Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac022
A. Lawrence, Matthew A. Boggie, W. R. Gould, S. Carleton, Clay T. Nichols
ABSTRACT The influence of seasonal variation on animal behavior is a critical component of habitat selection analyses. To examine this relationship, we conducted multi-scale analyses of Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic infrastructure associated with oil and gas development, mesquite, and trees during the spring and summer at home range and lek area scales. We tracked 159 Lesser Prairie-Chickens using VHF radiotelemetry or PTT-GPS transmitters in the sand shinnery oak prairie region of eastern New Mexico, USA. We used discrete choice models and logistic regression to assess seasonal patterns of habitat selection at home range and lek area scales, respectively. The static habitat features we examined allowed us to observe differential patterns of habitat selection between the two seasons, revealing an overall increase in the degree of avoidance following the spring season. Results of our home range scale analysis indicate that utility pole density, mesquite cover, and proximity to active well pads, private roads, and mesquite have significant negative effects on habitat selection during both seasons. Avoidance of high utility pole densities was significantly greater during the summer compared to spring. Lek area habitat selection results were similar, but differences in sensitivity to features between seasons were stronger. Avoidance of high mesquite cover and utility pole and tree densities, in particular, was significantly greater in the summer. The effects of density and cover of these features, which have previously been understudied in Lesser Prairie-Chicken research, provide critical information for future conservation practices. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of accounting for potential seasonal patterns of study species to best examine habitat selection. LAY SUMMARY Populations of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) have declined dramatically over the past century. Anthropogenic infrastructure and non-native or invasive woody vegetation reduce the quality of grassland habitat and are increasingly common in the southern Great Plains of North America. The effects of density and cover of these new habitat features on Lesser Prairie-Chicken habitat selection and how it may vary over seasons is not well documented. We examined seasonal habitat selection by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in relation to anthropogenic infrastructure, mesquite, and trees in eastern New Mexico, USA. Our results indicate that Lesser Prairie-Chickens avoid high densities of several common anthropogenic infrastructure and trees, and areas with high mesquite cover. Overall, Lesser Prairie-Chickens tended to avoid these features to a greater degree in the summer compared to spring. RESUMEN La influencia de la variación estacional en el comportamiento animal y la correspondiente respuesta en la selección de hábitat es un componente crítico de los análisis de selección de hábita
季节变化对动物行为的影响是生境选择分析的一个重要组成部分。为了研究这种关系，我们在春季和夏季对小草原鸡(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)栖息地选择与与石油和天然气开发相关的人为基础设施、豆科植物和树木进行了多尺度分析。我们使用VHF无线电遥测或PTT-GPS发射机在美国新墨西哥州东部的沙质橡树草原地区追踪了159只小草原鸡。分别采用离散选择模型和logistic回归分析了生境选择的季节特征。我们研究的静态栖息地特征使我们能够观察到两个季节之间栖息地选择的差异模式，揭示了春季之后回避程度的总体增加。结果表明，在这两个季节，电线杆密度、豆科植物覆盖度、靠近活跃井台、私人道路和豆科植物对生境选择有显著的负面影响。与春季相比，夏季对高电线杆密度的回避明显更大。Lek区生境选择结果相似，但季节间特征敏感性差异较大。避免高豆科植物覆盖和电线杆和树木密度，特别是在夏季显著更大。这些特征的密度和覆盖的影响，以前在小草原鸡的研究中没有得到充分的研究，为未来的保护实践提供了重要的信息。此外，我们的研究强调了考虑研究物种潜在的季节模式的重要性，以最好地检查栖息地选择。在过去的一个世纪里，小草原鸡(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)的种群数量急剧下降。人为基础设施和非本地或入侵的木本植被降低了草原生境的质量，并且在北美大平原南部越来越普遍。这些新栖息地特征的密度和覆盖对小草原鸡栖息地选择的影响以及它如何随季节变化的影响尚未得到很好的记录。我们研究了美国新墨西哥州东部小草原鸡的季节性栖息地选择与人为基础设施、豆科植物和树木的关系。我们的研究结果表明，小草原鸡避开了几种常见的人为基础设施和树木的高密度，以及高豆科植物覆盖的地区。总的来说，与春天相比，小草原鸡在夏天更倾向于避免这些特征。RESUMEN La influencia de La variación estacional en el comcomamiito animal y La corresponente respuesta en La selección de hábitat es uncomponente crítico de los análisis de selección de hábitat。对位examinar esta relacion给他一个卡波分析de倍数escalas de la seleccion de栖息地de Tympanuchus pallidicinctus en relacion con la infraestructura antropogenica asociada con el desarrollo当天y气体,el mezquite y los arboles杜兰特拉白桃花心木y el verano de rango de las escalas hogar y区德列克。Rastreamos 159个人利用T. pallidicictus无线电telemetría甚高频发射机PTT-GPS在región de praeras de Quercus havardii de este de neevo msamicos，欧洲联盟。分别在selección de hábitat和área de lek上对两个赞助人进行了评估。通过características estáticas和hábitat检查是否允许观察赞助人的差别，通过selección和hábitat检查是否允许观察赞助人的差别，通过reveló和reveló观察赞助人是否允许观察赞助人的差别，通过evitación和hábitat检查是否允许观察赞助人的差别。研究结果表明:1 .研究结果表明:análisis 1 .研究结果表明:服务岗位的密集性;2 .研究结果表明:与服务岗位的密集性;3 .研究结果表明:与服务岗位的密集性;3 .与服务岗位的密集性;3 .与服务岗位的密集性;网址:evitación de áreas densas de postes de servicios fuente significativeente durante el verano市长。Los resultados de la selección del hábitat a escala de área de lek fueron相似，pero las不同点entre estaciones en la sensibilidad a las características del hábitat fueron más fuertes。La evitación de La La alta cobertura de mezztura de las altas densidades de árboles de de postes de servicios，特别是de verano市长的重要意义。Los effects of la densidad by la cobertura de estas características, que estudiado o se habían pasado por alto en la investigación de T. pallidicinctus, brindan información crítica para futuras prácticas de conservación。 此外，我们的研究强调了考虑研究物种可能的季节模式的重要性，以更好地检查栖息地选择。
{"title":"Differential seasonal avoidance of anthropogenic features and woody vegetation by Lesser Prairie-Chickens","authors":"A. Lawrence, Matthew A. Boggie, W. R. Gould, S. Carleton, Clay T. Nichols","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac022","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The influence of seasonal variation on animal behavior is a critical component of habitat selection analyses. To examine this relationship, we conducted multi-scale analyses of Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic infrastructure associated with oil and gas development, mesquite, and trees during the spring and summer at home range and lek area scales. We tracked 159 Lesser Prairie-Chickens using VHF radiotelemetry or PTT-GPS transmitters in the sand shinnery oak prairie region of eastern New Mexico, USA. We used discrete choice models and logistic regression to assess seasonal patterns of habitat selection at home range and lek area scales, respectively. The static habitat features we examined allowed us to observe differential patterns of habitat selection between the two seasons, revealing an overall increase in the degree of avoidance following the spring season. Results of our home range scale analysis indicate that utility pole density, mesquite cover, and proximity to active well pads, private roads, and mesquite have significant negative effects on habitat selection during both seasons. Avoidance of high utility pole densities was significantly greater during the summer compared to spring. Lek area habitat selection results were similar, but differences in sensitivity to features between seasons were stronger. Avoidance of high mesquite cover and utility pole and tree densities, in particular, was significantly greater in the summer. The effects of density and cover of these features, which have previously been understudied in Lesser Prairie-Chicken research, provide critical information for future conservation practices. