The atomisation of liquids by high electrostatic fields-usually obtained by applying high potentials to sharp electrodes-is a familiar phenomenon. Despite considerable recent research activity, there is a paucity of data relating atomised droplet size to applied potential, liquid flow rate and liquid conductivity, particularly for a multi-ligament spray. An experiment is described in which the spraying characteristics of a liquid with conductivity controlled over several orders of magnitude by adding ethanol to hexane, has been examined. The experimental data obtained are presented and discussed in terms of modern theoretical models. It is concluded that control of liquid conductivity and flow rate together with careful nozzle design offers means for the production of droplets of precise size over a wide range of liquid throughput. These techniques have application in high quality coating, low energy injection systems for chemical reaction and precise solid particle production.
{"title":"The effect of conductivity on the spraying of dielectric liquids","authors":"D. K. Davies","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799188","url":null,"abstract":"The atomisation of liquids by high electrostatic fields-usually obtained by applying high potentials to sharp electrodes-is a familiar phenomenon. Despite considerable recent research activity, there is a paucity of data relating atomised droplet size to applied potential, liquid flow rate and liquid conductivity, particularly for a multi-ligament spray. An experiment is described in which the spraying characteristics of a liquid with conductivity controlled over several orders of magnitude by adding ethanol to hexane, has been examined. The experimental data obtained are presented and discussed in terms of modern theoretical models. It is concluded that control of liquid conductivity and flow rate together with careful nozzle design offers means for the production of droplets of precise size over a wide range of liquid throughput. These techniques have application in high quality coating, low energy injection systems for chemical reaction and precise solid particle production.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126782510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With appropriate current waveforms, permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives with arbitrary back EMF waveforms can achieve superior performance in terms of torque ripple and minimal copper loss. This paper sets forth a method to analytically calculate these optimal waveforms. Since tracking errors can seriously degrade performance in this type of system, a novel multiple reference frame synchronous estimator/regulator (MRFSER) is also set forth. This ensures that each harmonic of the optimal waveform, and thus the optimal set point, is precisely achieved. Computer and experimental studies are used to validate the work.
{"title":"Optimal control of permanent-magnet AC machine drives with a novel multiple reference frame estimator/regulator","authors":"P. Chapman, S. Sudhoff","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799201","url":null,"abstract":"With appropriate current waveforms, permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives with arbitrary back EMF waveforms can achieve superior performance in terms of torque ripple and minimal copper loss. This paper sets forth a method to analytically calculate these optimal waveforms. Since tracking errors can seriously degrade performance in this type of system, a novel multiple reference frame synchronous estimator/regulator (MRFSER) is also set forth. This ensures that each harmonic of the optimal waveform, and thus the optimal set point, is precisely achieved. Computer and experimental studies are used to validate the work.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123400749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes torque production in a saturated switched reluctance motor (SRM). The paper begins by deriving the equations for torque if the SRM is unsaturated. It then develops an operating point model for torque in a saturated SRM using the unsaturated form of the torque equation. This results in a methodology which makes the control algorithms applicable to either saturated or unsaturated SRMs.
{"title":"Modeling of a saturated switched reluctance motor using an operating point analysis and the unsaturated torque equation","authors":"N. Nagel, R. Lorenz","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.798761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.798761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes torque production in a saturated switched reluctance motor (SRM). The paper begins by deriving the equations for torque if the SRM is unsaturated. It then develops an operating point model for torque in a saturated SRM using the unsaturated form of the torque equation. This results in a methodology which makes the control algorithms applicable to either saturated or unsaturated SRMs.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126416604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a new quasi-resonant DC-link (QRDCL) PWM inverter with zero voltage switching (ZVS) capability. The proposed circuit creates zero voltage intervals in the DC-link to facilitate ZVS of the inverter under all loading conditions and any PWM technique can be used to control the output voltage of the inverter. The maximum voltage across the inverter device is maintained around (1.01-1.08) p.u. The paper explains the principle of operation of the circuit and describes the analysis of each mode of operation. It also gives the design criteria for achieving zero voltage switching under all loading conditions. Detailed PSPICE simulation studies are carried out to study the performance of the proposed circuit under all the possible operating conditions and these results are verified experimentally. The simulation and experimental results of this inverter feeding an induction motor drive are also given.
