Frontiers in Nutrition最新文献

The selective breeding of beef cattle plays an important role in meeting the growing demand for beef and improving production performance. This study used fattened cattle of the Simmental (S) breed, and two crossbreeds: Simmental × Mongolian (SM) and Simmental × Holstein (SH), which were healthy, of similar age and weight. The results showed that the blood glucose (GLU) levels of the crossbred, genetically improved SM and SH groups were higher than that of the S group. Compared with the S group, there were 49 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the SM group, of which 18 genes were up-regulated and 31 genes were down-regulated; and 1,031 DEGs in the SH group, of which 251 genes were up-regulated and 780 genes were down-regulated. We found that crossbreeding may increase GLU levels in the blood by upregulating cytochrome C oxidase subunit 3 (COX3) gene expression and downregulating of PRSS2, providing glycogen to the organism, and therefore enhancing GLU-converting capacity. This study highlighted the differences in feed utilization and energy metabolism among crossbred breeds and provides theoretical support for crossbreeding as a means of selecting breeds and improving beef cattle production. However, the expression of the genes were not validated in the present experiments, and these results need further validation.

Respiratory diseases are a leading cause of morbidity in children globally, with significant healthcare costs. The overuse of conventional treatments like antibiotics has raised concerns about antibiotic resistance and side effects. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), one of the most extensively studied probiotics, has gained attention as a potential adjunct therapies due to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota and immune responses. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of LGG in managing pediatric respiratory diseases, including respiratory tract infections (RTI), cystic fibrosis (CF), and asthma. Clinical trials suggest LGG can reduce the incidence and severity of RTI, improving CF symptoms, and enhancing quality of life in children. However, evidence for its benefits in asthma remains inconclusive. Its mechanisms include modulating immune responses, enhancing gut barrier function, and maintaining a microbial homeostasis via the gut-lung axis. Existing studies are often limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity in intervention protocols, and short follow-up periods. Emerging technologies and novel formulations, hold promise for unraveling the complex interactions among LGG, the gut-lung axis, and respiratory health. These advancements could pave the way for personalized probiotic therapies, highlighting the potential of LGG as a cost-effective, adjunctive therapy for pediatric respiratory diseases. This review underscores the broader significance of integrating LGG into pediatric healthcare, while calling for future research to overcome current limitations, optimize clinical protocols, and explore innovative therapeutic strategies.

Backgrounds: Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) has been shown to benefit both individual health and the planet. However, its impact on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PHDI adherence and the MASLD risk.

Methods: We analyzed a cohort of 15,865 adults (aged ≥18 years) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2018). The PHDI was derived from 24-h dietary assessments and comprised the scores of 15 food groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between PHDI and MASLD, while restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression and threshold analysis were employed to explore potential non-linear relationship. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of various demographic and clinical characteristics on the observed associations. Mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the indirect effect of PHDI on MASLD, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was used to assess the influence of individual PHDI nutrients on MASLD.

Results: Among the cohort, 6,125 individuals were diagnosed with MASLD. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a higher quintile of PHDI was significantly associated with reduced MASLD risk in the fully adjusted model (OR = 0.610, 95%CI 0.508-0.733, p < 0.001). Notably, nonlinear relationships between PHDI and MASLD risk were observed through RCS analysis (p = 0.002). Subgroup analyses indicated that PHDI was particularly effective in reducing MASLD risk among females, those with higher education attainment, and those living with a partner. WQS regression identified saturated fatty acids as the most significant factor contributing to MASLD risk (weight = 0.313). Additionally, BMI and waist circumference (81.47 and 87.66%, respectively) partially mediated the association between PHDI and MASLD risk, suggesting that the effect of PHDI on MASLD operates, in part, through its impact on BMI and waist circumference. The association between PHDI and MASLD remained robust across multiple sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that adherence to PHDI is linked to a lower risk of MASLD, providing crucial insights for strategies aimed at mitigating the MASLD epidemic while simultaneously fostering environmental sustainability.

Background: The inflammation score is currently regarded as a reliable composite index for comprehensive assessment of inflammatory status. However, the relationship between inflammation score and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore the association of inflammatory score with CVD, as well as to evaluate whether adhering to a healthy lifestyle could alleviate this association.

Methods: We analyzed 6,164 participants aged ≥45 years who entered a prospective cohort study of the China Longitudinal Study of Health and Retirement (CHARLS) between 2011 and 2012 and were followed up for CVD incidence untill 2018. The inflammatory score was measured by summing of the Z-scores for C-reactive protein and white blood cell count at baseline. The healthy lifestyle score was calculated by four factors, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and sleep duration. Cox proportional hazard models were utilized to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of CVD.