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of accounting for potential seasonal patterns of study species to best examine habitat selection. LAY SUMMARY Populations of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) have declined dramatically over the past century. Anthropogenic infrastructure and non-native or invasive woody vegetation reduce the quality of grassland habitat and are increasingly common in the southern Great Plains of North America. The effects of density and cover of these new habitat features on Lesser Prairie-Chicken habitat selection and how it may vary over seasons is not well documented. We examined seasonal habitat selection by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in relation to anthropogenic infrastructure, mesquite, and trees in eastern New Mexico, USA. Our results indicate that Lesser Prairie-Chickens avoid high densities of several common anthropogenic infrastructure and trees, and areas with high mesquite cover. Overall, Lesser Prairie-Chickens tended to avoid these features to a greater degree in the summer compared to spring. RESUMEN La influencia de la variación estacional en el comportamiento animal y la correspondiente respuesta en la selección de hábitat es un componente crítico de los análisis de selección de hábita","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126650458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac021
Claire A Johnson, T. J. Benson
ABSTRACT Understanding the conservation needs of rare and hard-to-detect species becomes even more difficult when a species is highly mobile. Black-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) and Yellow-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus) have experienced extensive range-wide population declines over the last several decades. Low detection probability has made it hard to determine causes of declines and resulted in poorly supported population and trend estimates. However, given evidence that cuckoos make wide-ranging movements during the breeding season, it may be necessary to address issues of both low vocalization rate and availability for detection to better understand these cryptic species. We performed passive and call-broadcast surveys for cuckoos at 41 sites across northern Illinois in 2019 and 2020. We examined the influence of call broadcast and temporal and environmental covariates on detection probability and how habitat covariates affected occupancy, immigration, and emigration both within and among sites. Individual detection probability increased substantially using call broadcasts (12 and 6 times for Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos, respectively) and detection increased with temperature. Black-billed Cuckoo detection probability also varied temporally, being lowest in the middle of the breeding season. We found strong support for turnover within sites during the breeding season, indicating maintenance of large home ranges, as well as among sites (average emigration probability of 86% and 47% for Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos, respectively). Black-billed Cuckoos were more likely to use open, shrubby sites and Yellow-billed Cuckoos to use sites with older successional habitat. While turnover rate was affected by habitat covariates, these species' reliance on ephemeral insect abundance may ultimately be driving occupancy dynamics. Our results suggest that broadcasts are essential for effectively monitoring these cuckoos, but also imply the need to move towards coordinating management at broader spatial scales for these highly mobile species. LAY SUMMARY Black-billed Cuckoos and Yellow-billed Cuckoos have experienced significant, range-wide declines, but are secretive and call infrequently, making them difficult species to study. Broadcasting species calls, which often elicits responses from individuals that are present, can help with detection, but low detection could also be caused by cuckoos moving between repeat surveys. We performed passive and broadcast surveys for cuckoos across northern Illinois in 2019 and 2020 to determine the importance of survey type, how detection changes seasonally and based on environmental conditions, and the frequency of turnover within and among sites. Broadcasts and temperature substantially increased detection for both cuckoos. We also found support for high rates of turnover at both scales during the breeding season. These results improve our ability to monitor cuckoos, but also impl
{"title":"Dynamic occupancy models reveal Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos have high rates of turnover during the breeding season","authors":"Claire A Johnson, T. J. Benson","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac021","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Understanding the conservation needs of rare and hard-to-detect species becomes even more difficult when a species is highly mobile. Black-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) and Yellow-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus) have experienced extensive range-wide population declines over the last several decades. Low detection probability has made it hard to determine causes of declines and resulted in poorly supported population and trend estimates. However, given evidence that cuckoos make wide-ranging movements during the breeding season, it may be necessary to address issues of both low vocalization rate and availability for detection to better understand these cryptic species. We performed passive and call-broadcast surveys for cuckoos at 41 sites across northern Illinois in 2019 and 2020. We examined the influence of call broadcast and temporal and environmental covariates on detection probability and how habitat covariates affected occupancy, immigration, and emigration both within and among sites. Individual detection probability increased substantially using call broadcasts (12 and 6 times for Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos, respectively) and detection increased with temperature. Black-billed Cuckoo detection probability also varied temporally, being lowest in the middle of the breeding season. We found strong support for turnover within sites during the breeding season, indicating maintenance of large home ranges, as well as among sites (average emigration probability of 86% and 47% for Black-billed and Yellow-billed Cuckoos, respectively). Black-billed Cuckoos were more likely to use open, shrubby sites and Yellow-billed Cuckoos to use sites with older successional habitat. While turnover rate was affected by habitat covariates, these species' reliance on ephemeral insect abundance may ultimately be driving occupancy dynamics. Our results suggest that broadcasts are essential for effectively monitoring these cuckoos, but also imply the need to move towards coordinating management at broader spatial scales for these highly mobile species. LAY SUMMARY Black-billed Cuckoos and Yellow-billed Cuckoos have experienced significant, range-wide declines, but are secretive and call infrequently, making them difficult species to study. Broadcasting species calls, which often elicits responses from individuals that are present, can help with detection, but low detection could also be caused by cuckoos moving between repeat surveys. We performed passive and broadcast surveys for cuckoos across northern Illinois in 2019 and 2020 to determine the importance of survey type, how detection changes seasonally and based on environmental conditions, and the frequency of turnover within and among sites. Broadcasts and temperature substantially increased detection for both cuckoos. We also found support for high rates of turnover at both scales during the breeding season. These results improve our ability to monitor cuckoos, but also impl","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122969635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-14DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac020
