Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2020.1737582
Hailay Girmay, Sarah Tewoldeberhan, Hadgu Hishe, Zemede Asfaw Z. Asfaw, Morgan L. Ruelle, A. Power
ABSTRACT The population structure, phenotypic differences and ethnobotanical knowledge of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae) were studied in Kunama- and Tigrigna-speaking communities in the Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. A vegetation survey on 902 plots of 400 m2 each was conducted along riparian forests and farmlands. Seed and pod morphology of sweet and sour morphotypes was compared based on 6 pods/tree from 20 trees. Thirty-two key informants and 256 randomly selected general informants were interviewed about the use and management of tamarind. Tree densities differed significantly among sociocultural groups and land use. Relatively more trees (6.0–17.5 individuals per hectare) were found in riparian forests as compared to farmland (4.0–7.8). Stem diameter class distribution has a bell-shape, indicating a regeneration problem. Morphological characteristics (pod length, pod width, pod weight, seed weight, pulp weight, and the number of seeds per pod) differed significantly between sour and sweet tamarind morphotypes (p < .05). Interviews identified seven use categories of tamarind, including human and veterinary medicines and five food types, with a greater number of uses mentioned within Kunama communities. Results can be used to support the sustainable use of tamarind in riparian forests and on farms, including conservation of varietal diversity based on the complementary knowledge of both communities.
{"title":"Use and management of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae) local morphotypes by communities in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Hailay Girmay, Sarah Tewoldeberhan, Hadgu Hishe, Zemede Asfaw Z. Asfaw, Morgan L. Ruelle, A. Power","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2020.1737582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2020.1737582","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The population structure, phenotypic differences and ethnobotanical knowledge of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L., Fabaceae) were studied in Kunama- and Tigrigna-speaking communities in the Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. A vegetation survey on 902 plots of 400 m2 each was conducted along riparian forests and farmlands. Seed and pod morphology of sweet and sour morphotypes was compared based on 6 pods/tree from 20 trees. Thirty-two key informants and 256 randomly selected general informants were interviewed about the use and management of tamarind. Tree densities differed significantly among sociocultural groups and land use. Relatively more trees (6.0–17.5 individuals per hectare) were found in riparian forests as compared to farmland (4.0–7.8). Stem diameter class distribution has a bell-shape, indicating a regeneration problem. Morphological characteristics (pod length, pod width, pod weight, seed weight, pulp weight, and the number of seeds per pod) differed significantly between sour and sweet tamarind morphotypes (p < .05). Interviews identified seven use categories of tamarind, including human and veterinary medicines and five food types, with a greater number of uses mentioned within Kunama communities. Results can be used to support the sustainable use of tamarind in riparian forests and on farms, including conservation of varietal diversity based on the complementary knowledge of both communities.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"81 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2020.1737582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41690258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-28DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2020.1722259
A. N. Pachas, J. Newby, Phonekham Siphommachan, S. Sakanphet, M. Dieters
ABSTRACT Broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) is an important non-timber forest product throughout the northern provinces of Lao PDR, playing akey role in the livelihoods of rural populations during the dry season from December to February. Nevertheless, the market chain of broom grass in Laos has been poorly documented and described. This study involved 85 semi-structured interviews with collectors or traders of broom grass in three districts of Luang Prabang province, and aims to better understand the market chain of broom grass. Collectors (smallholder farmers and their families) rely on two sources of broom grass: wild material collected from communal lands, and to alesser extent, harvested from their upland fields, with very little broom grass specifically planted as acrop. The collection, processing, and marketing of broom grass involved all members of the household, ranging in age from 4 to 80 years; however, the female members (women and girls) have adominant role, participating in all activities from collection to sale of broom grass. The study has identified key points of the market chain of broom grass where efforts may improve returns to smallholder farmers. Investments to support the development of this industry will have social, economic, and environmental benefits.
