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Uncovering racialized geographies: Investor strategies and the legacy of the 2008 financial crisis in Chicagoland 揭示种族化地域:投资者策略与 2008 年芝加哥金融危机的影响
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104141
Amanda Kass , Carrie Craig
The wreckage of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) led to long lasting changes in the single-family rental market. A variety of investors took advantage of the post-GFC environment, specializing in different segments of the distressed housing market. We examine two prominent companies’ activity in Chicagoland to explore how post-GFC investor purchases map onto a racialized geography that itself is a product of past housing policies and practices. National companies engaged in land contract sales and single-family rentals (SFR) targeted different sections of the foreclosure crisis that occurred during the broader GFC. While the SFR profit-strategy necessitates buying habitable properties that can attract tenants, predatory land contract sellers milk profit from distressed housing by offloading the risk (and cost) of homeownership to buyers. By exploring the geography of where the corporate landlord American Homes 4 Rent and land contract seller Harbour Portfolio purchased in the GFC’s aftermath we can better understand how the racialized nature of the U.S. housing market creates different pathways for profit and deepens racial-income inequities. American Homes 4 Rent targeted properties in higher income, whiter exurban regions of Chicagoland whereas Harbour Portfolio concentrated its activity in lower-income, majority-minority communities largely within the City of Chicago.
2008 年全球金融危机(GFC)的破坏导致独户住宅租赁市场发生了长期的变化。各种投资者利用全球金融危机后的环境,专注于不良住房市场的不同领域。我们研究了两家著名公司在芝加哥地区的活动,以探讨全球金融危机后投资者的购买行为如何映射到种族化的地理环境中,而种族化的地理环境本身就是过去住房政策和做法的产物。从事土地合约销售和独户住宅出租(SFR)的全国性公司针对的是在更广泛的全球金融危机期间发生的止赎危机的不同部分。单户租赁的盈利策略要求购买可居住的房产,以吸引租户,而掠夺性的土地合约销售商则通过将房屋所有权的风险(和成本)转嫁给买家,从不良住房中获利。通过探究企业房东 "美国之家 4 号租赁公司"(American Homes 4 Rent)和土地合约卖家 "港湾投资组合"(Harbour Portfolio)在全球金融危机后购买房产的地理位置,我们可以更好地理解美国住房市场的种族性质是如何创造不同的盈利途径并加深种族收入不平等的。American Homes 4 Rent 将目标锁定在收入较高、白人较多的芝加哥郊区,而 Harbour Portfolio 则主要集中在芝加哥市内收入较低、少数族裔占多数的社区。
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引用次数: 0
Poverty porn or poverty planning? Slum photography and the politics of spatial representation 贫穷色情还是贫穷规划?贫民窟摄影与空间表现政治
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104143
Ashish Makanadar , Elmond Bandauko
This forum article critically examines the politics of visual representation in urban informality, interrogating the genealogies and contemporary manifestations of what we term the “slum gaze.” Drawing on postcolonial theory, feminist visual studies, and critical urban geography, we trace how colonial visualities continue to shape aesthetic constructions of urban marginality through “poverty porn” and spectacles of abjection. We argue that dominant visual regimes not only reflect but actively produce urban informality as a pathologized state of being, rationalizing dispossessive planning interventions while obscuring subaltern spatial knowledges and practices. The article unpacks the contradictory role of visuality in urban planning and policymaking, where GIS mappings and documentary photography paradoxically render informal settlements simultaneously hyper-visible and illegible to state bureaucracies. Against reductive visual grammars inherited from colonial modernity, we advocate for participatory visual methodologies that amplify resident-driven representational practices. By centering community-based visual epistemologies, we gesture toward more emancipatory modes of seeing and narrating the heterogeneous spaces of urban informality. Ultimately, this intervention calls for a paradigmatic shift in how urban scholars and practitioners engage visually with marginalized communities. We contend that cultivating critical visual literacies attuned to the politics of representation is essential for imagining and enacting more just urban futures. This requires moving beyond simplistic denunciations of “poverty porn” toward a praxis of critical visuality that unsettles universalizing gazes while legitimizing plural ways of seeing, knowing, and inhabiting the city.
