中遭受酷刑，但大多数情况下，这些迹象并不总能被识别出来。本研究在西西里岛的一个二级移民接待中心进行了现场调查，以评估该中心内移民和寻求庇护者的卫生条件。随后，26 名移民和寻求庇护者（均为未成年人和男性）在卡塔尼亚大学法医系的一家诊所接受了检查，检查由一名母语为翻译的人员协助，并采用了《伊斯坦布尔议定书》。现场调查表明，接待中心的医疗条件很差，而且没有遵守紧急条例。对移民和寻求庇护者的身体检查表明，所有报告的酷刑都发生在利比亚。然而，只有 4 名移民和寻求庇护者出现了符合《伊斯坦布尔议定书》规定的酷刑暴力迹象。九名移民和寻求庇护者（占 34.6%）报告称患有疾病，并要求到医院进行体检，但接待中心的工作人员没有听取他们的意见。两名移民和寻求庇护者向接待中心工作人员报告说，他们几个星期都穿着同样的衣服。特别是，所有移民和寻求庇护者都报告说遭受了使用钝器的酷刑，尤其是用警棍殴打。一名移徙者和寻求庇护者报告说，他们被拘留数日，没有食物，一名移徙者和寻求庇护者报告说，他们被绑架--蒙上眼睛--赤身裸体数日，一名移徙者和寻求庇护者报告说，他们因电击和热创伤而感染疾病，包括疥疮。尽管国际社会对移徙现象做出了承诺，但移徙者和寻求庇护者继续受到虐待和酷刑。此外，大多数关于移民和寻求庇护者的研究主要涉及调查，很少有研究将《伊斯坦布尔议定书》应用于相当大的样本中。这项研究的最初目的是使用法医工具评估移民接待中心的卫生条件，其次是评估指控的酷刑案件。

{"title":"Analysis of the health conditions of migrants and asylum seekers in reception centers: From scene investigation to the evaluation of signs of torture","authors":"Massimiliano Esposito , Monica Salerno , Mario Giuseppe Chisari , Francesco Sessa , Venerando Rapisarda , Cristoforo Pomara","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenon of migration is an international issue that mainly concerns Europe. In Italy, because of its close proximity to Africa, there are many migrant landings, especially on the islands of Lampedusa and Sicily. Migrants and asylum seekers suffer torture on their journey to their destination country, however, most of the time the signs are not always recognizable. In the present study, a scene investigation was carried out in a reception center for level II immigrants in Sicily, in order to evaluate the hygiene conditions of the migrants and asylum seekers inside this center. Subsequently 26 migrants and asylum seekers, all minors and males, were examined in a clinic of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Catania, with the help of a native speaker interpreter and applying the Istanbul Protocol. The scene investigation demonstrated the poor clinical conditions of the reception center and the failure to comply with emergency regulations. The physical examination of the migrants and asylum seekers demonstrated that all the torture reported had taken place in Libya. However, only 4 migrants and asylum seekers showed signs of violence consistent with torture, compatible with the Istanbul Protocol. Nine migrants and asylum seekers (34.6 %) reported having pathologies and asked to undergo a medical examination in a hospital but were not listened to by the reception center staff. Two migrants and asylum seekers reported having worn the same clothes for several weeks to the reception center staff. In particular, all the migrants and asylum seekers reported having suffered torture using blunt instruments, especially beatings with truncheons. One migrant and asylum seeker reported being detained for days without food, instead 1 migrants and asylum seekers reported being kidnapped-blindfolded-stripped naked for days, and 1 migrants and asylum seekers reported having contracted infections, including scabies, with electrical and thermal trauma. Despite the international commitment to the phenomenon of migration, migrants and asylum seekers continue to receive abuse and torture. Furthermore, most migrants and asylum seekers studies primarily involve surveys, and few have applied the Istanbul Protocol to a sizable sample. An original aim of the study is the use of forensic tools to assess the sanitary and hygienic conditions of a migrant reception center, with the secondary aim of assessing alleged cases of torture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of endogenous GHB in ante-mortem whole blood, urine, and oral fluid by LC–MS/MS: The effect of different additives and storage conditions on the stability of GHB in blood 利用LC-MS/MS测定死前全血、尿液和口服液中的内源性伽马--羟丁酸：不同添加剂和储存条件对血液中伽马--羟丁酸稳定性的影响

IF 2.2 3区医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL

Forensic science international

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112286

Lambert K. Sørensen, Kathrine B. Faldborg, Charlotte U. Andersen, Jørgen B. Hasselstrøm

