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Automated comparison and evaluation of striated cutting plier toolmarks on metal wires 自动比较和评估金属丝上的条纹切割钳工具印记。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112239
Jean-Alexandre Patteet, Christophe Champod
Toolmarks examination validity and subjectivity have come under scrutiny. This research focuses on the case of cutting plier marks. This paper presents an automatic comparison method and assesses its performance. It is designed to assign a weight to the forensic evidence (i.e, a comparison between toolmarks) with a likelihood ratio (LR). 3D topographies are acquired and treated to be compared using a set of correlation metrics. A machine learning algorithm combines comparison metrics and enables LR computation. Pliers of various brands and models were used to study the variability both within and between tools. We explained why the specific zone (area along the blade) has to be chosen to build the within-source variability and how the between-source variability can be built in different scenarios. Misleading evidence rates between 0 % and 4 % have been measured and it demonstrates the accuracy of the method when applied on the pliers used.
工具标记检验的有效性和主观性受到了审查。本研究重点关注切割钳标记的情况。本文介绍了一种自动比对方法,并对其性能进行了评估。该方法旨在通过似然比 (LR) 为法医证据(即工具印记之间的比较)分配权重。获取三维拓扑图并进行处理,然后使用一组相关指标进行比较。机器学习算法将比较指标结合起来,实现了 LR 计算。我们使用不同品牌和型号的钳子来研究工具内部和工具之间的可变性。我们解释了为什么必须选择特定区域(沿刀片的区域)来建立源内变异性,以及如何在不同情况下建立源间变异性。我们测得的误导证据率在 0 % 到 4 % 之间,这证明了该方法在用于钳子时的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of age estimation using alveolar bone images 利用牙槽骨图像评估年龄。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112237
Hideko Fujimoto , Kaori Kimura-Kataoka , Akiko Takeuchi , Motoo Yoshimiya , Ryoji Kawakami

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine the time-related changes of alveolar bone in 2D images quantitatively and to estimate age groups based on the change index.

Materials and methods

The 238 panoramic X-ray images and 140 CT panoramic reconstructed images of the permanent dentition period were used to examine age-related changes. Comparisons between the younger age group and each of the other age groups were calculated using the landmark method of Procrustes analysis. As aging changes were observed in each age group, age estimation was performed using antemortem panoramic X-ray images and postmortem CT images so that they could be used in practice. The CT images used in the age estimation were performed using forty-two postmortem CT panoramic reconstructed images of known age submitted to the judicial autopsy.

Results

Both panoramic and CT images showed changes in the alveolar bone over time. Age estimation using postmortem CT images provided a certain assessment.