这篇论坛文章批判性地研究了城市非正规性中的视觉表现政治,探讨了我们所称的 "贫民窟凝视 "的谱系和当代表现形式。借鉴后殖民理论、女权主义视觉研究和批判性城市地理学,我们追溯了殖民视觉如何通过 "贫困色情 "和 "憎恶 "景象继续塑造城市边缘性的审美建构。我们认为,占主导地位的视觉制度不仅反映了城市非正规性,而且积极地将其作为一种病理化的存在状态,使剥夺性的规划干预合理化,同时掩盖了次等空间知识和实践。文章揭示了视觉性在城市规划和政策制定中的矛盾作用,地理信息系统地图和纪实摄影自相矛盾地使非正规住区在国家官僚机构眼中同时具有超可见性和不可辨识性。针对殖民现代性遗留下来的还原性视觉语法,我们主张采用参与式视觉方法,扩大居民驱动的表征实践。通过以社区为中心的视觉认识论,我们提出了一种更具解放性的模式来看待和叙述城市非正规性的异质空间。最终,这一干预呼吁城市学者和实践者在如何以视觉方式参与边缘化社区方面进行范式转变。我们认为,培养与表征政治相适应的批判性视觉素养,对于想象和实现更加公正的城市未来至关重要。这就要求超越对 "贫穷色情 "的简单谴责,转向批判性视觉实践,这种实践既能打破普遍化的凝视,又能使观看、了解和居住城市的多元方式合法化。
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引用次数: 0
Winds of change – Nomadic grassroots innovations in the maritime shipping sector 变革之风--海运业的游牧式基层创新
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104137
Hanna Bach
Grassroots innovations are seen as important contributors to sustainability transitions, however, given their dependence on place-specific conditions they face diffusion challenges. Responding to previously outlined gaps regarding conceptualisation and exploration of the spatiality of grassroots innovations, this paper introduces a conceptualisation of nomadic grassroots innovations. These are grassroots innovations that are mobile and perform activities in multiple places they continuously return to, conceptualised as host localities, while also being based in home localities containing for example offices and key infrastructure. Contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the geography of grassroots activities, the analysis explores the spatiality of socio-technical elements influencing three stages of development (initiation, operations, and upscaling and diffusion) of nine grassroots initiatives promoting a return to traditional sail cargo ships. Findings suggests that nomadic grassroots innovations are dependent on elements in home and host localities as well as from national and international contexts, indicating that the spatiality of nomadic grassroots innovations differs from place-based initiatives throughout all stages of development. Furthermore, analysis of challenges and opportunities for development of nomadic grassroots innovations reveals three key learnings for grassroots innovation diffusion: strategies for developing social cohesion through multi-scalar actor networks, utilising (costumer) demand for alternative solutions, and taking favourable sector conditions as a starting point when designing grassroots innovations. Combined, this could enable development of grassroots innovations that are less dependent on place-specific conditions and thereby easier to replicate, which could increase the capacity of grassroots innovations to tackle global challenges such as climate change.