Results: During the 7-year follow-up period, there were 761 incident cases of CVD. Compared with the lowest tertiles, the highest inflammatory score was associated with an elevated risk of CVD (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49). Compared to the unhealthy lifestyle, participants adhered to a healthy lifestyle was inversely associated with CVD risk (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.60-0.93). Of note, when participants adhered to a healthy lifestyle, the higher inflammatory score was no longer significantly correlated with CVD risk (HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.76-1.34). Additionally, a multiplicative interaction was detected between inflammatory score and healthy lifestyle score for CVD risk (p interaction <0.05).

Conclusion: The inflammation score was associated with higher risk of CVD incidence, but adherence to a healthy lifestyle may mitigate the adverse association of inflammation score and CVD among the middle-aged and older participants.

Background: Sarcopenia is a common indicator of systemic nutritional status in patients with cancer progression. This study investigated the impacts of sarcopenia on adverse effects and prognosis of sarcopenia on patients with esophageal cancer receiving chemoradiotherapy.

Methods: The clinical data of 158 patients with initially diagnosed esophageal cancer who received chemoradiotherapy were collected, and nutritional indexes and inflammatory markers were calculated. The cross-sectional areas of the skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat were calculated using computed tomography (CT) images of the midpoint of the third lumbar (L3) vertebra. The incidence of adverse events, response evaluation, 1-year and 3-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between sarcopenia group and non-sarcopenia groups.

Results: This study included 158 patients, 103 (71.5%) in the sarcopenia group and 45 (28.5%) in the non-sarcopenia group. The last follow-up date was January 31, 2024. The median follow-up time was 36 months for all patients. The chi-square test revealed no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events between the two groups. The complete response rates (CR) of patients in the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups 1 month after chemoradiotherapy were 2.7 and 13.3%, respectively, p = 0.017, and the difference was statistically significant. Moreover, the objective response rates (ORR) were 38.9 and 60.0%, respectively (χ² = 5.770, p = 0.016). The median survival time for all patients was 36 months [95% Confidence Interval CI 24-48]. Univariate analysis (Cox proportional risk model) showed that sarcopenia, KPS score, albumin level, T stage, and N stage were correlated with patients' OS. Multivariate analysis showed that sarcopenia (Hazard Ratio HR 2.84, 95%CI [1.45-5.57], p = 0.002), KPS score, albumin level and N stage were independent prognostic factors for OS.

Conclusion: Sarcopenia reduced OS in patients with EC treated with chemoradiotherapy. It can be used as an independent indicator to predict the OS of such patients, which may help in developing optimal treatment strategies.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the difference in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels between children with epilepsy and healthy children and to assess its potential influencing factors.

Methods: For comparison, we retrospectively collected data on 1,002 children with epilepsy who visited the Department of Neurology at the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Additionally, we included 127 healthy children who underwent routine health examinations at our hospital's Health Examination Center. This study also incorporated 98 recently diagnosed epilepsy patients who had not yet received treatment with anti-seizure medications (ASMs) as a source of baseline data. Demographic information and laboratory test results were retrieved from the hospital information system. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney test, the Fisher's exact test, odds ratios (OR), Spearman or Pearson correlation coefficients, and post-hoc analysis were used to conduct statistical analysis.

Results: Healthy children exhibited significantly higher serum levels of HDL-C compared to children with epilepsy and the baseline values. Notably, a higher percentage of children with epilepsy exhibited a low HDL-C levels (<1.0 mmol/L) compared to healthy children, showing an increased risk of dyslipidemia (OR, 2.773; 95% CI, 0.9879-7.457). The type of ASMs had a notable effect on serum HDL-C levels, particularly with hepatic enzyme-inducing ASMs like oxcarbazepine, which significantly raised the serum HDL-C levels. The serum HDL-C levels were also associated with factors such as age, epilepsy history, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Additionally, there was a weak negative association between serum vitamin D levels and serum HDL-C levels (R = -0.37, p = 0.0014). Moreover, children who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a higher level of HDL-C than those without such supplementation.

Conclusion: Serum HDL-C levels are notably lower in children with epilepsy than in healthy children. Treatment with ASMs can partially increase the serum HDL-C levels, potentially approaching those found in healthy children. Therefore, the decrease in serum HDL-C levels in children with epilepsy irrespective of receiving ASMs treatment should warrant ongoing attention.

Introduction: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition characterized by the coexistence of age-related obesity and sarcopenia. This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the effects of different training modalities, such as aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), combined resistance with AT (CT), and multicomponent training (MCT) on body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance in elderly patients with SO.

Methods: We electronically searched randomized controlled trials, published from inception to March 2024 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus. Effect estimates were presented as mean differences (MD) or Standard Mean Difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The comprehensive effects of all treatments were ranked by the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) probabilities.

