Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-1001-1004
Vladimir N. Shkunov
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation and development of sanitary and hygienic control at the largest and local fairs of such vast region of the Russian Empire as the Volga region during the XIX century. Particular attention is paid to legislative acts in the field of fair trade and compliance with sanitary measures in the implementation of both retail and wholesale (including foreign) trade. The author analyzes normative legal acts, decisions of regional (provincial and city) authorities on the definition of sanitary rules of trade, as well as control over trade operations during fairs.
A significant layer of pre-revolutionary research has been studied, including monographs, narrative sources, statistical collections, journalistic materials, etc. The paper notes the basic principles of the management of fair trade in the Volga region, the preventive and prohibitive measures of the fair guidelines for the prevention and spread of infectious and other diseases, epizootics and epiphytotics. The analysis of preventive measures in crowded places, providing visitors with drinking water, food, etc. is presented. Sanitary and hygienic rules are noted in the implementation of foreign trade operations at the Volga Region fairs, taking into account the specifics of goods, their origin, etc.
{"title":"Sanitary and hygienic control both of goods and foreign trade operations at fairs of the Volga region over the XIX century","authors":"Vladimir N. Shkunov","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-1001-1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-1001-1004","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation and development of sanitary and hygienic control at the largest and local fairs of such vast region of the Russian Empire as the Volga region during the XIX century. Particular attention is paid to legislative acts in the field of fair trade and compliance with sanitary measures in the implementation of both retail and wholesale (including foreign) trade. The author analyzes normative legal acts, decisions of regional (provincial and city) authorities on the definition of sanitary rules of trade, as well as control over trade operations during fairs. 
 A significant layer of pre-revolutionary research has been studied, including monographs, narrative sources, statistical collections, journalistic materials, etc. The paper notes the basic principles of the management of fair trade in the Volga region, the preventive and prohibitive measures of the fair guidelines for the prevention and spread of infectious and other diseases, epizootics and epiphytotics. The analysis of preventive measures in crowded places, providing visitors with drinking water, food, etc. is presented. Sanitary and hygienic rules are noted in the implementation of foreign trade operations at the Volga Region fairs, taking into account the specifics of goods, their origin, etc.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-928-933
Alexey V. Merinov, Olga M. Zhurba, Anton N. Alekseenko, Irina V. Kudaeva
Introduction. Changes in the levels of fatty acids (FA), reflecting the specifics of metabolic disorders in workers with vibration disease (VD), and persons with VD aggravated by metabolic syndrome (MS) have not been studied enough. Mass spectrometric study of the composition of FA in VD patients and cases suffered from VD in combination with MS seems justified, since these compounds can be included in the formation of disorders at the early stages of changes in health status under the influence of adverse factors, which will later establish significant prognostic indicators.
Materials and methods. The levels of esterified and free forms of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in blood plasma, were determined on an Agilent 7890A/5975C gas chromatograph.
Results. The FA composition was studied in the surveyed cohort of people in vibration-hazardous occupations with a diagnosis of VD and VD+MS established in the clinic. Significant shifts in the FA levels were established, in VD + MS patients there was an increase in the concentrations of myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic acids and ΣSFA when compared with VD patients. For all MUFAs and for ΣMUFA, large values were observed for the VD + MS group (p<0.001 to 0.027). For PUFAs, significant differences were noted in relation to the level of: α-linolenic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids ω-3, total ω-3 PUFAs, linoleic, γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids ω-6, total ω-6 PUFAs and total all PUFAs.
Limitations. The results apply to sixty six vibration-hazardous occupations surveyed. The influence of experience and dietary preferences on the FA composition in blood plasma has not been studied.
Conclusion. A study of the quantitative FA indicators in the blood plasma showed the total indicators of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in persons with VD+MS to be higher than in VD patients by 1.36, 1.33 and 1.12 times, respectively.
{"title":"Levels of fatty acids in blood plasma in workers with vibration disease","authors":"Alexey V. Merinov, Olga M. Zhurba, Anton N. Alekseenko, Irina V. Kudaeva","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-928-933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-928-933","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Changes in the levels of fatty acids (FA), reflecting the specifics of metabolic disorders in workers with vibration disease (VD), and persons with VD aggravated by metabolic syndrome (MS) have not been studied enough. Mass spectrometric study of the composition of FA in VD patients and cases suffered from VD in combination with MS seems justified, since these compounds can be included in the formation of disorders at the early stages of changes in health status under the influence of adverse factors, which will later establish significant prognostic indicators.