基层创新被视为可持续转型的重要促进因素,然而,由于其依赖于特定地点的条件,它们面临着传播方面的挑战。针对之前概述的基层创新空间性概念化和探索方面的差距,本文提出了游牧式基层创新的概念。这些草根创新具有流动性,它们在不断返回的多个地方开展活动,这些地方被概念化为东道主地区,同时也以包含办公室和关键基础设施等的母地为基地。该分析有助于更细致地了解基层活动的地理特征,探讨了影响九项促进传统风帆货船回归的基层倡议的三个发展阶段(启动、运营、升级和传播)的社会技术要素的空间性。研究结果表明,游牧民族的基层创新依赖于本土和东道国以及国内和国际背景下的要素,这表明游牧民族基层创新的空间性在所有发展阶段都不同于以地方为基础的倡议。此外,对游牧基层创新发展的挑战和机遇的分析揭示了基层创新推广的三个关键经验:通过多级行为者网络发展社会凝聚力的战略、利用(消费者)对替代解决方案的需求,以及在设计基层创新时将有利的行业条件作为出发点。这些措施结合起来,可以使基层创新的发展不那么依赖于具体地方的条件,从而更容易复制,这可以提高基层创新应对气候变化等全球性挑战的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Retreat or resist: Navigating uncertainties in pastoral Amdo Tibet, China 撤退还是抵抗?驾驭中国西藏安多牧区的不确定性
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104133
Palden Tsering
In the contemporary era marked by heightened uncertainties, particularly attributable to climate change, insufficient attention has been directed towards rural pastoral China. Paradoxically, it is within these rural settings, notably those reliant on natural resources, that the palpable repercussion of extreme climate variations unfold. Pastoralists in Saga, Amdo Tibet, acting as authorized stewards of the rangeland, find themselves grappling with formidable challenges emanating from escalating land values spurred by tourism, infrastructure investments, conservational initiatives, and the consequential impacts of climate change-induced land loss. This study underscores the pivotal role of the local-state relations in navigating the mounting uncertainties and complexities arising from external interventions. Specifically, this paper examines how pastoralists engage in negotiating the norms, roles and relationships governing their integration or securing favourable terms within evolving land issues. Drawing on empirical cases and with the notion of assemblage, it is evident that pastoralists adeptly leverage established roles and relationships, notably through the utilization of retired village cadres, using their seasoned understanding of bureaucratic intricacies, forms a critical network instrumental in preserving pastoralists’ access to essential rangeland resources on the ground.
在不确定性增加的当代,尤其是在气候变化的影响下,人们对中国农村牧区的关注不够。矛盾的是,正是在这些农村地区,特别是那些依赖自然资源的地区,极端气候变异所带来的明显影响才得以显现。西藏安多萨嘎县的牧民是牧场的授权管理者,他们发现自己正在努力应对因旅游业、基础设施投资、保护措施以及气候变化引起的土地流失所造成的土地价值不断攀升而带来的严峻挑战。本研究强调了地方与国家关系在应对外部干预带来的日益严重的不确定性和复杂性方面所发挥的关键作用。具体而言,本文探讨了牧民如何就规范、角色和关系进行谈判,从而在不断演变的土地问题中融入或获得有利条件。根据经验案例和组合概念,牧民显然善于利用既有的角色和关系,特别是通过利用退休村干部,利用他们对错综复杂的官僚体制的老练理解,形成了一个重要的网络,有助于维护牧民在当地获得必要的牧场资源。
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引用次数: 0
Resilient queer subjects: Lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women on the Israeli periphery 坚韧不拔的同性恋主体:以色列周边地区的女同性恋、双性恋和变性妇女
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104134
Gilly Hartal
In recent years, LGBT subjectivities have been depicted as strong. Moreover, these identities are increasingly connected to normativity (homonormativity) and deemed a part of the national consensus (homonationalism). Correspondingly, another framework revolves around the perception of LGBTs as fragile, linking them to a discourse of vulnerability (e.g., queer and LGBT safe spaces). At any rate, most of the research has concentrated on urban LGBT subjectivities. However, the experiences of lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LBT) women in rural and peripheral spaces demand a reappraisal of what constitutes LGBT subjectivities in rural spaces, small villages, and peripheral towns. This article is predicated on 61 qualitative interviews with LBT women on Israel’s periphery. According to the study’s findings, participants regularly encounter manifestations of LGBTphobia. Nevertheless, their spatial experiences of sexuality forge rural LBT resilience. The paper’s analysis explicates three socio-spatial distancing mechanisms that the participants use to cope with LGBTphobia. As such, resilience is an outgrowth of recuperation and helps the women defend themselves. In light of the above, I argue that LBT subjectivities in rural expanses become resilient in the face of such prejudice. Moreover, this fortitude casts doubt on the portrayal of LGBTs as either vulnerable and in need of protection or empowered and warranting critique.