{"title":"Broom grass in Lao PDR: a market chain analysis in Luang Prabang Province","authors":"A. N. Pachas, J. Newby, Phonekham Siphommachan, S. Sakanphet, M. Dieters","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2020.1722259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2020.1722259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) is an important non-timber forest product throughout the northern provinces of Lao PDR, playing akey role in the livelihoods of rural populations during the dry season from December to February. Nevertheless, the market chain of broom grass in Laos has been poorly documented and described. This study involved 85 semi-structured interviews with collectors or traders of broom grass in three districts of Luang Prabang province, and aims to better understand the market chain of broom grass. Collectors (smallholder farmers and their families) rely on two sources of broom grass: wild material collected from communal lands, and to alesser extent, harvested from their upland fields, with very little broom grass specifically planted as acrop. The collection, processing, and marketing of broom grass involved all members of the household, ranging in age from 4 to 80 years; however, the female members (women and girls) have adominant role, participating in all activities from collection to sale of broom grass. The study has identified key points of the market chain of broom grass where efforts may improve returns to smallholder farmers. Investments to support the development of this industry will have social, economic, and environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"63 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2020.1722259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42571915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1670740
A. Starke, C. Geldenhuys, T. O’Connor, C. Everson
ABSTRACT Expansion of natural forest or woodland in forestry plantations can potentially provide insight about the behaviour of plant communities in human-modified ecosystems. Here, we investigate the expansion of native woody vegetation into abandoned areas within timber plantations, whereby management decisions (and consequently different conditions of land abandonment) had led to variation in vegetation composition and structure. These differences were assessed to identify native species suitable for agroforestry systems within forestry plantations. Elements of sub-tropical dry forest (the reference forest) had expanded into (i) clear-felled and then abandoned plantations, and (ii) unharvested abandoned plantations. Two-way indicator species analysis, Non-metric multidimensional scaling, and Indicator species analysis were used to describe compositional intergradation between natural forest and secondary vegetation, and to assess correlation with environmental variables of fire and stand structure. Areas of vegetation expansion contained 53 native woody species from 26 families, about half the number sampled in the reference forest. The understory composition of unharvested plantation sites closely resembled regrowth forest, whereas clear-felled plantations had developed a species composition resembling woodland, comprising savanna species. Substantial intergradation among compositions of woodland, plantations and regrowth forest implied that regrowth forest was a likely propagule source for native species, but that past plantation management practices acted as an environmental filter resulting in slightly different vegetation types. Useful woody species Sclerocarya birrea, Vangueria infausta, Trichilia emetica, Strychnos spinosa, Annona senegalensis, and Hyphaene coriaceae were considered ecologically suitable for testing in silvo-pasture agroforestry systems owing to their occurrence in disturbed, open-canopy, fire-exposed environments (see also the graphical abstract in the supplemental files).
{"title":"Forest and woodland expansion into forestry plantations informs screening for native agroforestry species, Maputaland South Africa","authors":"A. Starke, C. Geldenhuys, T. O’Connor, C. Everson","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1670740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1670740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Expansion of natural forest or woodland in forestry plantations can potentially provide insight about the behaviour of plant communities in human-modified ecosystems. Here, we investigate the expansion of native woody vegetation into abandoned areas within timber plantations, whereby management decisions (and consequently different conditions of land abandonment) had led to variation in vegetation composition and structure. These differences were assessed to identify native species suitable for agroforestry systems within forestry plantations. Elements of sub-tropical dry forest (the reference forest) had expanded into (i) clear-felled and then abandoned plantations, and (ii) unharvested abandoned plantations. Two-way indicator species analysis, Non-metric multidimensional scaling, and Indicator species analysis