 Materials and methods. The levels of esterified and free forms of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in blood plasma, were determined on an Agilent 7890A/5975C gas chromatograph.
 Results. The FA composition was studied in the surveyed cohort of people in vibration-hazardous occupations with a diagnosis of VD and VD+MS established in the clinic. Significant shifts in the FA levels were established, in VD + MS patients there was an increase in the concentrations of myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic acids and ΣSFA when compared with VD patients. For all MUFAs and for ΣMUFA, large values were observed for the VD + MS group (p<0.001 to 0.027). For PUFAs, significant differences were noted in relation to the level of: α-linolenic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids ω-3, total ω-3 PUFAs, linoleic, γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids ω-6, total ω-6 PUFAs and total all PUFAs.
 Limitations. The results apply to sixty six vibration-hazardous occupations surveyed. The influence of experience and dietary preferences on the FA composition in blood plasma has not been studied.
 Conclusion. A study of the quantitative FA indicators in the blood plasma showed the total indicators of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in persons with VD+MS to be higher than in VD patients by 1.36, 1.33 and 1.12 times, respectively.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136104949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-947-953
Natalia D. Bobrisheva-Pushkina, Lubov Yu. Kuznetsova, Maksim Yu. Mozganov, Azaliya N. Araslanova, Aleksandra A. Kordina, Gennadij G. Onishchenko
Introduction. Cadmium is widespread in the environment as a result of industrial activity, the use of agrochemicals, smoking. Children and adolescents are an eco-sensitive group of the population, and indicators of their physical and mental development are highly informative indicators of environmental impact.
The purpose of the review was to study the effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development in children and adolescents.
Search and selection of sources. A search was conducted for literature that is freely available using the search engines PubMed, Science Direct and elibrary. The search was carried out by the keywords: “effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development of children”, as well as on their individual indicators. The initial search allowed identifying seven thousand eight hundred sixty one reports, after an independent evaluation by two experts, 24 full-text publications remained. The inclusion criteria were: original data on the effect of cadmium on the development indicators in children and adolescents at any route of its entry into the body, a mathematically proven link between the level of cadmium with development indicators, taking into account the possibility of data bias.
Results. The analysis of the subject matter and design of publications allowed establishing a limited set of criteria for assessing the physical and mental development (there are no indicators of dental maturity, puberty of boys, speech development, playing activity). Most studies indicate the effect of intrauterine exposure to cadmium on the body weight in newborns. The negative effect of cadmium on intellectual development begins to be determined in the senior preschool and school age and is also found in most studies. Contradictory data were obtained for the remaining indicators. Most researchers have not received data on sex differences when exposed to cadmium.
Conclusion. Additional comprehensive randomized multicentric studies of the physical and mental development of children under the influence of cadmium, conducted according to a single protocol, are needed.
{"title":"Effects of cadmium on children and adolescents development (systematic review)","authors":"Natalia D. Bobrisheva-Pushkina, Lubov Yu. Kuznetsova, Maksim Yu. Mozganov, Azaliya N. Araslanova, Aleksandra A. Kordina, Gennadij G. Onishchenko","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-947-953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-947-953","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Cadmium is widespread in the environment as a result of industrial activity, the use of agrochemicals, smoking. Children and adolescents are an eco-sensitive group of the population, and indicators of their physical and mental development are highly informative indicators of environmental impact. 
 The purpose of the review was to study the effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development in children and adolescents.
 Search and selection of sources. A search was conducted for literature that is freely available using the search engines PubMed, Science Direct and elibrary. The search was carried out by the keywords: “effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development of children”, as well as on their individual indicators. The initial search allowed identifying seven thousand eight hundred sixty one reports, after an independent evaluation by two experts, 24 full-text publications remained. The inclusion criteria were: original data on the effect of cadmium on the development indicators in children and adolescents at any route of its entry into the body, a mathematically proven link between the level of cadmium with development indicators, taking into account the possibility of data bias.
 Results. The analysis of the subject matter and design of publications allowed establishing a limited set of criteria for assessing the physical and mental development (there are no indicators of dental maturity, puberty of boys, speech development, playing activity). Most studies indicate the effect of intrauterine exposure to cadmium on the body weight in newborns. The negative effect of cadmium on intellectual development begins to be determined in the senior preschool and school age and is also found in most studies. Contradictory data were obtained for the remaining indicators. Most researchers have not received data on sex differences when exposed to cadmium.
 Conclusion. Additional comprehensive randomized multicentric studies of the physical and mental development of children under the influence of cadmium, conducted according to a single protocol, are needed.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"193 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136019547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-896-901
Irina V. Kudaeva, Anastasiya A. Lysenko
Introduction. Currently, it is important to consider the issues of diagnosing nonspecific disorders occurred due to exposure of residents to chemicals in cities with chemical industry enterprises on the territory.
