Frontiers in Nutrition最新文献

Improving mammary gland epithelial cells proliferation through nutrition is an important approach for enhancing sow milk production and piglet growth. An intermediate metabolite of valine, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB), regulates cellular lipid metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 3-HIB on porcine mammary gland epithelial cells proliferation and lipid metabolism. The addition of an appropriate concentration of 3-HIB significantly increased mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation and the expression of proteins associated with cell proliferation. Compared to the control group, the addition of 0.4-0.8 mM 3-HIB increased the expression levels of mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins and the cell cycle protein, Cyclin D1, while inhibiting the expression of the cell cycle arrest protein, P27. The addition of 0.8 mM 3-HIB increased the triglyceride and lipid droplet content in the cells. The addition of 3-HIB increased the expression of proteins related to de novo fatty acid synthesis and transport, resulting in a marked increase in most polyunsaturated fatty acids in the 3-HIB-added group. Compared to the control group, the addition of 0.8 mM 3-HIB increased the expression levels of the fatty acid oxidation-related proteins, ACSL and CAD, ultimately increasing cellular ATP synthesis. In summary, the addition of 0.8 mM 3-HIB to porcine mammary gland epithelial cells promotes cell proliferation by enhancing lipid metabolism and the expression of cell proliferation-related proteins.

Background: Salt usage patterns have been associated with a risk of multiple diseases; however, their relationship with heavy metal exposure has not been extensively studied.

Methods: This study analyzed survey data from 11,574 NHANES participants. Weighted linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between the type of salt used by participants, the frequency of adding salt at the table, and the frequency of adding regular or seasoned salt to cooking or food preparation, and urinary concentrations of 10 heavy metals. Multiple sensitivity analyses were also performed.

Results: The weighted regression analysis indicated that participants' salt usage patterns were associated with an increased urinary excretion of certain heavy metals. Specifically, regarding the type of salt used, compared to regular salt, the use of salt substitutes was significantly positively correlated with urinary molybdenum (Mo) levels, while not using salt or substitutes at the table was significantly positively correlated with urinary levels of both Mo and arsenic (As). In terms of the frequency of adding regular salt at the table, frequent addition compared to rarely adding salt was significantly positively correlated with urinary levels of cadmium (Cd), and antimony (Sb), while showing a significant negative correlation with urinary Mo levels. Additionally, when examining the frequency of using regular salt during cooking or food preparation, those who occasionally or very often added regular salt had significantly higher urinary levels of barium (Ba), cesium (Cs), and thallium (Tl) compared to those who never added regular salt during cooking. These associations remained stable in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that participants' salt usage patterns are associated with increased excretion of certain heavy metals, suggesting possible increased exposures to these metals. While these findings are concerning, they require validation in other populations and should be confirmed through prospective studies designed based on this hypothesis.

Objective: Vitamin B6 is involved in regulating a variety of biological reactions in cell metabolism, and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological functions. 5'-pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the main biologically active form of vitamin B6. There is currently no research on the correlation between serum PLP levels and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence. This study aims to explore the relationship between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included adult participants with complete data on COPD diagnosis and serum PLP levels from 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to analyze the association between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve and threshold effect analysis were used to explore the potential non-linear relationship between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence. Subgroup analysis was carried out to assess the robustness of the relationship between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence.

Results: A total of 11,103 participants were included in this study, of whom 830 were diagnosed with COPD. Higher PLP levels are associated with a reduced prevalence of COPD. GLM analysis confirmed that the groups with higher PLP levels (Q3 and Q4) had a significantly lower prevalence rate of COPD compared to the group of Q2. The RCS curves showed a non-linear "L"-shaped relationship between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence. The threshold effect analysis found a critical point of 43.3 nmol/L. When serum PLP level is below 43.3 nmol/L, there is a negative correlation between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence (p for overall <0.001, p for nonlinear <0.001). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests confirmed the robustness of the relationship.

Conclusion: This study is the first to discover a non-linear relationship between serum PLP levels and COPD prevalence. Higher serum PLP levels are associated with a reduced prevalence of COPD.