近年来,女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者的主体性被描绘得十分强烈。此外,这些身份越来越多地与规范性(同性恋规范性)联系在一起,并被视为国家共识的一部分(同性恋民族主义)。与此相对应,另一个框架则围绕着将 LGBT 视为脆弱的看法,将他们与脆弱性话语联系在一起(例如,同性恋和 LGBT 安全空间)。无论如何,大多数研究都集中于城市 LGBT 的主体性。然而,农村和边缘空间的女同性恋、双性恋和变性(LBT)妇女的经历要求我们重新评估农村空间、小村庄和边缘城镇中 LGBT 的主体性。本文以对以色列边缘地区 LGBT 妇女的 61 次定性访谈为基础。研究结果表明,参与者经常会遇到仇视女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者的现象。然而,她们在性方面的空间体验锻造了农村男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的韧性。本文的分析阐述了参与者用来应对 LGBT 仇视的三种社会空间距离机制。因此,复原力是休养生息的产物,有助于妇女保护自己。有鉴于此,我认为农村地区的女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者主体性在面对这种偏见时变得坚韧不拔。此外,这种坚韧使人们对 LGBT 的描述产生了怀疑:他们要么是脆弱的、需要保护的,要么是强大的、值得批判的。
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引用次数: 0
Sense of place and micro-business vulnerability to extreme weather in China 中国的地方感和微型企业面对极端天气的脆弱性
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104135
Alex Y. Lo , Lewis T.O. Cheung , Shuwen Liu
Micro-businesses are highly vulnerable to the impact of extreme weather. However, business and management research has primarily focused on larger organizations or tended to rely on evidence from developed countries. The concept of place is reduced to physical location and space. This research explores the role of a broader concept of place that encompasses sensemaking. The objective is to examine the relationship between sense of place and the vulnerable characteristics of business. Structured interviews were conducted with 300 owners and operators of micro-businesses operating in three Chinese coastal cities. Results have identified multiple linkages between attributes of sense of place and business vulnerability. While these linkages do not demonstrate complete coherence, place identity shows the strongest explanatory power. New directions for future research are discussed, concerning the multidimensionality of the concept of place beyond materiality and spatiality, and the dynamic relationship between place and vulnerability accumulation.
微型企业极易受到极端天气的影响。然而,商业和管理研究主要侧重于大型组织,或倾向于依赖发达国家的证据。地方的概念被简化为物理位置和空间。本研究探讨了更广泛的地方概念的作用,其中包括感性认识的形成。目的是研究地方感与企业脆弱特征之间的关系。研究人员对中国三个沿海城市 300 家微型企业的所有者和经营者进行了结构化访谈。结果发现了地方感与企业脆弱性之间的多种联系。虽然这些联系并不完全一致,但地方认同显示出最强的解释力。研究还讨论了未来研究的新方向,即超越物质性和空间性的地方概念的多维性,以及地方与脆弱性积累之间的动态关系。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptualizing labor agency through resilience: Practices of reassembling work on domestic services platforms 通过复原力概念化劳动代理:在家政服务平台上重新组合工作的做法
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104130
Khaoula Ettarfi
In this article, I attempt to contribute to understanding labor agency in the context of platform-mediated labor, or gig work, in the domestic cleaning sector in Geneva through the category of resilience. First, I briefly summarize different accounts of platform-mediated work to highlight issues around temporariness and flexibility. Then, I present the theoretical framework of the paper, which interweaves literature on workers’ agency that focuses on micro-level and livelihood practices. The second part of the paper is based on empirical fieldwork I conducted in Geneva with workers who engage in platform-mediated labor. I present the findings by juxtaposing vignettes that frame resilience through multiple voices and experiences. The vignettes present specific everyday practices of resilience that I introduce through the lexicon of reassembling work. The vignettes further highlight the relational, spatial, and ambiguous characteristics of resilience in mediating conditions of precarization in the labor market.