Materials and methods. Working 30–60 year men, permanently residing downwind from the industrial site of LLC “Usolekhimprom” in the territory exposed to mercury in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, were examined.
Results. The maximum concentration of total cholesterol (TCH) was 8.7 mmol/L, cholesterol (CH) of low density lipoproteins (LDL) – 6.0 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) – 2.3 mmol/L, phospholipids – 5.5 mmol/L. The minimum content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) was 0.5 mmol/L. In terms of the prevalence of disorders, hypercholesterolemia held the first place – 63% of cases, the second – a high level of LDL cholesterol – 59%, the third – an increase in ApoB – 45%. Hyperphospholipidemia occurred in 35%, hypertriglyceridemia – in 23%. Reduced HDL cholesterol was recorded in 5.3%. Low concentration of Apo A1 was registered in 20% of cases. A high level of atherogenic index was common among 16%. The prevalence of high LDL-CH was consistent with that of hypercholesterolemia, as evidenced by the correlation coefficient between the indices (R=0.77) and between the level of TCH and Apo B (R=0.80). A HDL cholesterol high level does not always indicate the antiatherogenic ability of lipoproteins, and therefore the revealed low prevalence of hypoalphacholesterolemia in the examined individuals (lower than in Russia - 16%) does not indicate antiatherogenic changes. The triglyceridemia level was associated with the ApoB concentration, which indicates its contribution to the development of proatherogenic disorders. A possible mechanism of hyperphospholipidemia is the formation of a compensatory-adaptive stimulus to the phospholipids synthesis in response to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
Limitations. Male persons. Age 30–60 years.
Conclusion. In persons living in the ecological trouble zone, a high frequency of lipid metabolism disorders was revealed. This fact can be considered as one of the main predisposing factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in this cohort.
{"title":"The state of lipid exchange in persons living in the territory of environmental illusion","authors":"Irina V. Kudaeva, Anastasiya A. Lysenko","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-896-901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-896-901","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Currently, it is important to consider the issues of diagnosing nonspecific disorders occurred due to exposure of residents to chemicals in cities with chemical industry enterprises on the territory.
 Materials and methods. Working 30–60 year men, permanently residing downwind from the industrial site of LLC “Usolekhimprom” in the territory exposed to mercury in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, were examined.
 Results. The maximum concentration of total cholesterol (TCH) was 8.7 mmol/L, cholesterol (CH) of low density lipoproteins (LDL) – 6.0 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) – 2.3 mmol/L, phospholipids – 5.5 mmol/L. The minimum content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) was 0.5 mmol/L. In terms of the prevalence of disorders, hypercholesterolemia held the first place – 63% of cases, the second – a high level of LDL cholesterol – 59%, the third – an increase in ApoB – 45%. Hyperphospholipidemia occurred in 35%, hypertriglyceridemia – in 23%. Reduced HDL cholesterol was recorded in 5.3%. Low concentration of Apo A1 was registered in 20% of cases. A high level of atherogenic index was common among 16%. The prevalence of high LDL-CH was consistent with that of hypercholesterolemia, as evidenced by the correlation coefficient between the indices (R=0.77) and between the level of TCH and Apo B (R=0.80). A HDL cholesterol high level does not always indicate the antiatherogenic ability of lipoproteins, and therefore the revealed low prevalence of hypoalphacholesterolemia in the examined individuals (lower than in Russia - 16%) does not indicate antiatherogenic changes. The triglyceridemia level was associated with the ApoB concentration, which indicates its contribution to the development of proatherogenic disorders. A possible mechanism of hyperphospholipidemia is the formation of a compensatory-adaptive stimulus to the phospholipids synthesis in response to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
 Limitations. Male persons. Age 30–60 years.
 Conclusion. In persons living in the ecological trouble zone, a high frequency of lipid metabolism disorders was revealed. This fact can be considered as one of the main predisposing factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in this cohort.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136019690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-888-895
Ol’ga V. Budarina, Zul’fiya F. Sabirova, Il’ya B. Andryushin, Zinaida V. Shipulina
The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis and ranking of industries related to sources of olfactory exposure, depending on the odour’s “offensiveness” of their emissions.