were used to describe compositional intergradation between natural forest and secondary vegetation, and to assess correlation with environmental variables of fire and stand structure. Areas of vegetation expansion contained 53 native woody species from 26 families, about half the number sampled in the reference forest. The understory composition of unharvested plantation sites closely resembled regrowth forest, whereas clear-felled plantations had developed a species composition resembling woodland, comprising savanna species. Substantial intergradation among compositions of woodland, plantations and regrowth forest implied that regrowth forest was a likely propagule source for native species, but that past plantation management practices acted as an environmental filter resulting in slightly different vegetation types. Useful woody species Sclerocarya birrea, Vangueria infausta, Trichilia emetica, Strychnos spinosa, Annona senegalensis, and Hyphaene coriaceae were considered ecologically suitable for testing in silvo-pasture agroforestry systems owing to their occurrence in disturbed, open-canopy, fire-exposed environments (see also the graphical abstract in the supplemental files).","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1670740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42673295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1685410
Njoroge M. Julius, Muthuri W. Catherine, K. Shem, N. John, Sinclair Fergus
ABSTRACT Given that crop yield in smallholder farms is influenced by rainfall and soil variability, farmers have designed strategies to address water deficit and enhance productivity, including adopting agroforestry. However, there is insufficient evidence demonstrating the combined effect of rainfall variability, soil heterogeneity and agroforestry treatment on maize productivity in semi-arid Kenya. We evaluated performance of agroforestry trees (Vachellia seyal, V. xanthophloea, Cordia africana, Faidherbia albida and Grevillea robusta) in monoculture and mixed-species treatments in a long-term experiment in Kiambu, Kenya, and their influence on maize intercrop. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design having a mix of Cambisol and Vertisol soils. Tree growth and phenology was monitored monthly while maize yield assessed in four cropping seasons. Growth was higher in 2014 for all species compared to other years (P < .001). Cordia africana and F. albida in mixed stand and Cambisols exceeded those in monoculture and Vertisols (P < .001). Maize yield grown under C. africana and mixed-species during 2015/16 season was 54% and 44% higher than the control with corresponding canopy transmittance values of 18% and 24% respectively. Maize yield was highest in 2013/14 season (4.2 t ha−1) with rainfall distribution affecting productivity in 2014/15 season whereby 74% of rainfall was received in 1 month resulting in crop failure. These findings demonstrate the reality of climate (rainfall) variability, and the influence of soil properties heterogeneity while supporting call for mixed-species and encouraging efforts aimed at forecasting rainfall patterns as this affects farming operations.
考虑到小农作物产量受降雨和土壤变异的影响，农民设计了解决缺水和提高生产力的策略，包括采用农林业。然而，在半干旱的肯尼亚，没有足够的证据表明降雨变异、土壤异质性和农林业处理对玉米生产力的综合影响。在肯尼亚Kiambu进行了一项长期试验，评估了农林业树木(Vachellia seal, V. xanthophloea, Cordia africana, Faidherbia albida和Grevillea robusta)在单一和混合树种处理下的表现，以及它们对玉米间作的影响。试验采用随机完全块设计，混合使用Cambisol和Vertisol土壤。每月监测树木生长和物候，在四个种植季节评估玉米产量。2014年所有物种的生长均高于其他年份(P < 0.001)。混交林和cambisol中的非洲山茱萸和albida在单作林和versolol中的含量均高于单作林和versolol (P < 0.001)。2015/16季，非洲玉米和混合玉米的产量分别比对照高54%和44%，冠层透过率分别为18%和24%。玉米产量在2013/14季节最高(4.2 t ha - 1)，降雨分布影响了2014/15季节的生产力，其中一个月降雨量达到74%，导致作物歉收。这些发现证明了气候(降雨)可变性的现实，以及土壤性质异质性的影响，同时支持了对混合物种的呼吁，并鼓励了旨在预测降雨模式的努力，因为这影响到农业经营。
{"title":"Rainfall variability, soil heterogeneity, and role of trees in influencing maize productivity—the case from an on-station agroforestry experiment in semi-arid Kenya","authors":"Njoroge M. Julius, Muthuri W. Catherine, K. Shem, N. John, Sinclair Fergus","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1685410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1685410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Given that crop yield in smallholder farms is influenced by rainfall and soil variability, farmers have designed strategies to address water deficit and enhance productivity, including adopting agroforestry. However, there is insufficient evidence demonstrating the combined effect of rainfall variability, soil heterogeneity and agroforestry treatment on maize productivity in semi-arid Kenya. We evaluated performance of agroforestry trees (Vachellia seyal, V. xanthophloea, Cordia africana, Faidherbia albida and Grevillea robusta) in monoculture and mixed-species treatments in a long-term experiment in Kiambu, Kenya, and their influence on maize intercrop. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design having a mix of Cambisol and Vertisol soils. Tree growth and phenology was monitored monthly while maize yield assessed in four cropping seasons. Growth was higher in 2014 for all species compared to other years (P < .001). Cordia africana and F. albida in mixed stand and Cambisols exceeded those in monoculture and Vertisols (P < .001). Maize yield grown under C. africana and mixed-species during 2015/16 season was 54% and 44% higher than the control with corresponding canopy transmittance values of 18% and 24% respectively. Maize yield was highest in 2013/14 season (4.2 t ha−1) with rainfall distribution affecting productivity in 2014/15 season whereby 74% of rainfall was received in 1 month resulting in crop failure. These findings demonstrate the reality of climate (rainfall) variability, and the influence of soil properties heterogeneity while supporting call for mixed-species and encouraging efforts aimed at forecasting rainfall patterns as this affects farming operations.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"34 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1685410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44722081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1678526
A. S. K. Ngute, M. Dongmo, J. A. M. Effa, E. M. Ambombo Onguene, Judicael Fomekong Lontchi, A. Cuni‐Sanchez
ABSTRACT Caterpillars are among the most consumed, traded and economically valuable edible insects in the tropics, where they are excellent sources of proteins and fats for many indigenous peoples. Despite their contribution to global food security, little is known about the species traded as well as their host plants. Through market surveys, semi-structured interviews and field observations, we identified the edible caterpillars’ species commercialized in the Centre region of Cameroon and their host plants, estimated weights and retail values, examined perceptions of change over time, and discussed implications for management. Eleven species of caterpillars and 18 host trees were identified. Seven species accounted for a total of 69482 kg worth US$163,565 being traded annually by interviewed vendors (N = 32). Caterpillars were sold either fresh or smoked, and prices varied significantly among species and urban/rural markets. All hosts were trees from lowland rainforests, most having multiple uses (e.g. medicine, timber). Most vendors reported a decrease in caterpillar species’ abundance, mainly attributed to logging of host trees and climatic changes. Future management efforts could be centered on promoting semi-domestication of edible caterpillars and raising awareness on cultivation techniques of host trees.
{"title":"Edible caterpillars in central Cameroon: host plants, value, harvesting, and availability","authors":"A. S. K. Ngute, M. Dongmo, J. A. M. Effa, E. M. Ambombo Onguene, Judicael Fomekong Lontchi, A. Cuni‐Sanchez","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1678526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1678526","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Caterpillars are among the most consumed, traded and economically valuable edible insects in the tropics, where they are excellent sources of proteins and fats for many indigenous peoples. Despite their contribution to global food security, little is known about the species traded as well as their host plants. Through market surveys, semi-structured interviews and field observations, we identified the edible caterpillars’ species commercialized in the Centre region of Cameroon and their host plants, estimated weights and retail values, examined perceptions of change over time, and discussed implications for management. Eleven species of caterpillars and 18 host trees were identified. Seven species accounted for a total of 69482 kg worth US$163,565 being traded annually by interviewed vendors (N = 32). Caterpillars were sold either fresh or smoked, and prices varied significantly among species and urban/rural markets. All hosts were trees from lowland rainforests, most having multiple uses (e.g. medicine, timber). Most vendors reported a decrease in caterpillar species’ abundance, mainly attributed to logging of host trees and climatic changes. Future management efforts could be centered on promoting semi-domestication of edible caterpillars and raising awareness on cultivation techniques of host trees.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"16 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1678526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49603325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1686071
Tim Smith
ABSTRACT Engagement with the natural world is a key aspect to its protection, and so knowing what species the public can identify is important in allocating often limited time and resources. This study examines a data-set of photographic identification that were sent to the Woodland Trust to be identified. The analysis found that deciduous rather than evergreen trees were most frequently queried, with Spring and Autumn the most active seasons for engagement. Individual genus and species were isolated from the data, more variable species appearing to be most often queried. Suggestions on how these data can be utilised are given, as well as its limitations.