Conclusion

In this study, clinically observed changes in alveolar bone over time were quantified on the images. Furthermore, the possibility of age estimation by alveolar bone was also suggested. The use of an updatable clinical database that can be stored in coordinate values offers the potential for age estimation in line with the times.
研究目的本研究的目的是定量研究二维图像中牙槽骨与时间相关的变化,并根据变化指数估计年龄组:采用 238 张恒牙期全景 X 光图像和 140 张 CT 全景重建图像来研究与年龄相关的变化。使用普罗克里斯特分析的地标法计算年轻年龄组与其他各年龄组之间的比较。由于每个年龄组都观察到了老化变化,因此使用死前全景 X 光图像和死后 CT 图像进行了年龄估计,以便在实践中使用。用于估算年龄的 CT 图像是利用提交给司法解剖的 42 张已知年龄的死后 CT 全景重建图像进行的:全景图像和 CT 图像均显示牙槽骨随着时间的推移而发生变化。使用死后 CT 图像进行年龄估计可提供一定的评估:结论:在这项研究中,临床观察到的牙槽骨随时间的变化在图像上得到了量化。此外,还提出了通过牙槽骨估算年龄的可能性。使用可更新的临床数据库,以坐标值进行存储,为与时俱进地估算年龄提供了可能。
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引用次数: 0
Digital color analysis and machine learning for ballpoint pen ink clustering and aging investigation 用于圆珠笔墨水聚类和老化调查的数字色彩分析和机器学习。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112236
Anna G. Golovkina , Oleg R. Karpukhin , Anastasia V. Kravchenko , Evgeniia M. Khairullina , Ilya I. Tumkin , Andrey V. Kalinichev
Fraudulent activities often involve document manipulation, which poses a significant challenge to forensic science. To address this issue, a novel method was developed that combines intended artificial UV pre-degradation, digital color analysis (DCA) of stroke images, and various machine learning (ML) models. This method can cluster blue ballpoint pen inks and predict their photodegradation time. The results of the study indicate that the k-shape clustering method is highly effective in differentiating between inks based on their degradation curve patterns and HSV or RBS color features, aligning well with results from chromatography analyses. Furthermore, the random forest regression model demonstrated superior performance in predicting age, exhibiting the highest coefficients of determination. The DCA-ML method is a straightforward, cost-effective, and highly accurate solution for clustering blue pen inks. Using photodegradation curves to predict document age could eliminate the need for conventional physicochemical analysis techniques.
欺诈活动往往涉及篡改文件,这给法医学带来了巨大挑战。为解决这一问题,我们开发了一种新方法,该方法结合了预期的人工紫外线预降解、笔触图像的数字色彩分析(DCA)以及各种机器学习(ML)模型。这种方法可以对蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行聚类,并预测它们的光降解时间。研究结果表明,K 形聚类法在根据油墨的降解曲线模式和 HSV 或 RBS 颜色特征区分油墨方面非常有效,与色谱分析的结果非常吻合。此外,随机森林回归模型在预测年龄方面表现出色,显示出最高的决定系数。DCA-ML 方法是一种简单、经济、高精度的蓝笔油墨聚类解决方案。使用光降解曲线来预测文件年龄可以省去传统的理化分析技术。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of forensic polymer samples using double shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry 使用双枪热解气相色谱-质谱法分析法证聚合物样本
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112238
Nga Weng (Chloe) Ieong , Mickayla Dustin , Sally Coulson
Polymers are present in many different products, such as paints, plastics, and rubbers, which are routinely encountered in forensic casework. Comparison of such samples involves an initial visual examination followed by comparison of the chemical compositions of the exhibits. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (PyGC-MS) have been reported for determining the chemical compositions of polymers in forensic samples. Double-shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (DS-PyGC-MS) is an extension of single-shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (SS-PyGC-MS) which is the current PyGC-MS method used in most forensic laboratories. DS-PyGC-MS involves a preliminary thermal desorption GC-MS step, followed by the pyrolysis GC-MS step, with this second step being analogous to SS-PyGC-MS. The pyrolyser furnace operates at a lower temperature during the thermal desorption step, allowing low volatility compounds, such as additives, to be thermally desorbed and detected, minimising interference from the polymeric component of the sample. This pilot study analysed four different polymeric substrates, commonly encountered in forensic casework, by DS-PyGC-MS. The substrates chosen were tyre rubber, road cones, cling film, and shotgun wads. The aim was to investigate whether more chemical information was generated by DS-PyGC-MS compared to SS-PyGC-MS, potentially providing increased discrimination of such samples. Qualitative results showed that tyre rubber and road cones were ideal substrates for DS-PyGC-MS. A wide range of additives were detected in these samples in the thermal desorption step, which were not detected using SS-PyGC-MS. All of the rubber tyres (n=5) and road cones (n=6) were able to be uniquely distinguished using DS-PyGC-MS. Some additional compounds were detected in the thermal desorption analysis of shotgun wads (n=4), providing increased discrimination compared to SS-PyGC-MS. For the cling film samples analysed (n=7) the polyethylene-based cling films (n=6) could not be distinguished from each other, with no compounds detected in the thermal desorption step. The other cling film sample contained a mixture of polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and could easily be distinguished from the polyethylene-based cling films using either SS- or DS-PyGC-MS, or other common analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This pilot study has demonstrated that DS-PyGC-MS has the potential to provide more comprehensive chemical composition information for some polymeric substrates and is a promising method for the forensic comparison of polymer evidence.