J. Wiegers, E. Jongejans, C. V. van Turnhout, Loes van den Bremer, H. P. van der Jeugd, Erik Kleyheeg
ABSTRACT Europe's highest densities of breeding Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) are found in the Netherlands, but the breeding population there has declined by ∼30% since the 1990s. The exact cause of this decline has remained unclear. Here, we used an integrated population model to jointly analyze Mallard population survey, nest survey, duckling survival, and band-recovery data. We used this approach to holistically estimate all relevant vital rates, including duckling survival rates for years for which no explicit data were available. Mean vital rate estimates were high for nest success (0.38 ± 0.01) and egg hatch rate (0.96 ± 0.001), but relatively low for clutch size (8.2 ± 0.05) compared to populations in other regions. Estimates for duckling survival rate for the three years for which explicit data were available were low (0.16–0.27) compared to historical observations, but were comparable to rates reported for other regions with declining populations. Finally, the mean survival rate was low for ducklings (0.18 ± 0.02), but high and stable for adults (0.71 ± 0.03). Population growth rate was only affected by variation in duckling survival, but since this is a predominantly latent state variable, this result should be interpreted with caution. However, it does strongly indicate that none of the other vital rates, all of which were supported by data, was able to sufficiently explain the population decline. Together with a comparison with historic vital rates, these findings point to a reduced duckling survival rate as the likely cause of the decline. Candidate drivers of reduced duckling survival are increased predation pressure and reduced food availability, but this requires future study. Integrated population modeling can provide valuable insights into population dynamics even when empirical data for a key parameter are partly missing. LAY SUMMARY Demographic data and population modelling are pivotal for identifying limiting processes and vulnerable life stages involved in the decline of wildlife populations. The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population in the Netherlands has decreased by 30% since 1990 but the causes remain unclear. We combined the available historical and current data for Mallard population size, reproduction, and survival of ducklings and adults in a population model to investigate the processes involved in the decline. Duckling survival was the only vital rate to strongly affect variation in population growth and was low compared to both historical data for the Netherlands and to duckling survival estimates for stable Mallard populations in other countries. Future research should investigate why duckling survival is low and how conservation action can target this life stage. SAMENVATTING In Nederland vindt men de hoogste dichtheden broedende Anas platyrhynchos van Europa, maar sinds de jaren 90 is deze populatie met 30% afgenomen. De oorzaak hiervoor is echter onduidelijk. In dit onderzoek worden recente data over de popu
荷兰是欧洲繁殖绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)密度最高的国家，但自20世纪90年代以来，那里的繁殖数量下降了30%。这种下降的确切原因尚不清楚。本研究采用综合种群模型，对绿头鸭种群调查、巢调查、小鸭存活率和带恢复数据进行了综合分析。我们使用这种方法来全面估计所有相关的生命率，包括没有明确数据的小鸭存活率。与其他地区的种群相比，平均生命率(0.38±0.01)和孵化率(0.96±0.001)较高，而卵数(8.2±0.05)相对较低。与历史观察相比，有明确数据的三年小鸭存活率估计较低(0.16-0.27)，但与其他人口下降地区报告的存活率相当。最后，雏鸭的平均存活率较低(0.18±0.02)，成年鸭的平均存活率较高且稳定(0.71±0.03)。种群增长率仅受雏鸭存活率变化的影响，但由于这是一个主要的潜在状态变量，因此应谨慎解释这一结果。然而，它确实有力地表明，其他所有有数据支持的重要比率都不能充分解释人口下降。再加上与历史存活率的比较，这些发现表明小鸭存活率的下降可能是导致死亡率下降的原因。鸭子存活率降低的候选驱动因素是捕食压力增加和食物供应减少，但这需要进一步的研究。即使在关键参数的经验数据部分缺失的情况下，综合人口模型也可以为人口动态提供有价值的见解。人口统计数据和人口模型对于确定野生动物种群减少的限制过程和脆弱生命阶段至关重要。荷兰的绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)数量自1990年以来减少了30%，但原因尚不清楚。我们在一个种群模型中结合了绿头鸭种群规模、繁殖、雏鸭和成年鸭的存活率的历史和当前数据，以调查与数量下降有关的过程。小鸭存活率是唯一能强烈影响种群增长变化的重要比率，与荷兰的历史数据和其他国家稳定的绿头鸭种群的小鸭存活率估计相比，它的存活率都很低。未来的研究应该调查为什么小鸭存活率低，以及如何针对这一生命阶段采取保护行动。SAMENVATTING:在荷兰，有一项研究表明，荷兰的人口占欧洲人口的30%，而荷兰的人口占欧洲人口的30%。德·奥尔扎克·希尔沃特是一个很有前途的人。在这篇文章中，作者引用了最近的关于人口的数据，包括年龄、年龄、年龄、年龄和成年人口的数据，并将这些数据结合在了geïntegreerd人口模型中。Deze - allesomattend方法是一种基于人口统计学的方法，它可以对人口统计学的相关过程进行分析，从而为人口统计学的发展提供明确的数据支持。De jaarlijkse在研究周期内的超限值为(0.71±0.03)，在研究周期内的超限值为(0.38±0.01)。双侧腿沟相对扁平(8.2±0.05)。在该地区观测到的高海拔人口中，高海拔人口的平均年龄为0.16-0.27，高于历史平均年龄(0.16-0.27)。Voor de helle周期werd de jaarlijkse kuikenoverlevel超过18% geschat。kuikenoverlevel为设计参数，与人口增长率相关，与人口增长率相关，与人口增长率相关，与人口增长率相关。在综合研究中，研究人员发现，在人类基因组与人类基因组之间存在着巨大的差异，在人类基因组与人类基因组之间存在着巨大的差异，在人类种群中存在着巨大的差异，这种差异被称为van Anas platyrhynchos。Mogelijke就像oorzaken hiervoor zijn一样，在基因组上捕食，在基因组上捕食，在基因组上捕食，在基因组上捕食，在基因组上捕食，在基因组上捕食。在人口动力学研究中，本文采用了一种基于经验的数据分析方法，在人口动力学研究中采用了一种基于经验的数据分析方法。
{"title":"Integrated population modeling identifies low duckling survival as a key driver of decline in a European population of the Mallard","authors":"J. Wiegers, E. Jongejans, C. V. van Turnhout, Loes van den Bremer, H. P. van der Jeugd, Erik Kleyheeg","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Europe's highest densities of breeding Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) are found in the Netherlands, but the breeding population there has declined by ∼30% since the 1990s. The exact cause of this decline has remained unclear. Here, we used an integrated population model to jointly analyze Mallard population survey, nest survey, duckling survival, and band-recovery data. We used this approach to holistically estimate all relevant vital rates, including duckling survival rates for years for which no explicit data were available. Mean vital rate estimates were high for nest success (0.38 ± 0.01) and egg hatch rate (0.96 ± 0.001), but relatively low for clutch size (8.2 ± 0.05) compared to populations in other regions. Estimates for duckling survival rate for the three years for which explicit data were available were low (0.16–0.27) compared to historical observations, but were comparable to rates reported for other regions with declining populations. Finally, the mean survival rate was low for ducklings (0.18 ± 0.02), but high and stable for adults (0.71 ± 0.03). Population growth rate was only affected by variation in duckling survival, but since this is a predominantly latent state variable, this result should be interpreted with caution. However, it does strongly indicate that none of the other vital rates, all of which were supported by data, was able