Material and methods. Experimental olfacto-odourimetric studies were carried out using a dynamic olfactometer ECOMA TO-8 on the example of fifteen mixtures of substances (over 4200 measurements) representing or simulating emissions from the industries including particle boards, vegetable oil from soybean and rapeseed seeds, coffee, perfumery and cosmetic products, food flavourings, tobacco products, as well as livestock operations, gas odourizing, and fuel oil steam treatment. Statistical data processing was performed using the computer software Probit Analysis (v.4.0). Analytical study of mixtures of substances contained in emissions was carried out using a FOCUS GC-DSQ-II chromato-mass spectrometer.
Results. Based on the conducted olfacto-odourimetric studies of samples and models of emissions from the productions and technological processes related to sources of odour with the establishment of odour’s detection thresholds and the “offensiveness” thresholds of substances, a facilities’ hazard classification is proposed taking into account the odour’s “offensiveness” (“annoyance potential”) of emissions (extremely offensive, offensive, moderately offensive and slightly offensive), which makes it possible to update the current classification according to SanPiN 2.2.1./2.1.1.1200–03 (new edition) and the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2022 N 7.
Limitations. The study’s limitations associated with the use of a relatively new experimental method for the presentation of odour stimuli and their registration, which requires additional testing, as well as with the possible transformation of substances during the delivery of emission samples to the laboratory.
Conclusion. The methodology of the experimental odourimetric evaluation of multicomponent mixtures of odorous substances that are part of the emissions of various enterprises and municipal facilities makes it possible to quickly and rationally optimize the existing classification of industries according to the “offensiveness” criterion (or “annoyance potential”) of the odorous emissions.
{"title":"Hygienic justification for the classification of the danger of sources of emissions of substances having an olfactorial action","authors":"Ol’ga V. Budarina, Zul’fiya F. Sabirova, Il’ya B. Andryushin, Zinaida V. Shipulina","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-888-895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-888-895","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis and ranking of industries related to sources of olfactory exposure, depending on the odour’s “offensiveness” of their emissions.
 Material and methods. Experimental olfacto-odourimetric studies were carried out using a dynamic olfactometer ECOMA TO-8 on the example of fifteen mixtures of substances (over 4200 measurements) representing or simulating emissions from the industries including particle boards, vegetable oil from soybean and rapeseed seeds, coffee, perfumery and cosmetic products, food flavourings, tobacco products, as well as livestock operations, gas odourizing, and fuel oil steam treatment. Statistical data processing was performed using the computer software Probit Analysis (v.4.0). Analytical study of mixtures of substances contained in emissions was carried out using a FOCUS GC-DSQ-II chromato-mass spectrometer.
 Results. Based on the conducted olfacto-odourimetric studies of samples and models of emissions from the productions and technological processes related to sources of odour with the establishment of odour’s detection thresholds and the “offensiveness” thresholds of substances, a facilities’ hazard classification is proposed taking into account the odour’s “offensiveness” (“annoyance potential”) of emissions (extremely offensive, offensive, moderately offensive and slightly offensive), which makes it possible to update the current classification according to SanPiN 2.2.1./2.1.1.1200–03 (new edition) and the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2022 N 7.
 Limitations. The study’s limitations associated with the use of a relatively new experimental method for the presentation of odour stimuli and their registration, which requires additional testing, as well as with the possible transformation of substances during the delivery of emission samples to the laboratory.
 Conclusion. The methodology of the experimental odourimetric evaluation of multicomponent mixtures of odorous substances that are part of the emissions of various enterprises and municipal facilities makes it possible to quickly and rationally optimize the existing classification of industries according to the “offensiveness” criterion (or “annoyance potential”) of the odorous emissions.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-993-1000
Victor S. Rukavishnikov, Natalia V. Efimova, Mikhail F. Savchenkov, Olga G. Bogdanova, Aldexander A. Lisovtsov, Inna V. Mylnikova
Introduction. The development of tourism in regions with an insufficient level of social infrastructure and a low self-cleaning capacity of the environment poses a danger due to the gain in infectious diseases. The level of water in Lake Baikal may determine the potential for dilution of chemical and microbiological contaminants in the coastal zone.
Materials and methods. The incidence of acute intestinal infections (AII) was studied in the area located on the south-eastern shore of the lake. Baikal (2016–2022). There were assessed risk-inducing factors including climate, water level of the lake, number of tourists, water quality. The values of relative risk, etiological share, economic damage were calculated.
Results. The incidence was 630.8 (455.9–781.9) in 0–14 years children, 16.0 (4.8–48.5) cases per 100 thousand population in people over 15 years old. The relative risk in children in the year of low water content of the lake. Baikal RR=1.498 (CI 1.067–2.102). The total level of economic damage caused by additional cases of rotavirus infection in children amounted to 4,528.960 of rubles with high water content, and 5,625.740 of rubles with low water content.