{"title":"A quasi-resonant DC-link PWM inverter for induction motor drive","authors":"J.J. Jafar, B. G. Fernandes","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.806011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.806011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new quasi-resonant DC-link (QRDCL) PWM inverter with zero voltage switching (ZVS) capability. The proposed circuit creates zero voltage intervals in the DC-link to facilitate ZVS of the inverter under all loading conditions and any PWM technique can be used to control the output voltage of the inverter. The maximum voltage across the inverter device is maintained around (1.01-1.08) p.u. The paper explains the principle of operation of the circuit and describes the analysis of each mode of operation. It also gives the design criteria for achieving zero voltage switching under all loading conditions. Detailed PSPICE simulation studies are carried out to study the performance of the proposed circuit under all the possible operating conditions and these results are verified experimentally. The simulation and experimental results of this inverter feeding an induction motor drive are also given.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126536737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a new power line conditioning system is proposed. This system is constructed by a flying capacitor multilevel VSC (voltage source converter) and two reactors. The phase-shift SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) switching scheme is applied to control the switching devices of this converter. Due to this multilevel VSC and the switching scheme applied to this converter, the system is applicable to distribution systems or industrial applications. The reactive power compensation, harmonic suppression and load balancing functions of the power line conditioner are analyzed. A novel and effective startup procedure is proposed to start up the system. System simulation is carried out to verify the theoretical analysis results.
{"title":"A power line conditioner based on flying capacitor multilevel voltage source converter with phase shift SPWM","authors":"Yiqiao Liang, C. Nwankpa","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799169","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new power line conditioning system is proposed. This system is constructed by a flying capacitor multilevel VSC (voltage source converter) and two reactors. The phase-shift SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) switching scheme is applied to control the switching devices of this converter. Due to this multilevel VSC and the switching scheme applied to this converter, the system is applicable to distribution systems or industrial applications. The reactive power compensation, harmonic suppression and load balancing functions of the power line conditioner are analyzed. A novel and effective startup procedure is proposed to start up the system. System simulation is carried out to verify the theoretical analysis results.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121453199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The speed and position control of a SRM (switched reluctance motor) needs the encoder or resolver to obtain the rotor position information. Speed sensors occasionally malfunction under hostile environments such as EMI, dust, and high temperature and humidity. Therefore the speed and position sensorless control has been studied widely. In this paper, the binary observer is suggested to control the SRM without the rotor speed and position sensors. The proposed observer consists of two feedback compensation loops. One directly reduces the estimation error like the sliding mode observer, and the other indirectly removes the estimation error chattering occurring in the sliding mode observer. The proposed observer is constructed based on the variable structure control theory and has inertial terms to exclude chattering. The proposed observer increases the estimation performance without the chattering of the estimation error in the rotor speed and position and the robustness for parameter variations and disturbances. The proposed methods are proved by experiments.
{"title":"The rotor speed and position sensorless control of SRM using the binary observer","authors":"Iee-Woo Yang, Young-Seok Kim, Yong-Geun Lee","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.800004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.800004","url":null,"abstract":"The speed and position control of a SRM (switched reluctance motor) needs the encoder or resolver to obtain the rotor position information. Speed sensors occasionally malfunction under hostile environments such as EMI, dust, and high temperature and humidity. Therefore the speed and position sensorless control has been studied widely. In this paper, the binary observer is suggested to control the SRM without the rotor speed and position sensors. The proposed observer consists of two feedback compensation loops. One directly reduces the estimation error like the sliding mode observer, and the other indirectly removes the estimation error chattering occurring in the sliding mode observer. The proposed observer is constructed based on the variable structure control theory and has inertial terms to exclude chattering. The proposed observer increases the estimation performance without the chattering of the estimation error in the rotor speed and position and the robustness for parameter variations and disturbances. The proposed methods are proved by experiments.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122982879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Models and experimental data are used to predict the performance of large area pressure contact IGBTs, offering ratings equivalent to the largest power conventional technology devices. Differences in the electromechanical characteristics of pressure contact devices, when compared to substrate mounted devices are reviewed, and how these influence the potential performance of devices with higher power ratings is discussed. Employing high power pressure contact IGBTs in practical applications is considered and some possible advantages over alternative technology devices is indicated.
{"title":"Pressure contact IGBT, the ideal switch for high power applications","authors":"F. Wakeman, G. Lockwood, M. Davies, K. Billett","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.800026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.800026","url":null,"abstract":"Models and experimental data are used to predict the performance of large area pressure contact IGBTs, offering ratings equivalent to the largest power conventional technology devices. Differences in the electromechanical characteristics of pressure contact devices, when compared to substrate mounted devices are reviewed, and how these influence the potential performance of devices with higher power ratings is discussed. Employing high power pressure contact IGBTs in practical applications is considered and some possible advantages over alternative technology devices is indicated.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122272601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. D. do Prado, M. F. da Silva, M. Jungbeck, Á. Seidel
This paper presents the analysis, design and practical considerations of several low cost high-power-factor ballast for compact fluorescent lamps. The proposed topologies are a combination of a boost converter and a half-bridge parallel resonant converter. The high frequency supply to the lamp is made by a self oscillating half-bridge converter, using integrated circuits IR2151 and IR51HD420. The high-power-factor is guaranteed by using a boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode. These topologies have been developed for 20 W compact fluorescent lamps for 110 V, 60 Hz utility line.