在本文中,我试图通过 "复原力 "这一范畴,帮助理解日内瓦家庭清洁行业中平台中介劳动(或称 "演出工作")背景下的劳动代理。首先,我简要总结了关于平台中介工作的不同说法,以强调围绕临时性和灵活性的问题。然后,我介绍了本文的理论框架,该框架交织了关注微观层面和生计实践的工人代理文献。论文的第二部分基于我在日内瓦对从事平台中介劳动的工人进行的实证实地调查。我通过并列的小故事来介绍研究结果,这些小故事通过多种声音和经验来构建复原力。这些小故事展示了具体的日常复原力实践,我通过 "重新组装工作 "这一词汇介绍了这些实践。这些小故事进一步突出了复原力在调解劳动力市场不稳定状况时所具有的关系性、空间性和模糊性特征。
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引用次数: 0
Coloniality of power and the imaginaries of tourism in Victoria Falls 维多利亚瀑布的殖民权力与旅游想象
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104131
Mfundo Mlilo , Michael Bollig , Javier Revilla Diez
Victoria Falls, a majestic waterfall designated as a World Heritage site in Zimbabwe, is one of Africa’s well-sought-after tourist destinations. The thriving tourism industry in Victoria Falls emerged from the early days of colonialism in 1900 to occupy an essential position within the British colonial empire and thus played a central role in travel itineraries in Southern Africa. However, alongside its emergent success, previously envisioned within European colonial imagery of leisure and supremacy, participation in the present tourism value chain and value capture is uneven and skewed towards foreign and white-own tourism businesses. These patterns of exclusion potentially mirror the racial structural inequalities imposed by colonialism, which ended in 1980. In this paper, we contribute to scholarship on tourism global value chains (GVCs) by analysing the role and impact of history /colonial past on the current nature of the tourism value chain in Victoria Falls. In this approach, we adopt the concept of Coloniality of power to illuminate past continuities and explain the uneven participation and value capture among actors. More fundamentally, we provide a brief reflection on how tourism GVCs can be extricated from colonial and racial legacies.
维多利亚瀑布(Victoria Falls)是津巴布韦的一个宏伟瀑布,已被指定为世界遗产,是非洲广受欢迎的旅游目的地之一。维多利亚瀑布旅游业的蓬勃发展始于 1900 年殖民主义初期,在英国殖民帝国中占据了重要地位,因此在南部非洲的旅游路线中扮演了核心角色。然而,在其取得成功的同时(之前是在欧洲殖民主义的休闲和至高无上的想象中),参与当前旅游价值链和价值获取的情况并不均衡,而且偏向于外国和白人拥有的旅游企业。这些排斥模式可能反映了 1980 年结束的殖民主义所强加的种族结构性不平等。在本文中,我们通过分析历史/殖民历史对维多利亚瀑布旅游业价值链当前性质的作用和影响,为旅游业全球价值链(GVCs)的学术研究做出贡献。为此,我们采用了 "权力的殖民性 "这一概念来阐明过去的连续性,并解释参与者之间不均衡的参与和价值获取。更重要的是,我们简要思考了旅游业全球价值链如何才能摆脱殖民和种族遗产的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Rights for nature or protecting people’s rights?: The operationalization of rights of nature in non-indigenous communities in the United States 自然权利还是保护人民的权利?美国非土著社区自然权利的可操作性
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104124
Ellen Kohl
As the Rights of Nature movement gains political traction globally, researchers must examine how this transnational movement to extend rights to nature or natural entities is being operationalized in place. Proponents of the rights of nature contend transferring rights to nature constitutes a paradigm shift in human-environment interactions and will lead to solutions directed at the root causes of environmental problems. Critics contend that these rights-based governance structures have the potential to do more harm than good for environmental protection depending on the cultural and legal frameworks within which rights of nature are enacted. In this paper, I examine how rights of nature have been operationalized in non-Indigenous communities in the United States through an analysis of rights of nature ordinances passed in these communities between 2006 and 2020. Drawing on theoretical engagements with rights I demonstrate how the reliance on universalizing human rights frameworks and anti-corporation rhetoric both distinguish these ordinances from the broader rights of nature movement and center the rights of people to have access to a clean environment rather than the intrinsic rights of nature. In conclusion, I explore alternatives to how rights of nature are currently operationalized in non-Indigenous communities in the United States and call for increased research on the implications and impacts of rights of nature ordinances to assess whether they achieve their stated goals.