Limitations of the study relate to the inability to accurately estimate the number of tourists visiting the region; the inflation rate is not taken into account when calculating the economic damage.
Conclusion. The AII incidence in the children’s population of the coastal region is characterized by an increase in the years of water content in Lake Baikal, which differs from the optimal level, with changes in risk-inducing factors.
{"title":"Influence of exogenous risk-inducing factors on the incidence of intestinal infections in the population of the territory of intensive tourism","authors":"Victor S. Rukavishnikov, Natalia V. Efimova, Mikhail F. Savchenkov, Olga G. Bogdanova, Aldexander A. Lisovtsov, Inna V. Mylnikova","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-993-1000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-993-1000","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The development of tourism in regions with an insufficient level of social infrastructure and a low self-cleaning capacity of the environment poses a danger due to the gain in infectious diseases. The level of water in Lake Baikal may determine the potential for dilution of chemical and microbiological contaminants in the coastal zone.
 Materials and methods. The incidence of acute intestinal infections (AII) was studied in the area located on the south-eastern shore of the lake. Baikal (2016–2022). There were assessed risk-inducing factors including climate, water level of the lake, number of tourists, water quality. The values of relative risk, etiological share, economic damage were calculated. 
 Results. The incidence was 630.8 (455.9–781.9) in 0–14 years children, 16.0 (4.8–48.5) cases per 100 thousand population in people over 15 years old. The relative risk in children in the year of low water content of the lake. Baikal RR=1.498 (CI 1.067–2.102). The total level of economic damage caused by additional cases of rotavirus infection in children amounted to 4,528.960 of rubles with high water content, and 5,625.740 of rubles with low water content. 
 Limitations of the study relate to the inability to accurately estimate the number of tourists visiting the region; the inflation rate is not taken into account when calculating the economic damage. 
 Conclusion. The AII incidence in the children’s population of the coastal region is characterized by an increase in the years of water content in Lake Baikal, which differs from the optimal level, with changes in risk-inducing factors.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"35 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-968-974
Roza T. Kamilova, Amangul Zh. Kurbanbayeva, Zhavlon A. Kamilov, Lola I. Isakova
Introduction. The widespread and uncontrolled use of information and communication technologies by children has determined the purpose of the present research as to identify the varieties, purpose, frequency, intensity, screen timing, and usage duration of modern digital devices and the Internet by schoolchildren and their impact on the psycho-emotional state.
Materials and methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on nine hundred schoolchildren between 11 and 17 years of age from general education schools.
Results. Irrespective of age and gender, each of the surveyed schoolchildren had several types of digital devices. All schoolchildren had regular Internet access and, in almost 87% of cases, were connected via smartphone or cell phone. In addition, 75% of schoolchildren use modern digital devices to prepare for classwork/homework, and 84% use them for various games and entertainment. Almost 10% of schoolchildren use digital devices and spend four or more hours a day on social media. More than half of children use electronic devices and the Internet during the day, evening, and night. In 17% of cases, children experienced negative feelings when using digital devices and social networks.
Limitations. One standard method of assessing children’s education and recreation mode is to conduct a survey questionnaire. Still, in our opinion, a comprehensive assessment of digital devices and Internet usage mode would be more evident with timed observations over a 7–10-day period. Moreover, in our work, we encountered the problem of limited access to schools (due to the choice of schools for study by the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan) and schoolchildren (due to classes chosen for investigation by the school administration).
Conclusion. The results obtained were the basis for the development of methodological recommendations on the regime and regulatory standards for the use
of digital devices and the Internet, as well as for the revised Sanitary norms, rules, and hygienic normative “Hygienic requirements for the use of information and communication technologies in general education school of the Republic of Uzbekistan” compliance with which will level the deficiencies in the daily routine of schoolchildren.
{"title":"Characteristics of digital devices and their use by school children in modern conditions","authors":"Roza T. Kamilova, Amangul Zh. Kurbanbayeva, Zhavlon A. Kamilov, Lola I. Isakova","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-968-974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-968-974","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The widespread and uncontrolled use of information and communication technologies by children has determined the purpose of the present research as to identify the varieties, purpose, frequency, intensity, screen timing, and usage duration of modern digital devices and the Internet by schoolchildren and their impact on the psycho-emotional state.
 Materials and methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on nine hundred schoolchildren between 11 and 17 years of age from general education schools.