{"title":"Assessing the UK public’s ability to identify trees using the analysis of photographic queries","authors":"Tim Smith","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1686071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1686071","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Engagement with the natural world is a key aspect to its protection, and so knowing what species the public can identify is important in allocating often limited time and resources. This study examines a data-set of photographic identification that were sent to the Woodland Trust to be identified. The analysis found that deciduous rather than evergreen trees were most frequently queried, with Spring and Autumn the most active seasons for engagement. Individual genus and species were isolated from the data, more variable species appearing to be most often queried. Suggestions on how these data can be utilised are given, as well as its limitations.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"29 1","pages":"53 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1686071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45253149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-29DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1670099
D. A. Mbibong, G. Kanmegne, Fotso
ABSTRACT The amenability of Xylopia aethiopica to vegetative propagation was assessed. Twelve auxin treatments and three ranges of leaf area were investigated for their effects on the propagation of stem cuttings in non-mist propagator. Results showed that the highest mortality rate (58.3%) was recorded with leafless cuttings while the lowest (5%) was recorded with 25–35 cm2 leaf area cuttings. There was no linearity in the relationship between auxin concentration and the mortality rate. Cuttings with 10–15 cm2 and those with 25–35 cm2 leaf areas rooted at higher percentages (74.5% and 73.6%, respectively) than leafless cuttings which rooted at 32%. Considering all leaf areas together the highest rooting percentage (90%) was recorded with 1% IBA powder while the lowest (22.2%) was recorded with the control. Whilst leaf area did not affect roots count, the highest mean number of roots per cutting (7.6) was recorded with 1% IBA powder. IBA powder treatment at 1% and 25–35 cm2 leaf area resulted in the highest mean root biomass (520.6 and 480.5 mg/cutting, respectively). The use of cuttings with 25–35 cm2 leaf area and treatment with 1% (w/w) IBA powder is thus recommended for vegetative propagation of X. aethiopica through stem cutting.
{"title":"Exogenous auxins and leaf area affect the rooting of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal A. Rich.) stem cuttings","authors":"D. A. Mbibong, G. Kanmegne, Fotso","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1670099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1670099","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The amenability of Xylopia aethiopica to vegetative propagation was assessed. Twelve auxin treatments and three ranges of leaf area were investigated for their effects on the propagation of stem cuttings in non-mist propagator. Results showed that the highest mortality rate (58.3%) was recorded with leafless cuttings while the lowest (5%) was recorded with 25–35 cm2 leaf area cuttings. There was no linearity in the relationship between auxin concentration and the mortality rate. Cuttings with 10–15 cm2 and those with 25–35 cm2 leaf areas rooted at higher percentages (74.5% and 73.6%, respectively) than leafless cuttings which rooted at 32%. Considering all leaf areas together the highest rooting percentage (90%) was recorded with 1% IBA powder while the lowest (22.2%) was recorded with the control. Whilst leaf area did not affect roots count, the highest mean number of roots per cutting (7.6) was recorded with 1% IBA powder. IBA powder treatment at 1% and 25–35 cm2 leaf area resulted in the highest mean root biomass (520.6 and 480.5 mg/cutting, respectively). The use of cuttings with 25–35 cm2 leaf area and treatment with 1% (w/w) IBA powder is thus recommended for vegetative propagation of X. aethiopica through stem cutting.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"28 1","pages":"281 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1670099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46073268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1659861
Monica A. Omondi, F. K. Rimberia, C. Wainaina, J. Mukundi, Justine Orina, J. Gebauer, K. Kehlenbeck