Two challenges in detecting γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake are its endogenous presence and in vitro production after sampling. This study developed an LC–MS/MS method for selective GHB determination in human antemortem blood, urine, and oral fluid at endogenous concentrations. Furthermore, the stability of GHB in blood samples and its endogenous concentrations in samples taken under controlled circumstances were investigated. Samples were extracted in methanol/acetonitrile and processed by anion exchange solid-phase extraction. GHB was separated from structural isomers using a reversed–phase LC column with anion properties. The validated limit of quantification was 0.005 µg/mL in blood and 0.010 µg/mL in urine and oral fluid, at which the relative reproducibility standard deviation and bias were <15 %. The mean extraction recovery was ≥90 %. The average GHB concentration increased by 1.2 µg/mL in fluoride/citrate- preserved blood after 28 days of storage at 4°C; however, in fluoride/oxalate (FX)-preserved blood, the mean concentration increased by only 0.055 µg/mL. No change was observed at −20°C. In 105 randomly selected samples of FX-preserved blood collected for forensic antemortem toxicological analysis, all concentrations were <0.066 µg/mL, even after long-term storage at −20°C. In blood, urine, and oral fluid samples from a clinical study of GHB intake, endogenous baseline levels from 30 participants ranged from 0.0069–0.050, 0.024–0.38, and 0.034–0.93 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that the current cut-off level of 5 µg/mL for discriminating between endogenous and exogenous GHB in antemortem blood could be considerably lower for FX-preserved blood stored at −20°C.

检测γ-羟丁酸（GHB）摄入量的两个难题是其内源性存在和采样后的体外生成。本研究开发了一种 LC-MS/MS 方法，用于选择性地检测人体死前血液、尿液和口服液中内源性浓度的 GHB。此外，还研究了血液样本中 GHB 的稳定性以及在受控情况下采集样本中 GHB 的内源性浓度。样品在甲醇/乙腈中提取，并通过阴离子交换固相萃取法进行处理。使用具有阴离子特性的反相液相色谱柱从结构异构体中分离出 GHB。血液中的有效定量限为 0.005 µg/mL，尿液和口服液中的有效定量限为 0.010 µg/mL，相对重现性标准偏差和偏差为 15%。平均提取回收率≥90%。在 4°C 下保存 28 天后，氟化物/柠檬酸盐保存的血液中 GHB 的平均浓度增加了 1.2 µg/mL；但在氟化物/草酸盐（FX）保存的血液中，平均浓度仅增加了 0.055 µg/mL。在 -20°C 下则未观察到任何变化。在为法医尸检毒理学分析而随机抽取的 105 份 FX 保存血液样本中，即使在 -20°C 长期储存后，所有浓度仍为 0.066 µg/mL。在一项关于伽马--羟丁酸摄入量的临床研究中，30 名参与者的血液、尿液和口腔液样本中的内源性基线水平分别为 0.0069-0.050、0.024-0.38 和 0.034-0.93 微克/毫升。这些结果表明，目前用于鉴别死前血液中内源性和外源性 GHB 的 5 µg/mL 临界值，对于储存在 -20°C 的 FX 保存血液来说可能要低得多。

{"title":"Determination of endogenous GHB in ante-mortem whole blood, urine, and oral fluid by LC–MS/MS: The effect of different additives and storage conditions on the stability of GHB in blood","authors":"Lambert K. Sørensen, Kathrine B. Faldborg, Charlotte U. Andersen, Jørgen B. Hasselstrøm","doi":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two challenges in detecting γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake are its endogenous presence and <em>in vitro</em> production after sampling. This study developed an LC–MS/MS method for selective GHB determination in human antemortem blood, urine, and oral fluid at endogenous concentrations. Furthermore, the stability of GHB in blood samples and its endogenous concentrations in samples taken under controlled circumstances were investigated. Samples were extracted in methanol/acetonitrile and processed by anion exchange solid-phase extraction. GHB was separated from structural isomers using a reversed–phase LC column with anion properties. The validated limit of quantification was 0.005 µg/mL in blood and 0.010 µg/mL in urine and oral fluid, at which the relative reproducibility standard deviation and bias were <15 %. The mean extraction recovery was ≥90 %. The average GHB concentration increased by 1.2 µg/mL in fluoride/citrate- preserved blood after 28 days of storage at 4°C; however, in fluoride/oxalate (FX)-preserved blood, the mean concentration increased by only 0.055 µg/mL. No change was observed at −20°C. In 105 randomly selected samples of FX-preserved blood collected for forensic antemortem toxicological analysis, all concentrations were <0.066 µg/mL, even after long-term storage at −20°C. In blood, urine, and oral fluid samples from a clinical study of GHB intake, endogenous baseline levels from 30 participants ranged from 0.0069–0.050, 0.024–0.38, and 0.034–0.93 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that the current cut-off level of 5 µg/mL for discriminating between endogenous and exogenous GHB in antemortem blood could be considerably lower for FX-preserved blood stored at −20°C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12341,"journal":{"name":"Forensic science international","volume":"365 ","pages":"Article 112286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0