 Results. Irrespective of age and gender, each of the surveyed schoolchildren had several types of digital devices. All schoolchildren had regular Internet access and, in almost 87% of cases, were connected via smartphone or cell phone. In addition, 75% of schoolchildren use modern digital devices to prepare for classwork/homework, and 84% use them for various games and entertainment. Almost 10% of schoolchildren use digital devices and spend four or more hours a day on social media. More than half of children use electronic devices and the Internet during the day, evening, and night. In 17% of cases, children experienced negative feelings when using digital devices and social networks.
 Limitations. One standard method of assessing children’s education and recreation mode is to conduct a survey questionnaire. Still, in our opinion, a comprehensive assessment of digital devices and Internet usage mode would be more evident with timed observations over a 7–10-day period. Moreover, in our work, we encountered the problem of limited access to schools (due to the choice of schools for study by the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan) and schoolchildren (due to classes chosen for investigation by the school administration).
 Conclusion. The results obtained were the basis for the development of methodological recommendations on the regime and regulatory standards for the use 
 of digital devices and the Internet, as well as for the revised Sanitary norms, rules, and hygienic normative “Hygienic requirements for the use of information and communication technologies in general education school of the Republic of Uzbekistan” compliance with which will level the deficiencies in the daily routine of schoolchildren.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"4 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136311852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-902-908
Anna K. Makovetskaya, Ludmila V. Khripach, Mikhail E. Goshin, Olga V. Budarina, Aleksey V. Karmanov
Introduction. The presence of an unwanted annoyance odour is the one of the important criteria for atmospheric air quality, affecting its assessment.
This study is aimed at using of sociological methods for identifying the sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances and for assessing possible impact of their pollution on human health and life quality in a city with various industrial enterprises.
Materials and methods. The study of the perception of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances by residents of Glazov (Udmurt Rebublic) was carried out based on the analysis of messages on social networks, a survey of inhabitants, as well as with the help of qualitative sociological research, including interviews and focus groups.
Results. The survey of residents have shown there to be a problem of annoying, intrusive odours in the city, the frequency of perception and intensity of which, as well as the degree of corresponding annoyance, are associated with the presence of various health complaints. As a result of the analysis of residents’ messages on social networks, conducted interviews and focus groups, the suspected sources of annoyance odours were identified. Among the city residents a tendency is shown to associate changes in habitual behaviour with the presence of annoyance odours in the atmospheric air.
Limitations. The limitations of this study are related to the sample size. Increasing the sample size will allow gettin a more accurate picture in the future.
Conclusion. The results of the analysis of statements made by city residents about the presence of annoyance odours can serve as a starting point for identifying potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances, as well as an important and useful additional fragment to the data of the questionnaire survey of inhabitants for more complete assessment of the environmental situation in the studied locality and the development of management decisions to reduce atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances.
{"title":"The role of sociological methods in implementation of environmental hygienic health monitoring for territories","authors":"Anna K. Makovetskaya, Ludmila V. Khripach, Mikhail E. Goshin, Olga V. Budarina, Aleksey V. Karmanov","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-902-908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-902-908","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The presence of an unwanted annoyance odour is the one of the important criteria for atmospheric air quality, affecting its assessment. 
 This study is aimed at using of sociological methods for identifying the sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances and for assessing possible impact of their pollution on human health and life quality in a city with various industrial enterprises.
 Materials and methods. The study of the perception of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances by residents of Glazov (Udmurt Rebublic) was carried out based on the analysis of messages on social networks, a survey of inhabitants, as well as with the help of qualitative sociological research, including interviews and focus groups.
 Results. The survey of residents have shown there to be a problem of annoying, intrusive odours in the city, the frequency of perception and intensity of which, as well as the degree of corresponding annoyance, are associated with the presence of various health complaints. As a result of the analysis of residents’ messages on social networks, conducted interviews and focus groups, the suspected sources of annoyance odours were identified. Among the city residents a tendency is shown to associate changes in habitual behaviour with the presence of annoyance odours in the atmospheric air.
 Limitations. The limitations of this study are related to the sample size. Increasing the sample size will allow gettin a more accurate picture in the future.
 Conclusion. The results of the analysis of statements made by city residents about the presence of annoyance odours can serve as a starting point for identifying potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances, as well as an important and useful additional fragment to the data of the questionnaire survey of inhabitants for more complete assessment of the environmental situation in the studied locality and the development of management decisions to reduce atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"29 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134907775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-783-789
Sergei A. Syurin, Aleksei N. Kizeev
Introduction. Working in the Arctic creates an increased risk of developing occupational pathology, leads to a premature restriction of the labour activity.