to sufficiently explain the population decline. Together with a comparison with historic vital rates, these findings point to a reduced duckling survival rate as the likely cause of the decline. Candidate drivers of reduced duckling survival are increased predation pressure and reduced food availability, but this requires future study. Integrated population modeling can provide valuable insights into population dynamics even when empirical data for a key parameter are partly missing. LAY SUMMARY Demographic data and population modelling are pivotal for identifying limiting processes and vulnerable life stages involved in the decline of wildlife populations. The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population in the Netherlands has decreased by 30% since 1990 but the causes remain unclear. We combined the available historical and current data for Mallard population size, reproduction, and survival of ducklings and adults in a population model to investigate the processes involved in the decline. Duckling survival was the only vital rate to strongly affect variation in population growth and was low compared to both historical data for the Netherlands and to duckling survival estimates for stable Mallard populations in other countries. Future research should investigate why duckling survival is low and how conservation action can target this life stage. SAMENVATTING In Nederland vindt men de hoogste dichtheden broedende Anas platyrhynchos van Europa, maar sinds de jaren 90 is deze populatie met 30% afgenomen. De oorzaak hiervoor is echter onduidelijk. In dit onderzoek worden recente data over de popu","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129339577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac019
L. Sutton, D. L. Anderson, M. Franco, C. Mcclure, E. Miranda, F. H. Vargas, José de J. Vargas González, R. Puschendorf
ABSTRACT Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in regions with limited coverage in the key biodiversity area (KBA) network. Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70%–75% evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of >10% cultivated landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the Chocó-Darién ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs for strengthening the current KBA network. Modeled area of habitat estimates as described here is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa. LAY SUMMARY Quantifying habitat use is key to understanding animals' requirements for survival and can inform spatial conservation planning by mapping species range limits. Species that inhabit remote, hard-to-survey areas lack sufficient location data and there is a need to be able to predict into poorly sampled areas to estimate the potential area of habitat. Using species distribution models, we identified Harpy Eagle range limits, habitat area, and key biodiversity area coverage across the species range. Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70–75% evergreen forest cover, high vegetation species richness, and low elevation. Key biodiversity areas covered 18% of highly suitable Harpy Eagle habitat but with key gaps in coverage in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. Our method of calculating habitat area estimates based on a predictive spatial model is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can
{"title":"Range-wide habitat use of the Harpy Eagle indicates four major tropical forest gaps in the Key Biodiversity Area network","authors":"L. Sutton, D. L. Anderson, M. Franco, C. Mcclure, E. Miranda, F. H. Vargas, José de J. Vargas González, R. Puschendorf","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac019","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in regions with limited coverage in the key biodiversity area (KBA) network. Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70%–75% evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of >10% cultivated landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the Chocó-Darién ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs for strengthening the current KBA network. Modeled area of habitat estimates as described here is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa. LAY SUMMARY Quantifying habitat use is key to understanding animals' requirements for survival and can inform spatial conservation planning by mapping species range limits. Species that inhabit remote, hard-to-survey areas lack sufficient location data and there is a need to be able to predict into poorly sampled areas to estimate the potential area of habitat. Using species distribution models, we identified Harpy Eagle range limits, habitat area, and key biodiversity area coverage across the species range. Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70–75% evergreen forest cover, high vegetation species richness, and low elevation. Key biodiversity areas covered 18% of highly suitable Harpy Eagle habitat but with key gaps in coverage in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. Our method of calculating habitat area estimates based on a predictive spatial model is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125862448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac018
Abby L J Hensel, Sarah L. Dobney, Ines G. Moran, Ian P. Thomas, J. Burant, B. K. Woodworth, S. Doucet, A. Newman, D. Norris, H. Williams, D. Mennill
ABSTRACT Many breeding birds produce conspicuous sounds, providing tremendous opportunities to study free-living birds through acoustic recordings. Traditional methods for studying population size and demographic features depend on labor-intensive field research. Passive acoustic monitoring provides an alternative method for quantifying population size and demographic parameters, but this approach requires careful validation. To determine the accuracy of passive acoustic monitoring for estimating population size and demographic parameters, we used autonomous recorders to sample an island-living population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) over a 6-year period. Using the individually distinctive songs of males, we estimated the male population size as the number of unique songs detected in the recordings. We analyzed songs across 6 years to estimate birth year, death year, and longevity. We then compared the estimates with field data in a blind analysis. Estimates of male population size through passive acoustic monitoring were, on average, 72% of the true male population size, with higher accuracy in lower-density years. Estimates of demographic rates were lower than true values by 29% for birth year, 23% for death year, and 29% for longevity. This is the first investigation to estimate longevity with passive acoustic monitoring and adds to a growing number of studies that have used passive acoustic monitoring to estimate population size. Although passive acoustic monitoring underestimated true population parameters, likely due to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings suggest that autonomous recorders can provide reliable estimates of population size and longevity in a wild songbird. LAY SUMMARY Ornithologists can study free-living birds through passive acoustic recordings of their songs, although these bioacoustic methods require