Results: 14 trials enrolling 955 participants were included. The body fat percentage (BFP) in MCT (MD= -6.37, 95% CI: -8.67, -4.07), CT (MD = -2.08, 95% CI: -4.00, -0.16), and RT (MD = -1.85, 95% CI: -3.25, -0.44) was significantly lower than in the normal control group, with MCT showing superior effects compared to CT and RT. Furthermore, only MCT significantly improved fat-free mass (FFM; MD = 5.21, 95% CI:1.51, 8.91), as well as in body mass index (BMI; MD = 0.74, 95% CI:0.08, 1.40). In addition, handgrip strength (HGS) significantly improved under both MCT (SMD = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.5) and RT(SMD = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.25). The performance on the 30s chair stand test also yielded better outcomes for MCT (MD = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.33, 4 0.86), CT(MD = 2 0.50, 95% CI: 0.18, 5.18), and RT(MD = 3.91, 95% CI: 2.30, 5.52) when compared to the control group. Lastly, gait speed was enhanced by both MCT (MD = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.41) and CT(MD = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.21). The ranking results indicated that MCT was superior to other training modalities in enhancing body composition and gait speed. In contrast, RT appears to be more advantageous in the 30-second chair standing test and in improving HGS.

Conclusion: MCT outperformed other training modalities in improving body composition and gait speed. RT was more beneficial for the 30-second chair standing test and enhancing HGS. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians and researchers to customize exercise prescriptions for older patients with SO.

Systematic review registration: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42024544962.

Background: Sarcopenia refers to the age-related decline in muscle function, including muscle strength and muscle mass. It can be diagnosed using the appendicular lean muscle index (ALMI) for specific populations. However, reference values for the ALMI in Saudi women are lacking.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the ALMI reference values in young Saudi women using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The relationship between ALM and dietary intake was also investigated.

Methods: A total of 387 healthy young Saudi women, aged between 18 and 25 years, were included in this study. They were recruited through a convenience sampling method between October 2020 and June 2021. Body composition was assessed using BIA (Inbody 770). The ALMI was determined by calculating the sum of lean tissue in the arms and legs and dividing it by the height squared (ALM/h²). The cutoff value was calculated by deriving the -2 standard deviation (SD) value based on the participants' data. A 24-h dietary recall was also conducted, and energy and macronutrient intakes were assessed.

Results: The mean ALM/h² was 5.63 ± 0.77 kg/m², and the mean ALM/ht², -2 SD value was 4.09 kg/m² for the young Saudi reference group. There were significant positive correlations between ALM and protein (g/day) (r = 0.15; p < 0.001), protein (%) (r = 0.16; p = 0.002), fiber (g/day) (r = 0.21; p < 0.001), and cholesterol (mg/day) (r = 0.14; p = 0.007). However, the ALM showed a significant negative correlation with carbohydrates (%) (r = - 0.11; p = 0.03).

Conclusion: These findings provide valuable reference values for evaluating ALM in patients with a variety of diseases that impact ALM. Furthermore, a cutoff value for low ALM may assist in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in Saudi women and enhance our understanding of the effects of total dietary nutrient intake on sarcopenia.

Background: Existing studies have evaluated the association of dietary fatty acids with mortality. However, the findings remained contentious. Our aimed to investigate the association of total dietary fat and each type of fatty acids with overall and cause-specific mortality.

Methods: We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study derived from the U.S. NHANES from 1999 to 2018. Baseline dietary information was assessed utilizing two 24-h dietary recalls. The death status was followed up to December 31, 2019. Hazard ratio (HR) was calculated by Cox regression and competing risk model. The effects of isocaloric replacement saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were estimated using the leave-one-out method.

Results: A total of 49,884 U.S. adults were included. 7,347 deaths, including 2,288 and 1,652 deaths from cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) and cancer, arose during 494,277 person-years. The intake of SFAs was positively associated with an increased risk of overall mortality, with extreme-quintile HR of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02-1.19, P_trend  = 0.013); whereas an inverse association of PUFAs intake with overall mortality was observed, with extreme-quintile HR of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81-0.94, P_trend  = 0.001). Greater intake of PUFAs was associated with a lower risk of CCVD-and cancer-specific mortality at borderline statistical significance. The isocaloric substitutions of 5% energy from MUFAs and PUFAs for SFAs was associated with 13 and 12% lower risk of overall mortality.

Conclusion: Greater intake of SFAs was positively associated with mortality, while greater intake of PUFAs was negatively associated with mortality. Reducing SFA by increasing MUFAs and PUFAs was an attractive strategy to lower mortality.