Background: Recent research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in bone metabolism through their influence on bone mineral density (BMD) and the regulation of bone turnover markers. However, epidemiological evidence linking omega-3 intake to the risk of developing osteoporosis is still emerging and remains inconclusive. This study aims to clarify the role of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of osteoporosis.

Methods: We analyzed data from 8,889 participants categorized into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on their BMD scores from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We measured dietary omega-3 intake using two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Dietary omega-3 intake was quantified and divided into quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression and subgroup analysis were used to explore the correlation between dietary omega-3 intake and osteoporosis. The dose-response relationship between the two was analyzed with a restricted cubic spline (RCS).

Results: Higher dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids was inversely associated with the risk of osteoporosis. Participants in the highest quartile of omega-3 intake had a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53-0.93) compared to those in the lowest quartile, with a consistent trend across all adjusted models (p for trend <0.05). Subgroup analyses indicated stronger associations in individuals under 60 years of age, female and non-smokers. In individuals aged under 60, higher omega-3 intake was associated with significantly reduced osteoporosis risk (OR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.26-0.95), females showed a protective effect of high omega-3 intake against osteoporosis (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.49-0.87). Among non-smokers, higher omega-3 intake was associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45-0.90), whereas in smokers, the association was not evident (OR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.55-1.52). No significant associations were found in older participants or smokers. Intake of omega-3 and osteoporosis were linearly related (p for nonlinear = 0.366).

Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant inverse relationship between dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and osteoporosis risk, suggesting omega-3 s play a crucial role in bone health. However, further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and refine dietary recommendations for osteoporosis prevention.

Introduction: Functional beverages are increasingly popular but it is important to validate their purported effects through research. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a new functional energy shot on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy adults, with a focus on measuring mental energy enhancement and attenuation of negative effects associated with extended performance of mentally demanding tasks.

Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Thirty-seven healthy males and females, aged 18-30 years, consumed a functional energy shot (Ryde: Energize) or placebo on separate testing occasions one-week apart. Participants completed cognitive and mood assessments pre-dose, and then 30 minutes post-dose over the course of approximately 2 hours. The functional energy shot contained caffeine, ginseng, vitamins and taurine, while the placebo shot was matched for flavor but did not contain these additional ingredients.

Results: Use of the functional energy shot was associated with significant improvements over placebo in cognitive performance, as measured by the Cognitive Demand Battery, with enhanced global performance, task-specific accuracy and speed across repeated assessments. Additionally, the shot mitigated negative effects associated with extended cognitive tasks, reducing perceived mental fatigue and increasing perceived alertness and energy. Working memory tasks showed faster performance post-consumption, and mood assessments revealed positive effects on vigor, fatigue and overall mood disturbance.

Discussion: These results indicate wide cognitive and mood effects of this functional energy shot, potentially attributable to synergistic combination of active ingredients.

Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT06384586.

Introduction: The brain uses ketones, mainly 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), as an alternative energy source. Therefore, oral intake of 3-HB may help maintain brain health. Previous studies indicated that achieving a maximum concentration (C_max) of 3-HB in plasma at 0.28 mM could initiate ketone metabolism in the brain; we hypothesized that attaining this C_max would improve brain health.

Methods: We aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of an optimized single oral dose of 3-HB on cognitive function and mood through two clinical studies: a pharmacokinetic study and an efficacy study. In the pharmacokinetic study, healthy subjects were ingested 2 and 4 g of 3-HB to construct a compartment model to predict the minimum oral dose of 3-HB needed to achieve the target C_max. In the efficacy study, a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled crossover trial, the effects of 3-HB at the predicted doses on cognitive function and mood in healthy subjects were assessed by a serial arithmetic test (SAT), the cognitrax, the profile of mood states 2nd edition (POMS2), and fatigue visual analog scale (VAS).