careful assessment and validation. Based on 6 years of data, we estimated the size of a population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) based on the number of unique songs detected in passive acoustic recordings, and we compared our estimates to measurements of population size collected through in-person field studies. We also estimated the longevity of birds by comparing songs recorded across subsequent years, again comparing our estimates to measurements of longevity from in-person field studies. We found that bioacoustic recordings provided predictable and reliable estimates of population size and longevity, although the recordings underestimated true population size and true longevity. Although our acoustic data underestimated population parameters, likely owing to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings reveal that bioacoustic recordings can provide reliable estimates of population size and longevity in wild birds. RESUMEN Muchas aves reproductoras producen sonidos conspicuos, lo que brinda enormes oportunidades para estudiar a las aves silvestres a travé
许多繁殖的鸟类发出明显的声音，通过声学记录为研究自由生活的鸟类提供了巨大的机会。研究人口规模和人口特征的传统方法依赖于劳动密集型的实地调查。被动声监测提供了量化人口规模和人口统计参数的替代方法，但这种方法需要仔细验证。为了确定被动声学监测在估计种群规模和人口统计参数方面的准确性，我们使用自主记录仪对生活在岛屿上的萨凡纳麻雀(雀鸟)进行了为期6年的采样。利用雄性个体独特的歌曲，我们估计了雄性种群的大小，即在录音中检测到的独特歌曲的数量。我们分析了6年来的歌曲，以估计出生年份、死亡年份和寿命。然后，我们将估计结果与现场数据进行了盲分析。通过被动声学监测估计的雄性种群规模平均为真实雄性种群规模的72%，在低密度年份具有更高的准确性。人口比率的估计值比真实值低29%，出生年份低23%，死亡年份低23%，寿命低29%。这是第一次使用被动声学监测来估计寿命的研究，并且增加了越来越多使用被动声学监测来估计人口规模的研究。虽然被动声学监测低估了真实的种群参数，可能是由于许多雄性歌曲之间的高度相似性，我们的研究结果表明，自主录音机可以为野生鸣禽的种群规模和寿命提供可靠的估计。鸟类学家可以通过被动录音来研究自由生活的鸟类，尽管这些生物声学方法需要仔细的评估和验证。基于6年的数据，我们根据被动录音中检测到的独特歌曲数量估计了萨凡纳麻雀(雀鸟)的种群规模，并将我们的估计与通过实地研究收集的种群规模进行了比较。我们还通过比较随后几年记录的歌曲来估计鸟类的寿命，再次将我们的估计与实地研究的寿命测量结果进行比较。我们发现，生物声学记录提供了可预测和可靠的种群规模和寿命估计，尽管这些记录低估了真实的种群规模和真实寿命。虽然我们的声学数据低估了种群参数，可能是由于许多雄性歌曲之间的高度相似性，但我们的研究结果表明，生物声学记录可以为野生鸟类的种群规模和寿命提供可靠的估计。简历:墨西哥有生殖器官，可以产生明显的声音，可以为学生提供巨大的机会，也可以为孩子们提供巨大的机会，例如，可以为孩子们提供巨大的机会acústicas。根据调查结果，传统的人力资源管理和人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门。El monitoreo acustico pasivo proporciona联合国metodo alternativo对位cuantificar El tamano poblacional y洛杉矶parametros demograficos,佩罗埃斯特enfoque requiere una validacion cuidadosa。Para determinar la precisión del monitoreo acústico pasivo Para estimar el tamaño polblacional y los parámetros demográficos, utilizamos grabadoras autónomas Para muestrear una población isleña de Passerculus sandwich durante un período de 6 años。Usando los cantos individual identitivos de los machos, estimamos el tamaño poblacional de los machos como el número de cantos únicos detectados en las grabaciones。Analizamos los cantos a lo largo de 6 años para estimar el año de nacimiento, el año de muerte y la longevidad。Luego comparamos las estimaciones con los datos de campo en un análisis ciego。Las estimaciones del tamaño人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门的人力资源管理部门。Las estimaciones de Las tasas demográficas fueron inferiores和los valores reales分别为29% para año de nacimiento、23% para año de muerte和29% para longevidad。在此基础上，我们建立了一个新的模型investigación，通过对长期监测的估计acústico，通过对数据的分析，我们建立了一个新的模型número，通过对长期监测的估计，我们建立了一个新的模型acústico，通过对tamaño。unque el monitoreo acústico pasivo subestimó los parámetros reales de la población, probablemente debido a la gran类似centre muchos cantos de los machos, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las grabadoras autónomas pueden proporciar estimacones conables del tamaño通过长期证据的posblacional en unave canora silvestre。
{"title":"Passive acoustic monitoring provides predictable and reliable underestimates of population size and longevity in wild Savannah Sparrows","authors":"Abby L J Hensel, Sarah L. Dobney, Ines G. Moran, Ian P. Thomas, J. Burant, B. K. Woodworth, S. Doucet, A. Newman, D. Norris, H. Williams, D. Mennill","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac018","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many breeding birds produce conspicuous sounds, providing tremendous opportunities to study free-living birds through acoustic recordings. Traditional methods for studying population size and demographic features depend on labor-intensive field research. Passive acoustic monitoring provides an alternative method for quantifying population size and demographic parameters, but this approach requires careful validation. To determine the accuracy of passive acoustic monitoring for estimating population size and demographic parameters, we used autonomous recorders to sample an island-living population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) over a 6-year period. Using the individually distinctive songs of males, we estimated the male population size as the number of unique songs detected in the recordings. We analyzed songs across 6 years to estimate birth year, death year, and longevity. We then compared the estimates with field data in a blind analysis. Estimates of male population size through passive acoustic monitoring were, on average, 72% of the true male population size, with higher accuracy in lower-density years. Estimates of demographic rates were lower than true values by 29% for birth year, 23% for death year, and 29% for longevity. This is the first investigation to estimate longevity with passive acoustic monitoring and adds to a growing number of studies that have used passive acoustic monitoring to estimate population size. Although passive acoustic monitoring underestimated true population parameters, likely due to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings suggest that autonomous recorders can provide reliable estimates of population size and longevity in a wild songbird. LAY SUMMARY Ornithologists can study free-living birds through passive acoustic recordings of their songs, although these bioacoustic methods require careful assessment and validation. Based on 6 years of data, we estimated the size of a population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) based on the number of unique songs detected in passive acoustic recordings, and we compared our estimates to measurements of population size collected through in-person field studies. We also estimated the longevity of birds by comparing songs recorded across subsequent years, again comparing our estimates to measurements of longevity from in-person field studies. We found that bioacoustic recordings provided predictable and reliable estimates of population size and longevity, although the recordings underestimated true population size and true longevity. Although our acoustic data underestimated population parameters, likely owing to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings reveal that bioacoustic recordings can provide reliable estimates of population size and longevity in wild birds. RESUMEN Muchas aves reproductoras producen sonidos conspicuos, lo que brinda enormes oportunidades para estudiar a las aves silvestres a travé","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132393782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac013
Richard O. Bierregaard
{"title":"Thomas E. Lovejoy III, 1941–2021","authors":"Richard O. Bierregaard","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116005082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac017
L. Hamilton, N. Michel, Joseph R. Evenson, D. L. Roberts