Materials and methods. We studied data of the socio-hygienic monitoring “Working conditions and occupational morbidity» and the register of extracts from occupational disease records (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 176 dated May 28, 2001)
The aim of the study was to assess causes and circumstances, structure, and number of occupational diseases among employees of Russian Arctic enterprises in 2007–2021.
Results. In 2007–2021, Ten thousand three hundred forty three occupational diseases were firstly registered in the Russian Arctic in 8,067 employees, in 75–85% of cases engaged in mining and metallurgical enterprises. In 2007–2015, there was an increase, and in 2016–2021, a decrease in the level
of occupational morbidity, which exceeded the national figures by 6.01–10.99 times. The main factor in the development of occupational pathology, the share of which in the structure of all harmful factors increased from 19.0% to 43.9%, is the severity of labour arising from design flaws in equipment and imperfection of technological processes. In 2007–2021, there was an increase in the proportion of vibration disease (from 18.3% to 26.3%) and radiculopathy (from 12.6% to 19.5%), a decrease in the share of sensorineural hearing loss (from 17.9 % to 14.3%) and mono- and polyneuropathy (from 14.1% to 9.1%), but especially significant (5.38 times) – of chronic bronchitis. At the same time, the number of nosological forms of occupational diseases per worker increased from 1.05±0.01 to 1.43±0.03 cases (p<0.05).
Limitations. As a limitation of the study, one can consider the locality of the data obtained, which are applicable only to the Arctic territories of Russia.
Conclusion. The new data obtained on the causes, number, and structure of occupational diseases indicate the priority for the Russian Arctic to reduce labour severity and improve preventing vibration disease, radiculopathy, and sensorineural hearing loss in mining and metallurgical workers.
{"title":"Problems of prevention of occupational pathology in the Russian Arctic","authors":"Sergei A. Syurin, Aleksei N. Kizeev","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-783-789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-783-789","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Working in the Arctic creates an increased risk of developing occupational pathology, leads to a premature restriction of the labour activity.
 Materials and methods. We studied data of the socio-hygienic monitoring “Working conditions and occupational morbidity» and the register of extracts from occupational disease records (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 176 dated May 28, 2001)
 The aim of the study was to assess causes and circumstances, structure, and number of occupational diseases among employees of Russian Arctic enterprises in 2007–2021.
 Results. In 2007–2021, Ten thousand three hundred forty three occupational diseases were firstly registered in the Russian Arctic in 8,067 employees, in 75–85% of cases engaged in mining and metallurgical enterprises. In 2007–2015, there was an increase, and in 2016–2021, a decrease in the level 
 of occupational morbidity, which exceeded the national figures by 6.01–10.99 times. The main factor in the development of occupational pathology, the share of which in the structure of all harmful factors increased from 19.0% to 43.9%, is the severity of labour arising from design flaws in equipment and imperfection of technological processes. In 2007–2021, there was an increase in the proportion of vibration disease (from 18.3% to 26.3%) and radiculopathy (from 12.6% to 19.5%), a decrease in the share of sensorineural hearing loss (from 17.9 % to 14.3%) and mono- and polyneuropathy (from 14.1% to 9.1%), but especially significant (5.38 times) – of chronic bronchitis. At the same time, the number of nosological forms of occupational diseases per worker increased from 1.05±0.01 to 1.43±0.03 cases (p<0.05).
 Limitations. As a limitation of the study, one can consider the locality of the data obtained, which are applicable only to the Arctic territories of Russia.
 Conclusion. The new data obtained on the causes, number, and structure of occupational diseases indicate the priority for the Russian Arctic to reduce labour severity and improve preventing vibration disease, radiculopathy, and sensorineural hearing loss in mining and metallurgical workers.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135148707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-811-816
Ekaterina N. Dubrovskaya, Olga I. Kopytenkova
Introduction. During navigation, ship specialists are affected by a number of unavoidable factors including noise, vibration, climatic conditions, ship rolling, monotony of the working process during watch keeping, psycho-emotional, and physical stress.
The aim of the study was to assess the psychophysiological state of boatmasters during navigation.
Materials and methods. A study of sixty four boatmasters was conducted before, in the middle and at the end of navigation. To achieve the purpose of the study, qualitative and quantitative indicators of psychophysiological status (Choice response, Mobility of nervous processes using a dynamometer) and the functioning of the cardiovascular system under physical exertion (Harvard step test) were studied. The research was carried out using a computer complex for psychophysiological testing “NS-Psychotest”. The results were processed using the Statistica v. 10 software package. The studied indicators are presented qualitatively, by frequency distribution in accordance with their severity in different periods of observation. The point estimate is supplemented with a 95% confidence interval, which was calculated by the Wilson method. In the comparative analysis, a nonparametric criterion was used for McNemar’s dependent variables χ2. To calculate the dose load by vibroacoustic factors, the approaches described in the Methodological Recommendations on the Dose Assessment of Industrial Noise No. 2908-82 were used.