聚合物存在于许多不同的产品中,如油漆、塑料和橡胶,这些产品在法医办案中经常会遇到。此类样本的比较包括初步的目视检查,然后比较证物的化学成分。据报道,傅立叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)和热解气相色谱-质谱法(PyGC-MS)等技术可用于确定法证样本中聚合物的化学成分。双枪热解气相色谱-质谱法(DS-PyGC-MS)是单枪热解气相色谱-质谱法(SS-PyGC-MS)的延伸,后者是目前大多数法医实验室使用的 PyGC-MS 方法。DS-PyGC-MS 包括一个初步的热解吸 GC-MS 步骤,然后是热解 GC-MS 步骤,第二个步骤与 SS-PyGC-MS 类似。在热解吸附步骤中,热解炉的工作温度较低,因此添加剂等低挥发性化合物可以通过热解吸附进行检测,最大程度地减少了样品中聚合物成分的干扰。这项试点研究利用 DS-PyGC-MS 分析了法医办案中常见的四种不同的聚合物基质。选择的基质包括轮胎橡胶、路锥、保鲜膜和猎枪弹。目的是研究与 SS-PyGC-MS 相比,DS-PyGC-MS 是否能产生更多的化学信息,从而提高对此类样品的鉴别能力。定性结果显示,轮胎橡胶和路锥是 DS-PyGC-MS 的理想基质。在热解吸步骤中,在这些样品中检测到了多种添加剂,而使用 SS-PyGC-MS 则检测不到这些添加剂。所有的橡胶轮胎(5 个)和路锥(6 个)都能用 DS-PyGC-MS 进行独特的鉴别。与 SS-PyGC-MS 相比,霰弹枪棉絮(4 个)的热解吸分析中检测到了一些额外的化合物,从而提高了分辨能力。在分析的保鲜膜样品(n=7)中,聚乙烯保鲜膜(n=6)无法相互区分,在热解吸步骤中未检测到任何化合物。另一种保鲜膜样品含有聚乳酸(PLA)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)的混合物,使用 SS 或 DS-PyGC-MS 或傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等其他常用分析方法可以很容易地将其与聚乙烯基保鲜膜区分开来。这项试验研究表明,DS-PyGC-MS 有可能为某些聚合物基质提供更全面的化学成分信息,是一种很有前途的聚合物证据法医对比方法。
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引用次数: 0
The response of the forensic anthropology scientific community to migrant deaths: Where are we at and where do we stand? 法医人类学科学界对移民死亡事件的反应:我们的处境和立场?
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112235
Andrea Palamenghi, Cristina Cattaneo
Migrant deaths have persistently intensified in the last 30 years, followed by inconsistent engagement of official policies to tackle the lack of identifications. Forensic anthropologists have been increasingly involved in the recovery, analysis and identification of human remains associated with migrants, and are therefore the most well-versed practitioners in raising awareness of policy makers about this plight. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of the forensic anthropological practice and research on unidentified migrants. The focus of the review is twofold: one section explores the current legal, logistical, and administrative issues related to management and identification activities, primarily in Europe and North America. The second section addresses the scientific contributions and new challenges that forensic anthropologists face when analyzing skeletal remains from underrepresented and unreferenced population groups. According to this literature review, forensic anthropologists are the professionals most actively involved in addressing the issue of unidentified migrants. Despite significant efforts, several challenges still hinder identifications in this context, including the inability to create comprehensive databases for collecting postmortem and antemortem data. Recently, scientific research in forensic anthropology has begun to address the limitations in developing reliable biological profiles for deceased migrants, as these groups are often inadequately represented in existing skeletal reference populations. Finally, this review highlights the global efforts of the scientific community to integrate these victims into a well-established identification system, aiming to foster public responsibility and promote the adoption of unified and innovative strategies to comprehensively address and resolve this social, scientific, and humanitarian crisis.
在过去的 30 年里,移民死亡人数持续增加,而官方政策在解决缺乏鉴定的问题上却缺乏连贯性。法医人类学家越来越多地参与到与移民有关的遗骸的发掘、分析和鉴定工作中,因此,他们是最熟悉如何提高决策者对这一困境的认识的从业者。本综述介绍了当前法医人类学实践和对身份不明移民研究的最新情况。综述的重点有两个方面:一部分探讨了当前与管理和鉴定活动有关的法律、后勤和行政问题,主要是在欧洲和北美。第二部分探讨了法医人类学家在分析代表性不足和无参考资料人群的遗骸时所面临的科学贡献和新挑战。根据本文献综述,法医人类学家是最积极地参与解决身份不明移民问题的专业人员。尽管做出了巨大努力,但仍有一些挑战阻碍着这方面的身份鉴定工作,包括无法建立收集死后和死前数据的综合数据库。最近,法医人类学的科学研究已开始解决在为已故移民建立可靠的生物特征方面存在的局限性,因为这些群体在现有的骨骼参考人群中往往代表性不足。最后,本综述强调了全球科学界为将这些受害者纳入一个完善的身份识别系统所做的努力,其目的是培养公众责任感,促进采取统一和创新的战略,以全面应对和解决这一社会、科学和人道主义危机。
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引用次数: 0
Standardizing fingerprint minutiae: A comprehensive inventory and statistical analysis based on Brazilian data 指纹细节标准化:基于巴西数据的综合清单和统计分析。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112233
Gabriel Ângelo da Silva Gomes , Lílian Pedrosa Marouelli de Oliveira , Daniel da Silva Carvalho , Felipe Carlos de Araújo Brito , Raul Yukihiro Matsushita
This study introduces a comprehensive inventory of 54 fingerprint minutiae and their variations aimed at standardizing characteristic point identification within forensic science. By analyzing a strategically sampled collection of fingerprints from the Brazilian Federal Police database, stratified by sex and geographic location, our research uncovers the complex interplay between various levels of fingerprint details (L1D, L2D, and L3D) and demographic factors such as sex and finger type. The sample encompassed the entire proposed list of minutiae, affirming the diversity and representativeness of the Brazilian populace, which had, for the first time, its minutiae frequency distributions studied. This investigation proposes a systematic approach for enhancing fingerprint identification accuracy by minimizing data categorization losses and lays the groundwork for more uniform comparative studies in the field. Our findings, derived from a review of contemporary studies and traditional identification manuals, suggest a step towards establishing a universally accepted standard for fingerprint minutiae classification.
本研究介绍了 54 种指纹细微特征及其变化的综合清单,旨在使法医学中的特征点识别标准化。通过分析巴西联邦警察局数据库中按性别和地理位置分层的指纹样本,我们的研究揭示了不同层次的指纹细节(L1D、L2D 和 L3D)与性别和手指类型等人口统计学因素之间复杂的相互作用。样本涵盖了所建议的全部细部特征列表,肯定了巴西人口的多样性和代表性,这也是首次对巴西人口的细部特征频率分布进行研究。这项调查提出了一种系统方法,通过最大限度地减少数据分类损失来提高指纹识别的准确性,并为该领域更统一的比较研究奠定了基础。我们的研究结果来自于对当代研究和传统识别手册的回顾,为建立一个普遍接受的指纹细节分类标准迈出了一步。
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引用次数: 0
Sensitivity assessment of the modified ABAcard® HemaTrace® and p30 immunochromatographic test cards 改良版 ABAcard® HemaTrace® 和 p30 免疫层析检测卡的灵敏度评估
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112234
Felicia Bardan , Duncan Taylor , Julianne Henry