ABSTRACT Diurnally biased monitoring and research dominate our ecological understanding and guide conservation and management decisions regarding important indicator sea duck species, such as Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). Advances in telemetry technology are improving our ability to track wildlife across the entire 24-hr day. Using location data derived from birds with surgically implanted satellite transmitters and habitat layers within a GIS (geographic information system), we analyzed Surf Scoter location data to (1) estimate movement distances between diurnal and nocturnal sites, (2) assess differences in environmental conditions at diurnal and nocturnal use locations, (3) evaluate the environmental conditions influencing nocturnal habitat selection, and (4) develop a predictive model to estimate likely nocturnal resting areas across the Salish Sea, which is composed of the inland marine waters of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State. Surf Scoters in the Salish Sea traveled an average of 4,287 m between diurnal and nocturnal habitats, but distances varied regionally. We found that distance to shore, water depth, tidal current, and vessel traffic influenced nocturnal habitat use. Surf Scoter nocturnal use sites were characterized by greater distances from shore and deeper water than diurnal locations, although scoters avoided areas with strong tidal currents and heavy shipping traffic at night. The Salish Sea is experiencing increased ship traffic from multiple U.S. and Canadian ports. Oil tanker and shipping container vessel traffic pose a potential threat to nocturnal scoter flocks aggregating in deeper water adjacent to and sometimes overlapping with shipping lanes in narrow, glacial-carved channels of the Salish Sea. Current oil spill response plans in Washington State waters utilize diurnal distribution data, lacking important nocturnal use data. Our findings provide critical nocturnal habitat use information that can improve oil spill response policy and highlight the importance of elucidating nocturnal ecology for marine vertebrate species. LAY SUMMARY Seabirds are vulnerable to human disturbance, particularly during nocturnal resting periods. Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) have been anecdotally observed to move offshore into deeper waters at night, where they may encounter more vessel traffic. Yet little is known about their nocturnal habitat use. We evaluated the daily movement ecology and nocturnal habitat selection of Surf Scoters to identify likely nighttime resting areas. Scoters moved into deeper offshore waters at night. They preferred to use offshore coastal areas with moderately deep water and avoided strong tidal currents and heavy vessel traffic lanes. Understanding Surf Scoter nocturnal habitat use can improve oil spill response plans by prioritizing efforts in offshore resting areas to more effectively limit the mortality of scoters and other seabirds. RESUMEN El monitoreo y la investigación ses
{"title":"Surf Scoters use deeper offshore waters during nocturnal resting periods in the Salish Sea of Washington and British Columbia","authors":"L. Hamilton, N. Michel, Joseph R. Evenson, D. L. Roberts","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac017","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Diurnally biased monitoring and research dominate our ecological understanding and guide conservation and management decisions regarding important indicator sea duck species, such as Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata). Advances in telemetry technology are improving our ability to track wildlife across the entire 24-hr day. Using location data derived from birds with surgically implanted satellite transmitters and habitat layers within a GIS (geographic information system), we analyzed Surf Scoter location data to (1) estimate movement distances between diurnal and nocturnal sites, (2) assess differences in environmental conditions at diurnal and nocturnal use locations, (3) evaluate the environmental conditions influencing nocturnal habitat selection, and (4) develop a predictive model to estimate likely nocturnal resting areas across the Salish Sea, which is composed of the inland marine waters of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State. Surf Scoters in the Salish Sea traveled an average of 4,287 m between diurnal and nocturnal habitats, but distances varied regionally. We found that distance to shore, water depth, tidal current, and vessel traffic influenced nocturnal habitat use. Surf Scoter nocturnal use sites were characterized by greater distances from shore and deeper water than diurnal locations, although scoters avoided areas with strong tidal currents and heavy shipping traffic at night. The Salish Sea is experiencing increased ship traffic from multiple U.S. and Canadian ports. Oil tanker and shipping container vessel traffic pose a potential threat to nocturnal scoter flocks aggregating in deeper water adjacent to and sometimes overlapping with shipping lanes in narrow, glacial-carved channels of the Salish Sea. Current oil spill response plans in Washington State waters utilize diurnal distribution data, lacking important nocturnal use data. Our findings provide critical nocturnal habitat use information that can improve oil spill response policy and highlight the importance of elucidating nocturnal ecology for marine vertebrate species. LAY SUMMARY Seabirds are vulnerable to human disturbance, particularly during nocturnal resting periods. Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) have been anecdotally observed to move offshore into deeper waters at night, where they may encounter more vessel traffic. Yet little is known about their nocturnal habitat use. We evaluated the daily movement ecology and nocturnal habitat selection of Surf Scoters to identify likely nighttime resting areas. Scoters moved into deeper offshore waters at night. They preferred to use offshore coastal areas with moderately deep water and avoided strong tidal currents and heavy vessel traffic lanes. Understanding Surf Scoter nocturnal habitat use can improve oil spill response plans by prioritizing efforts in offshore resting areas to more effectively limit the mortality of scoters and other seabirds. RESUMEN El monitoreo y la investigación ses","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134343138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac003
Jerry S. Cole, N. Michel, Shane A. Emerson, R. Siegel