Results. The results obtained during the study revealed significant differences in the indicators of functional and psycho-emotional state during the navigation period.
Limitations. Limited access to the subjects under study during navigation.
Conclusion. Currently, the boatmasters of modern automated passenger ships are affected by factors that can be attributed to the unavoidable. To reduce the negative impact of harmful factors on the functional and psychophysiological state of boatmasters, when developing shift work modes, the determination of the dose load should be applied, taking into account the round-the-clock impact of vibroacoustic factors during navigation. To preserve and strengthen the health of skippers, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth examination and monitoring of the functional state of the cardiovascular system for timely detection of initial signs of pathology in crew members.
介绍。在航行过程中，船舶专家受到许多不可避免的因素的影响，包括噪音、振动、气候条件、船舶滚动、值班过程中工作过程的单调、心理情绪和身体压力。
本研究的目的是评估船长在航行过程中的心理生理状态。
材料和方法。一项针对64位船主的研究在航行前、中期和结束时进行。为了达到研究目的，研究了心理生理状态的定性和定量指标(选择反应、神经过程的活动性)和体力消耗下心血管系统的功能(哈佛步进测试)。这项研究是使用一种心理生理测试的计算机综合体“NS-Psychotest”进行的。使用Statistica v. 10软件包对结果进行处理。所研究的指标根据其在不同观测时期的严重程度，采用频率分布进行定性描述。点估计补充了95%的置信区间，该置信区间由Wilson方法计算。在比较分析中，McNemar因变量χ2采用非参数标准。根据振动声因子计算剂量负荷，采用《工业噪声剂量评估方法建议》第2908-82号所述方法。结果。研究结果显示，在导航期间，功能和心理情绪状态指标存在显著差异。
的局限性。导航过程中对研究对象的接触受限。
结论。目前，现代自动化客船的船长受到不可避免因素的影响。为减少有害因素对船长功能和心理生理状态的负面影响，在制定轮班工作模式时，应考虑航行过程中振动声因素的全天候影响，确定剂量负荷。为了维护和加强船长的健康，有必要对船员心血管系统的功能状态进行深入的检查和监测，及时发现船员最初的病理迹象。
{"title":"The psychophysiological state of the skippers of passenger ships during the navigation period","authors":"Ekaterina N. Dubrovskaya, Olga I. Kopytenkova","doi":"10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-811-816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-811-816","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. During navigation, ship specialists are affected by a number of unavoidable factors including noise, vibration, climatic conditions, ship rolling, monotony of the working process during watch keeping, psycho-emotional, and physical stress.
 The aim of the study was to assess the psychophysiological state of boatmasters during navigation.
 Materials and methods. A study of sixty four boatmasters was conducted before, in the middle and at the end of navigation. To achieve the purpose of the study, qualitative and quantitative indicators of psychophysiological status (Choice response, Mobility of nervous processes using a dynamometer) and the functioning of the cardiovascular system under physical exertion (Harvard step test) were studied. The research was carried out using a computer complex for psychophysiological testing “NS-Psychotest”. The results were processed using the Statistica v. 10 software package. The studied indicators are presented qualitatively, by frequency distribution in accordance with their severity in different periods of observation. The point estimate is supplemented with a 95% confidence interval, which was calculated by the Wilson method. In the comparative analysis, a nonparametric criterion was used for McNemar’s dependent variables χ2. To calculate the dose load by vibroacoustic factors, the approaches described in the Methodological Recommendations on the Dose Assessment of Industrial Noise No. 2908-82 were used.
 Results. The results obtained during the study revealed significant differences in the indicators of functional and psycho-emotional state during the navigation period.
 Limitations. Limited access to the subjects under study during navigation.
 Conclusion. Currently, the boatmasters of modern automated passenger ships are affected by factors that can be attributed to the unavoidable. To reduce the negative impact of harmful factors on the functional and psychophysiological state of boatmasters, when developing shift work modes, the determination of the dose load should be applied, taking into account the round-the-clock impact of vibroacoustic factors during navigation. To preserve and strengthen the health of skippers, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth examination and monitoring of the functional state of the cardiovascular system for timely detection of initial signs of pathology in crew members.","PeriodicalId":12550,"journal":{"name":"Gigiena i sanitariia","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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