Operational forensic laboratories routinely perform immunological assays for detecting various body fluids. The ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® immunochromatographic tests from Abacus Diagnostics are used for detecting the p30 enzyme in human semen and human haemoglobin present in blood respectively. In early 2023, manufacturer modifications to the ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® tests resulted in a reduction in card size and volume of sample extract used in the recommended protocol. This change in card design and/or the reduced volume of sample extract may alter the sensitivity of the test. This study established and compared the limit of detection (LOD) for the old and newly modified ABAcard® p30 and HemaTrace® test cards. The LOD values showed that the new test cards were approximately 2.4-fold (HemaTrace® test) and 3.4-fold (p30 test) more sensitive than the old cards. Additionally, it was found that the new HemaTrace® test cards were more susceptible to the high dose hook effect. In response to the increased sensitivity, existing data pertaining to the reactivity of these test cards to non-target body fluid and substances warrants re-investigation to ensure positive results are interpreted correctly.

法医实验室经常使用免疫测定来检测各种体液。Abacus Diagnostics 公司的 ABAcard® p30 和 HemaTrace® 免疫层析检测试剂盒分别用于检测人类精液中的 p30 酶和血液中的人类血红蛋白。2023 年初,生产商对 ABAcard® p30 和 HemaTrace® 检测卡进行了修改,导致检测卡尺寸和推荐方案中使用的样本提取物量减少。检测卡设计的改变和/或样本提取物体积的减少可能会改变检测的灵敏度。本研究确定并比较了旧版 ABAcard® p30 和新改版 HemaTrace® 检测卡的检测限 (LOD)。检测限值显示,新检测卡的灵敏度比旧检测卡分别高出约 2.4 倍(HemaTrace® 检测)和 3.4 倍(p30 检测)。此外,还发现新的 HemaTrace® 检测卡更容易受到高剂量钩效应的影响。鉴于灵敏度的提高,需要重新调查与这些检测卡对非目标体液和物质的反应性有关的现有数据,以确保正确解释阳性结果。
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引用次数: 0
Degradation and preservation of nitrites in whole blood 全血中亚硝酸盐的降解和保存
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112232
Juan He , Wenlong Liu , Xinxin Ren , Ding Ding , Lingfang He , Yunfeng Zhang , Bo Qiu