ABSTRACT Occupancy modeling is used to evaluate avian distributions and habitat associations, yet it typically requires extensive survey effort because a minimum of 3 repeat samples are required for accurate parameter estimation. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) can reduce the need for surveyors on-site, yet their utility was limited by hardware costs and the time required to manually annotate recordings. Software that identifies bird vocalizations may reduce the expert time needed if classification is sufficiently accurate. We assessed the performance of BirdNET—an automated classifier capable of identifying vocalizations from >900 North American and European bird species—by comparing automated to manual annotations of recordings of 13 breeding bird species collected in northwestern California. We compared the parameter estimates of occupancy models evaluating habitat associations supplied with manually annotated data (9-min recording segments) to output from models supplied with BirdNET detections. We used 3 sets of BirdNET output to evaluate the duration of automatic annotation needed to approach manually annotated model parameter estimates: 9-min, 87-min, and 87-min of high-confidence detections. We incorporated 100 3-s manually validated BirdNET detections per species to estimate true and false positive rates within an occupancy model. BirdNET correctly identified 90% and 65% of the bird species a human detected when data were restricted to detections exceeding a low or high confidence score threshold, respectively. Occupancy estimates, including habitat associations, were similar regardless of method. Precision (proportion of true positives to all detections) was >0.70 for 9 of 13 species, and a low of 0.29. However, processing of longer recordings was needed to rival manually annotated data. We conclude that BirdNET is suitable for annotating multispecies recordings for occupancy modeling when extended recording durations are used. Together, ARUs and BirdNET may benefit monitoring and, ultimately, conservation of bird populations by greatly increasing monitoring opportunities. LAY SUMMARY Occupancy modeling provides valuable information for understanding bird distributions, but often requires extensive survey effort. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) produce vast amounts of data, yet manually identifying birds on recordings is time-consuming. We evaluated the performance of an automated bird sound classifier, BirdNET, by comparing occupancy models that used manually and BirdNET-annotated data for 13 species in northwestern California, USA. We manually identified bird species heard during 9-min recordings at 34 sites, and used BirdNET to identify birds during 9–260-min recordings from each site. We also manually verified 100 BirdNET detections for each species. BirdNET correctly identified most bird species detected during manual bird identification when data were restricted respectively to nearly all (90% correct) or only high confidence
{"title":"Automated bird sound classifications of long-duration recordings produce occupancy model outputs similar to manually annotated data","authors":"Jerry S. Cole, N. Michel, Shane A. Emerson, R. Siegel","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duac003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duac003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Occupancy modeling is used to evaluate avian distributions and habitat associations, yet it typically requires extensive survey effort because a minimum of 3 repeat samples are required for accurate parameter estimation. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) can reduce the need for surveyors on-site, yet their utility was limited by hardware costs and the time required to manually annotate recordings. Software that identifies bird vocalizations may reduce the expert time needed if classification is sufficiently accurate. We assessed the performance of BirdNET—an automated classifier capable of identifying vocalizations from >900 North American and European bird species—by comparing automated to manual annotations of recordings of 13 breeding bird species collected in northwestern California. We compared the parameter estimates of occupancy models evaluating habitat associations supplied with manually annotated data (9-min recording segments) to output from models supplied with BirdNET detections. We used 3 sets of BirdNET output to evaluate the duration of automatic annotation needed to approach manually annotated model parameter estimates: 9-min, 87-min, and 87-min of high-confidence detections. We incorporated 100 3-s manually validated BirdNET detections per species to estimate true and false positive rates within an occupancy model. BirdNET correctly identified 90% and 65% of the bird species a human detected when data were restricted to detections exceeding a low or high confidence score threshold, respectively. Occupancy estimates, including habitat associations, were similar regardless of method. Precision (proportion of true positives to all detections) was >0.70 for 9 of 13 species, and a low of 0.29. However, processing of longer recordings was needed to rival manually annotated data. We conclude that BirdNET is suitable for annotating multispecies recordings for occupancy modeling when extended recording durations are used. Together, ARUs and BirdNET may benefit monitoring and, ultimately, conservation of bird populations by greatly increasing monitoring opportunities. LAY SUMMARY Occupancy modeling provides valuable information for understanding bird distributions, but often requires extensive survey effort. Autonomous recording units (ARUs) produce vast amounts of data, yet manually identifying birds on recordings is time-consuming. We evaluated the performance of an automated bird sound classifier, BirdNET, by comparing occupancy models that used manually and BirdNET-annotated data for 13 species in northwestern California, USA. We manually identified bird species heard during 9-min recordings at 34 sites, and used BirdNET to identify birds during 9–260-min recordings from each site. We also manually verified 100 BirdNET detections for each species. BirdNET correctly identified most bird species detected during manual bird identification when data were restricted respectively to nearly all (90% correct) or only high confidence ","PeriodicalId":125764,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Applications","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114354764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac016
Joanna X. Wu, B. Bateman, P. Heglund, Lotem Taylor, A. Allstadt, D. Granfors, Henrik Westerkam, N. Michel, Chad B. Wilsey
ABSTRACT The National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) provides one of the United States' greatest protected area networks for wildlife conservation. As climate changes beyond historical ranges of variability, refuge managers are confronted with assessing the utility of refuges, including how to best manage refuges both individually and as a system to help species cope with rapid change. Using published species distribution models, we projected species-specific changes in environmental suitability for 590 native North American bird species under a 2°C future warming scenario (∼2050s under RCP8.5) at 525 refuges. For each species, we classified projected changes in suitability (i.e., improving, stable, or worsening suitability) and whether they crossed a model-derived persistence threshold at a refuge (i.e., potential colonization or potential extirpation). Overall, we found that a quarter of species (23% in summer, 26% in winter) could be different (i.e., turnover) across the refuge system despite protections. Summer and winter communities are not equally affected, so managers should consider different strategies for the different seasons. We forecast a slight net species loss in summer, from a mean of 109.0 ± 0.8 to 102.0 ± 0.7 species per refuge. In winter, we