随着 "自然权利 "运动在全球范围内获得政治牵引力,研究人员必须研究如何将这一跨国运动扩展到自然或自然实体。自然权利的支持者认为,将权利转移给自然是人类与环境互动模式的转变,将带来针对环境问题根源的解决方案。批评者则认为,这些以权利为基础的治理结构有可能对环境保护弊大于利,这取决于实施自然权利的文化和法律框架。在本文中,我通过对 2006 年至 2020 年间在美国非土著社区通过的自然权利法令的分析,研究了自然权利在这些社区的运作情况。借鉴权利理论,我证明了对普遍化人权框架和反公司化言论的依赖如何将这些法令与更广泛的自然权利运动区分开来,并将人们获得清洁环境的权利而非自然的固有权利置于中心位置。最后,我探讨了自然权利目前在美国非土著社区运作方式的替代方案,并呼吁加强对自然权利法令的意义和影响的研究,以评估这些法令是否实现了其既定目标。
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引用次数: 0
Inhabiting more-than-human ecologies of Extended urbanization: Unruly leopards amidst urban-wild enmeshment in the Northern Aravalli region 在扩展的城市化进程中栖息着超越人类的生态环境:北阿拉瓦利地区不羁的豹子与城市和野生动物的融合
IF 3.4 2区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104123
Nitin Bathla
As urbanization attains an increasingly planetary reach, transforming agrarian landscapes and commons beyond the city-countryside divide, ‘rewilding’ is gaining increasing popularity as a protective countermovement. This countermovement, comprising of a patchwork of actors, including state-led agencies, philanthropic and citizen-led groups, as well as environmental lawyers, seeks to counter unregulated urbanization and mitigate its impacts by restoring biodiversity and ecological processes in areas designated as “wilderness” or “pristine nature.” However, these legally and culturally constructed boundaries between urban and wilderness frequently diminish and collapse as species like leopards, wolves, and cougars transgress and repurpose these spaces. This paper investigates the enmeshment of urban and wilderness through human-animal interactions, examining how the more-than-human ecology of extended urbanization is produced and inhabited. It explores the different strategies and modalities of rewilding that generate a mosaic of “wilderness” spaces, such as biodiversity parks, urban forests, safari reserves, abandoned quarries, waterfronts, and green corridors, amidst the extended urbanization of nature. The paper also examines the governance of these spaces, focusing on how legal and property boundaries are upheld and how these efforts are captured for further capital accumulation. While grounded in empirical research from the Northern Aravalli Region in India, this paper provides comparative insights into the global challenges of urban-wild enmeshment and the complexities of planning for coexistence in the era of planetary urbanization.
随着城市化在全球范围内的影响越来越大,城市与乡村之间的鸿沟之外的农业景观和公地也在发生变化,"野化 "作为一种保护性的反运动日益受到人们的欢迎。这种反运动由国家主导的机构、慈善团体、公民团体以及环境律师等参与者组成,旨在通过恢复被指定为 "荒野 "或 "原始自然 "的地区的生物多样性和生态过程,抵制无管制的城市化并减轻其影响。然而,这些在法律和文化上构建的城市与荒野之间的界限经常会随着豹、狼和美洲狮等物种的越界和重新利用这些空间而减弱和崩溃。本文通过人类与动物之间的互动来研究城市与荒野之间的关系,探讨如何在扩展的城市化进程中创造和居住这种超越人类的生态环境。论文探讨了野化的不同策略和模式,这些策略和模式在自然的城市化扩展过程中产生了一系列 "荒野 "空间,如生物多样性公园、城市森林、野生动物园、废弃采石场、水岸和绿色走廊。本文还探讨了这些空间的治理问题,重点关注如何维护法律和财产边界,以及如何利用这些努力进一步积累资本。本文以印度北部阿拉瓦利地区的实证研究为基础,通过比较研究,深入探讨了城市与荒野融合所带来的全球性挑战,以及在地球城市化时代规划共存的复杂性。
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