ABSTRACT Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an indigenous fruit tree of great importance in African drylands. In Kenya, the species’ potential is not fully utilized and domestication could help in increasing its usage. This study aimed at assessing the variability in morphological fruit traits and productivity of baobab trees in two regions of Kenya in order to select superiorelite trees for domestication. Data were collected from 71 fruiting baobab trees in the coastal area of Kilifi County and the inland regions of Kitui and Makueni Counties. All fruits per tree were counted and 10 fruits harvested for morphological characterisation. Productivity per tree was calculated and correlation analysis between selected fruit traits performed. Most (60%) of the 71 studied trees had ellipsoid fruit shapes. Median productivity in weight of fruits per tree was significantly higher in accessions from the coast (87.7 kg/tree) than from the inland region (29.5 kg/tree; p < .001). Median fruit length and weight were significantly higher in the coastal as compared to the inland region (22.1 versus 14.2 cm and 376 versus 155 g, respectively; p < .001 for both). Similarly, median pulp weight was significantly higher in samples from the coast than from the inland region (61.3 versus 27.2 g; p < .001), while pulp proportion was similar between the regions (median 16.9% of the whole fruit weight, range 13–23%). Fruit weight correlated significantly with pulp weight (r = 0.948; p < .001), but not with pulp proportion. Two superiorelite trees with high fruit weight, high pulp proportion and intermediate or sweet tasting fruit pulp were selected each in the two research regions. Further studies including genetic characterization should be done to identify the sources of variation among the trees in Kenya. Our findings may contribute to the domestication and increased utilization of this important indigenous fruit tree in Kenya and beyond.
{"title":"Fruit morphological diversity and productivity of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in coastal and lower eastern Kenya","authors":"Monica A. Omondi, F. K. Rimberia, C. Wainaina, J. Mukundi, Justine Orina, J. Gebauer, K. Kehlenbeck","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1659861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1659861","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an indigenous fruit tree of great importance in African drylands. In Kenya, the species’ potential is not fully utilized and domestication could help in increasing its usage. This study aimed at assessing the variability in morphological fruit traits and productivity of baobab trees in two regions of Kenya in order to select superiorelite trees for domestication. Data were collected from 71 fruiting baobab trees in the coastal area of Kilifi County and the inland regions of Kitui and Makueni Counties. All fruits per tree were counted and 10 fruits harvested for morphological characterisation. Productivity per tree was calculated and correlation analysis between selected fruit traits performed. Most (60%) of the 71 studied trees had ellipsoid fruit shapes. Median productivity in weight of fruits per tree was significantly higher in accessions from the coast (87.7 kg/tree) than from the inland region (29.5 kg/tree; p < .001). Median fruit length and weight were significantly higher in the coastal as compared to the inland region (22.1 versus 14.2 cm and 376 versus 155 g, respectively; p < .001 for both). Similarly, median pulp weight was significantly higher in samples from the coast than from the inland region (61.3 versus 27.2 g; p < .001), while pulp proportion was similar between the regions (median 16.9% of the whole fruit weight, range 13–23%). Fruit weight correlated significantly with pulp weight (r = 0.948; p < .001), but not with pulp proportion. Two superiorelite trees with high fruit weight, high pulp proportion and intermediate or sweet tasting fruit pulp were selected each in the two research regions. Further studies including genetic characterization should be done to identify the sources of variation among the trees in Kenya. Our findings may contribute to the domestication and increased utilization of this important indigenous fruit tree in Kenya and beyond.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"28 1","pages":"266 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1659861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46765310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1643793
U. Dembélé, Yénizié Koné, A. Lykke, B. Témé, A. Kouyaté
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the local market part of the value chain of Carapa procera oil in Mali. The data were collected in four local markets using semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups and participant observations. Three sources of oil supply were identified, one national and two from neighbouring countries. Semi-wholesalers obtained the highest profit margins per litre. Four marketing channels were identified, and the profit margins of traders varied depending on the channel. The market concentration ratio showed an oligopoly market structure, indicating that the market was not competitive. The average annual income of traders was US$ 221.53, which represented 63.3% of the poverty threshold estimated at US$ 350 in 2016 in Mali. However, there is a potential for much higher gains and a more efficient marketing system. Knowledge about the structure and distribution of profits and margins along the market part of the value chain provides information to policy makers about the potential for improving the income of traders and other actors and also highlights the opportunities that the marketing of oil could contribute to local and national economies.