Understanding the factors that influence nitrite degradation in whole blood and developing methods for its stable preservation are crucial for ensuring accurate and reliable forensic identification in cases of nitrite poisoning. This study systematically monitored nitrite degradation and changes in hemoglobin proportions across different initial nitrite concentrations and blood samples. It was revealed that high nitrite concentrations rapidly reduced deoxyhemoglobin levels within the first 15 minutes and subsequently reacted with oxyhemoglobin at a slower rate. Therefore, the proportions of these two hemoglobin forms are key factors in determining nitrite degradation rates. Regarding preservation, the study examined the effects of low temperatures (4°C and −20°C) and various preservatives (potassium ferricyanide, N-ethylmaleimide) on nitrite stability. The results indicate that adding 6.6 g/L potassium ferricyanide can rapidly eliminate all deoxyhemoglobin and reduce oxyhemoglobin proportions to below 60 %, enabling stable preservation of high nitrite concentrations in whole blood for over 30 days at −20°C. The efficacy of potassium ferricyanide was further validated in forensic-acquired postmortem heart blood samples.

了解影响亚硝酸盐在全血中降解的因素并开发稳定保存亚硝酸盐的方法,对于确保亚硝酸盐中毒案件中准确可靠的法医鉴定至关重要。这项研究系统地监测了不同初始亚硝酸盐浓度和血液样本中亚硝酸盐的降解和血红蛋白比例的变化。结果表明,高浓度亚硝酸盐会在最初 15 分钟内迅速降低脱氧血红蛋白水平,随后与氧合血红蛋白的反应速度较慢。因此,这两种血红蛋白形式的比例是决定亚硝酸盐降解速度的关键因素。在保存方面,研究考察了低温(4°C 和 -20°C)和各种防腐剂(铁氰化钾、N-乙基马来酰亚胺)对亚硝酸盐稳定性的影响。结果表明,加入 6.6 克/升的铁氰化钾可迅速消除所有脱氧血红蛋白,并将氧合血红蛋白的比例降至 60% 以下,从而使高浓度亚硝酸盐在-20°C 下在全血中稳定保存 30 天以上。铁氰化钾的功效在法医获得的死后心脏血液样本中得到了进一步验证。
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引用次数: 0
Post mortem chiral analysis of MDMA and MDA in human blood and hair 对人体血液和毛发中的亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺和甲基苯丙胺进行尸检手性分析
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112226
Julian Bickel , Alexander Müller , Hilke Jungen , Anne Szewczyk , Jörg Teske , Uta Küpper , Hilke Andresen-Streichert , Benjamin Ondruschka , Stefanie Iwersen-Bergmann

Drug-related fatalities in the EU are predominantly associated with opioids. MDMA (Ecstasy) consumption results in fewer lethal intoxications despite its widespread use. This study investigates MDMA-related fatalities, focusing on enantiomer ratios of MDMA and its metabolite MDA to explore the role of metabolism in fatal outcomes. MDMA induces euphoria, increased empathy, and physiological effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and hyperthermia. Metabolism mainly involves CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, with polymorphism of the latter influencing metabolism rates. Our institute observed several MDMA-related fatalities, which prompted an investigation into the potential role of inefficient drug metabolism in these cases. A novel quantitative chiral analysis method was developed and validated for MDMA, MDA, amphetamine and methamphetamine enantiomers in human blood. Analysis of post mortem blood samples from eleven MDMA-related fatalities exhibited a wide range of concentrations and enantiomer ratios. Variability in R/S MDMA ratios, however, could be linked to the time period of metabolism. Hair analysis revealed high MDMA concentrations in all segments, irrespective of prior drug abuse anamnesis. Therefore, hair analysis may not be suitable for the assessment of past drug use in ecstasy-related fatalities. The results indicated that elevated levels of the MDMA enantiomer are correlated with longer survival times in cases of intoxication. However, there was no clear evidence for slowed MDMA metabolism as a cause of lethal intoxications. While challenges remain due to the diversity of cases, this study contributes valuable insights into ecstasy intoxications, aiding future interpretation of post mortem analysis.