Results: In the pharmacokinetic study, a one-compartment model that includes saturable and non-saturable absorption pathways, constant biosynthesis, and the linear elimination of 3-HB after oral administration were constructed. The model principally reflected the observed serum 3-HB concentrations profiles and predicted a minimum dose of 3.5 g needed to achieve the target C_max. In the efficacy study, although no significant difference was observed in any cognitive domains assessed by the Cognitrax, total responses and correct answers in the SAT were significantly improved in the active group receiving 3.5 g of 3-HB compared to the placebo group. Regarding the POMS2, confusion-bewilderment, fatigue-inertia, vigor-activity, and total mood disturbance scales were significantly improved in the active group compared to the placebo group. Additionally, fatigue VAS were also significantly improved in the active group compared to the placebo group.

Discussion: We successfully established a one-compartment model for oral 3-HB intake and demonstrated partial efficacy on cognitive function and broad efficacy on mood in healthy subjects with a single oral dose of 3.5 g of 3-HB optimized by the model.

Clinical trial registration: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm, identifier [UMIN000042095, UMIN000046666].

Background: Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has been proposed as a credible and simple surrogate indicator for insulin resistance. The primary aim of this study was to novelly examine the associations between dietary patterns reflecting variations in circulating TyG index and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: This study included 120,988 participants from the UK Biobank, all of whom completed multiple 24-h dietary assessments. Dietary pattern scores were derived using reduced-rank regression (RRR) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, based on the TyG index and approximately 80 food groups. The associations between the TyG index, related dietary pattern scores, and T2DM risk were evaluated using Cox regression models.

Results: During a median follow-up period of 11.2 years, 3,585 participants developed T2DM. A higher TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM. The two dietary patterns derived from RRR and LASSO showed a strong correlation (ρ = 0.88, p < 0.001) and shared similar characteristics at higher scores, including greater intakes of margarine, meat, fruit juice, and potatoes, alongside lower intakes of green vegetables, oily fish, yogurt, nuts and seeds, and dried fruits. Corresponding blood profiles, including elevated levels of C-reactive protein and HbA1c, along with reduced levels of HDL-C and docosahexaenoic acid, substantiated the dietary pattern assessments. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for T2DM risk were 1.52 (95% CI: 1.33-1.73, p trend <0.001) and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.30-1.69, p trend <0.001) for dietary patterns derived using RRR and LASSO, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that a higher TyG index and specific dietary patterns, characterized by higher intakes of margarine, meat, fruit juice, and potatoes, and lower intakes of green vegetables, oily fish, yogurt, nuts and seeds, and dried fruits, are associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM. These results underscore the potential of dietary modifications targeting these patterns to mitigate T2DM risk.

Introduction: Burkina Faso is facing a serious public health problem of chronic malnutrition and mortality in children under the age of 5. To tackle this situation, a number of child nutrition interventions have been implemented. This study aims to assess the impact of these interventions on the nutritional status of children aged 0-5 years between 2018 and 2022.

Methods: This study is a modeling of the impact of changes in the coverage of interventions with known effect sizes, using the LiST (Lives Saved Tool). The interventions used concern infant and young child feeding, the coverage of which was measured by the 2018 to 2022 editions of the NNS conducted in Burkina Faso using the SMART methodology. It covered the national level, the Center region and the Sahel region. Extracted intervention coverage levels were entered into LiST, according to six projections in two scenarios (scenario 1 and 2). The modeling results visualized in LiST were exported to Excel for formatting into tables and/or graphs.

Results: The measured changes in the levels of infant and young child feeding interventions included in this study led to a reduction in the number of cases of chronic malnutrition in children under 6 months of age in the second scenario projections. However, no cases of chronic malnutrition were prevented among children in the 6-59 month age group under any of the six projections. On the contrary, opportunities to save cases of chronic malnutrition have been missed. These missed opportunities amount to 64,880 in scenario 1 and 39,556 in scenario 2 at national level. Nevertheless, 920 lives were saved nationwide, 232 in the Center region and 202 in the Sahel region.

Conclusion: The study highlighted the need to strengthen the implementation of IYCF interventions, coupled with a significant improvement in the quality of NNS data collection, given the up and down nature of the indicators, which makes them difficult to use for decision-making.