forecast a net gain in species, from a mean of 97.1 ± 2.2 to 118.5 ± 1.8 species per refuge. This includes an average of 12 species per refuge that may overwinter rather than migrate south. Refuges at northern latitudes will see relatively more turnover in species, while southern and coastal refuges will see fewer changes. Despite these species changes, dominant habitat association groups (e.g., waterbirds, forest birds) will generally stay the same across most of the NWRS. Some species may be lost from the entire NWRS and can benefit in the near term from targeted management. Regions of high extirpation and colonization (i.e., at northern latitudes) can be prioritized for strategic additions of new refuges. LAY SUMMARY Approximately a quarter of bird species observed on National Wildlife Refuges may be different by the 2050s. Refuges may see a slight net loss of species in summer (from 109.0 to 102.0 species per refuge) and a net gain in winter (from 97.1 to 118.5 species per refuge). Some species may be lost from the entire NWRS and can benefit in the near term from targeted management aimed at preventing species loss. The refuge system has capacity to mitigate loss for some of the most climate-vulnerable species in a Resist-Adapt-Direct framework. For example, managers can help the Clay-colored Sparrow by providing more grassland habitat via crop set-aside programs. The Nelson's Sparrow will likely benefit from resisting coastal wetland development. Regions of greater species turnover (i.e., at northern latitudes) might be prioritized for strategic additions of new refuges, ensuring proportions of habitats protected reflect the need. RESUMEN El Sistema Nacional de Refugios de Vida Silvest
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Pub Date : 2022-04-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithapp/duac015
Allison E. Huysman, Nathan W Cooper, Joseph A. Smith, S. Haig, Susan A. Heath, Luanne Johnson, E. Olson, Kevin E. Regan, Jennifer K. Wilson, P. Marra
ABSTRACT By combining all available banding and tracking data, we found that Willets (Tringa semipalmata) have a strong migratory connectivity between breeding and nonbreeding locations at the range-wide and subspecies levels, exposing two subspecies to varying threats such as hunting for the eastern subspecies (Tringa semipalmata semipalmata) and climatically-altered coastal habitats for both subspecies. We found that western Willets (Tringa semipalmata inornata) primarily used nonbreeding habitats along the Pacific Coast of the United States, although their reported nonbreeding range extends to the US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the Pacific Coast of Central and South America. Eastern Willets wintered in Central and South America, which covers much of the subspecies' known nonbreeding range. By quantifying migratory connectivity within and between two subspecies, we could suggest subspecies-specific threats and potential limiting factors in the breeding and nonbreeding periods of the annual cycle of a declining migratory shorebird. Effective management of the species will likely require a range of conservation strategies across the diverse nonbreeding regions the two subspecies occupy within the United States, Central America, and South America. However, more data are needed from Willets breeding in mid-continental North America to understand the complete extent of overlap of the two subspecies throughout the annual cycle. The strong migratory connectivity documented here highlights the need to manage Willets by subspecies and protect a diversity of breeding and nonbreeding habitats, which will benefit the conservation of other shorebird species that overlap with Willets throughout the annual cycle. LAY SUMMARY The eastern and western subspecies of Willets (Tringa semipalmata) are both declining and have little overlap in breeding and nonbreeding ranges. Tracking and banding data show that Western Willets from Canada and the western United States wintered in California and Central America. Eastern Willets from the Atlantic Coast wintered in northern South America and those from the Gulf Coast wintered on the Pacific Coasts of Central America and Ecuador. Both subspecies are threatened by habitat loss from climate change and development and the eastern subspecies has additional threats from hunting. Strong migratory connectivity estimates between and within subspecies verify that subspecies-specific management actions are needed and indicate that population-specific actions are needed as well. More information is needed on the migration of individuals in the center of the species range and where and when the two subspecies overlap to better understand where the two subspecies are relying on the same habitats and encountering the same threats. RESUMEN Al combinar todos los datos de anillamiento y seguimiento disponibles, descubrimos que Tringa semipalmata tiene una fuerte conectividad migratoria entre los lugares reproductivos y no reproductivos
摘要通过综合所有现有的条带和跟踪数据，我们发现，在整个范围和亚种水平上，威利(Tringa semipalmata)在繁殖地和非繁殖地之间具有很强的迁徙连通性，使两个亚种暴露于不同的威胁中，如东部亚种(Tringa semipalmata semipalmata)的狩猎和气候变化的沿海栖息地。我们发现，西部威利(Tringa semipalmata inornata)主要利用美国太平洋沿岸的非繁殖期栖息地，尽管它们的非繁殖期范围延伸到美国大西洋和墨西哥湾沿岸以及中美洲和南美洲的太平洋沿岸。东威利在中美洲和南美洲越冬，这覆盖了亚种已知的大部分非繁殖范围。通过量化两个亚种内和亚种间的迁徙连通性，我们可以提出亚种特有的威胁和潜在的限制因素，这些威胁和限制因素存在于洄游滨鸟年周期的繁殖期和非繁殖期。有效的物种管理可能需要一系列的保护策略，跨越这两个亚种在美国、中美洲和南美洲的不同非繁殖区。然而，要了解这两个亚种在整个年周期中重叠的完整程度，还需要更多的北美大陆中威利鱼繁殖的数据。这里记录的强大的迁徙连通性强调了按亚种管理小窝的必要性，并保护繁殖和非繁殖栖息地的多样性，这将有利于保护在整个年周期中与小窝重叠的其他滨鸟物种。半叶柳属(Tringa semipalmata)的东、西亚种均呈下降趋势，在繁殖区和非繁殖区几乎没有重叠。追踪和绑带数据显示，来自加拿大和美国西部的西部Willets在加利福尼亚和中美洲过冬。来自大西洋沿岸的东威利鱼在南美洲北部越冬，来自墨西哥湾沿岸的东威利鱼在中美洲和厄瓜多尔的太平洋沿岸越冬。这两个亚种都受到气候变化和发展造成的栖息地丧失的威胁，东部亚种还受到狩猎的额外威胁。亚种之间和亚种内部的强迁移连通性估计证实了亚种特有的管理行动是必要的，并表明也需要种群特有的行动。为了更好地了解这两个亚种在什么地方依赖相同的栖息地并遇到相同的威胁，需要更多关于物种范围中心的个体迁移以及两个亚种重叠的地点和时间的信息。RESUMEN Al组合todos los datos de anillamiento y seguimiento disponables, descubrimos que Tringa semipata tiene una fuerte convidad migratoria entres los lugares reproductiveves no reproductiveves, nivel de delago de distribución y de las subspecies, revelando que dos subspecies están sujetas a diverversas amenazas, como la caza para la subspecies T. s.semipata yla prescia de hábitats costeros climáticamente alterados para ambas subspecies。1 .关于信息系统的信息系统usó主要信息系统hábitats没有生殖系统的信息系统和关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于生殖系统的信息系统和关于联合州海岸的信息系统的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于联合州海岸的信息系统，关于中美洲和南美洲海岸的信息系统Pacífico。T. s. semipalmata invernó在美洲中部和南部，没有任何繁殖性concondo的亚种。所有的定量研究结果表明:连续候鸟种群中心有3个亚种，podríamos有2个亚种，específicas有2个亚种的潜在因子限制了2个亚种的数量，períodos有2个亚种的数量限制了2个亚种的数量限制，没有1个亚种的数量限制了1个亚种的数量。控制efectivo de la especie probablemente requerira una variedad ?德德conservacion在拉斯维加斯diversas地区没有生殖,ocupan las dos subespecies dentro de los美国,美国中部y美国德尔·苏尔。在禁运期间，有必要的más数据，包括reproducción中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的中美洲和中美洲的拉丁美洲各分物种的平衡，以及每年一次的大型报告。La fuerte conectividad migratoria documentada aquí destaca La necesidad de manejar a T. semipalmata a subspecie de proteger una diversidad de hábitats reproductivos or no reproductivos, lo que beneficiarza conservación de otras species de aves playeras que se superponen con T. semipalmata a lo largo del ciclo annual。
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