在欧盟,与毒品有关的死亡事故主要与阿片类药物有关。尽管摇头丸(MDMA)被广泛使用,但其致死性中毒事件较少。本研究调查了与摇头丸相关的死亡事故,重点研究了摇头丸及其代谢物 MDA 的对映体比率,以探讨代谢在致命结果中的作用。亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)可引起兴奋、移情作用增强以及心动过速、高血压和高热等生理效应。代谢主要涉及 CYP1A2 和 CYP2D6,后者的多态性会影响代谢率。我们研究所发现了几起与摇头丸有关的死亡病例,这促使我们对药物代谢效率低下在这些病例中的潜在作用进行调查。针对人体血液中的 MDMA、MDA、苯丙胺和甲基苯丙胺对映体,开发并验证了一种新型手性定量分析方法。对 11 例与亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)相关的死亡病例的尸检血液样本进行分析后发现,其浓度和对映体比率范围很广。不过,R/S 亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺比率的变化可能与新陈代谢的时间段有关。毛发分析表明,无论之前是否有吸毒史,所有样本中的亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺浓度都很高。因此,毛发分析可能不适合用于评估与摇头丸有关的死亡事故中以往吸毒情况。研究结果表明,亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺对映体浓度升高与中毒者存活时间延长有关。不过,没有明确证据表明亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺代谢减慢是导致致命中毒的原因。虽然由于病例的多样性而仍然存在挑战,但本研究为摇头丸中毒提供了宝贵的见解,有助于今后对尸检分析的解释。
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引用次数: 0
Intersection of CBRN, military forensic science, and counterterrorism 化学、生物、辐射和核(CBRN)、军事法医学和反恐的交叉点
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112218
Lauren Wilson , Paul Roffey , Kevin Lothridge , Sen Sgt Andy Rowan , Frank Crispino
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required that forensic science was used beyond the traditional law enforcement and criminal justice goals and applied to military operations. The 9/11 terror attacks in the United States (US) inspired further attacks in the Western World and highlighted the importance of national and international intelligence sharing for counterterrorism operations. Following the 9/11 attacks, anthrax was disseminated in the US mail system, demonstrating a successful modern use of biological agents. As a result, nations enhanced their Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) capabilities to prevent, prepare, respond, and recover from CBRN attacks but in the last decade, there has been a decrease in capabilities across military forensic science, counterterrorism, and CBRN. Recent changes in the global and strategic environment such as, the war in the Ukraine, the threat of grey zone conflicts (below the threshold of war) such as the conflict in the Middle East, and strategic competition, indicates international, national, state and local CBRN capabilities need to be reinvigorated in a world under digital transformations. There is a need for a harmonized approach to enhance the integration of military, law enforcement, and CBRN operations to support decision-making. In this paper, we look back to where we have come from and where we are now to make recommendations on where to from here for military forensic science and counterterrorism, including CBRN which intersects both of these systems.
伊拉克战争和阿富汗战争要求法医学的使用超越传统的执法和刑事司法目标,并应用于军事行动。在美国发生的 9/11 恐怖袭击事件激发了西方世界的进一步袭击,并凸显了国家和国际情报共享对于反恐行动的重要性。9/11 袭击发生后,炭疽在美国邮件系统中传播,表明现代生物制剂的使用取得了成功。因此,各国加强了化学、生物、辐射和核(CBRN)能力,以预防、准备、应对 CBRN 袭击并从中恢复,但在过去十年中,军事法医学、反恐和 CBRN 方面的能力有所下降。近期全球战略环境的变化,如乌克兰战争、中东冲突等灰色地带冲突(低于战争门槛)的威胁,以及战略竞争,都表明国际、国家、州和地方的化学、生物、辐射和核能力需要在数字化转型的世界中重新焕发活力。我们需要一种统一的方法来加强军事、执法和 CBRN 行动的整合,为决策提供支持。在本文中,我们回顾了我们的过去和现在,并就军事法医学和反恐(包括与这两个系统交叉的 CBRN)的未来发展提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
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Forensic science international
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