{"title":"Market value chain of Carapa procera oil and its contribution to income and poverty alleviation in Mali","authors":"U. Dembélé, Yénizié Koné, A. Lykke, B. Témé, A. Kouyaté","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1643793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1643793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the local market part of the value chain of Carapa procera oil in Mali. The data were collected in four local markets using semi-structured individual interviews, focus groups and participant observations. Three sources of oil supply were identified, one national and two from neighbouring countries. Semi-wholesalers obtained the highest profit margins per litre. Four marketing channels were identified, and the profit margins of traders varied depending on the channel. The market concentration ratio showed an oligopoly market structure, indicating that the market was not competitive. The average annual income of traders was US$ 221.53, which represented 63.3% of the poverty threshold estimated at US$ 350 in 2016 in Mali. However, there is a potential for much higher gains and a more efficient marketing system. Knowledge about the structure and distribution of profits and margins along the market part of the value chain provides information to policy makers about the potential for improving the income of traders and other actors and also highlights the opportunities that the marketing of oil could contribute to local and national economies.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"28 1","pages":"253 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1643793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41634122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-21DOI: 10.1080/14728028.2019.1643792
Mariama B. Diallo, P. Akponikpè, D. Fatondji, T. Abasse, E. Agbossou
ABSTRACT Soil sampling was conducted in a semi-arid region of Niger to study the long-term differential impacts of trees and shrubs on soil chemical properties. The sampling considered three factors: species, position to trunk (underneath crown, crown neighborhood, control) and soil horizon depth. Two shrub species (Annona senegalensis and Combretum aculeatum), and two tree species (Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum) were investigated. We analyzed the following soil properties and nutrients: pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Ammonium-N (NH4), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg). The results showed that the trees significantly affected each soil property considered, although with different magnitudes according to species. F. albida and P. reticulatum improved soil quality more than the other two species for almost all the investigated soil parameters. The effect of tree/shrub species on soil fertility extended to crown neighborhood. On average, all soil nutrients contents except Mg were consistently higher directly under crown compared to crown neighborhood and control position. We recommend that tree planting or Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) in agroforestry parklands be guided not only by the common objectives of improving soil fertility and producing food and fodder, but also consider the selection of the appropriate tree species.
{"title":"Long-term differential effects of tree species on soil nutrients and fertility improvement in agroforestry parklands of the Sahelian Niger","authors":"Mariama B. Diallo, P. Akponikpè, D. Fatondji, T. Abasse, E. Agbossou","doi":"10.1080/14728028.2019.1643792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1643792","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil sampling was conducted in a semi-arid region of Niger to study the long-term differential impacts of trees and shrubs on soil chemical properties. The sampling considered three factors: species, position to trunk (underneath crown, crown neighborhood, control) and soil horizon depth. Two shrub species (Annona senegalensis and Combretum aculeatum), and two tree species (Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum) were investigated. We analyzed the following soil properties and nutrients: pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Ammonium-N (NH4), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg). The results showed that the trees significantly affected each soil property considered, although with different magnitudes according to species. F. albida and P. reticulatum improved soil quality more than the other two species for almost all the investigated soil parameters. The effect of tree/shrub species on soil fertility extended to crown neighborhood. On average, all soil nutrients contents except Mg were consistently higher directly under crown compared to crown neighborhood and control position. We recommend that tree planting or Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) in agroforestry parklands be guided not only by the common objectives of improving soil fertility and producing food and fodder, but also consider the selection of the appropriate tree species.","PeriodicalId":12422,"journal":{"name":"Forests, Trees and Livelihoods","volume":"28 1","pages":"240 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14728028.2019.1643792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47101045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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