{"title":"Low cost high-power-factor electronic ballast for compact fluorescent lamps","authors":"R. D. do Prado, M. F. da Silva, M. Jungbeck, Á. Seidel","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799965","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis, design and practical considerations of several low cost high-power-factor ballast for compact fluorescent lamps. The proposed topologies are a combination of a boost converter and a half-bridge parallel resonant converter. The high frequency supply to the lamp is made by a self oscillating half-bridge converter, using integrated circuits IR2151 and IR51HD420. The high-power-factor is guaranteed by using a boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode. These topologies have been developed for 20 W compact fluorescent lamps for 110 V, 60 Hz utility line.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114217134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper encompasses a study on the surface electrical properties of insulating materials used in industry, using an atomic force microscope (AFM). This instrument is capable of resolving the topographic and electrostatic characteristics of various samples, including single particles in finely powdered materials, with sub-micron spatial resolution. Factors which were investigated include topography and the distribution of electrostatic potential on surfaces as well as the time-dependent dynamics of charge decay on substrates and particles. The samples of polymer materials (standard Acetal and polybutylteraphtalate (PBT)) and lactose particles plated on conducting substrate (p-doped silicons) were studied by simultaneously obtaining topography and surface potential related images using two pass scanning technique. The topographical features (first pass) of the scanned surfaces were acquired using intermittent contact technique. This can affect the surface potential distribution which was subsequently obtained during the second noncontact pass. It was noticed however, that after the samples were charged using corona discharges (positive and negative polarity) it was possible to obtain topographical images in a pure noncontact mode with less disturbance to the original charge distribution present on the surface. The experimental evidence provided qualitative information on how the surface charge density is related to the sample topography. The tests were also successfully conducted to gain understanding on charge migration on surfaces by measuring the decay rate of surface potential.
{"title":"Study of electrostatic properties of dielectric surfaces and powders using scanning probe microscopy","authors":"W. Machowski, P. Baird, W. Balachandran","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801586","url":null,"abstract":"This paper encompasses a study on the surface electrical properties of insulating materials used in industry, using an atomic force microscope (AFM). This instrument is capable of resolving the topographic and electrostatic characteristics of various samples, including single particles in finely powdered materials, with sub-micron spatial resolution. Factors which were investigated include topography and the distribution of electrostatic potential on surfaces as well as the time-dependent dynamics of charge decay on substrates and particles. The samples of polymer materials (standard Acetal and polybutylteraphtalate (PBT)) and lactose particles plated on conducting substrate (p-doped silicons) were studied by simultaneously obtaining topography and surface potential related images using two pass scanning technique. The topographical features (first pass) of the scanned surfaces were acquired using intermittent contact technique. This can affect the surface potential distribution which was subsequently obtained during the second noncontact pass. It was noticed however, that after the samples were charged using corona discharges (positive and negative polarity) it was possible to obtain topographical images in a pure noncontact mode with less disturbance to the original charge distribution present on the surface. The experimental evidence provided qualitative information on how the surface charge density is related to the sample topography. The tests were also successfully conducted to gain understanding on charge migration on surfaces by measuring the decay rate of surface potential.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116115014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pilot-scale pulsed corona discharge process was applied to the removal of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ from iron-ore sintering due gas. We made use of a two-stage magnetic pulse compression modulator to produce repetitive high voltage pulses. The dependencies of variables such as channel width, voltage level and dust content on power delivery were examined. In this system, we were able to deliver pulse power with peak voltage of 140 kV and peak current of 3.3 kA to the corona reactor. Under spark-over voltage, the energy delivered per pulse was almost similar regardless of the channel width. The energy conversion efficiency of the magnetic pulse compression modulator was not largely affected by the voltage level and the channel width, and around 65%. The dust content in the flue gas up to 4.6 g/Nm/sup 3/ did not have any influence on the power delivery. The maximum energy intensity that can be obtained was 0.5 J/pulse/m and 0.44 J/pulse/m when the channel width was 300 mm and 200 mm, respectively. More than 90% and 80% of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ could be removed in the corona reactor in the presence of additives such as ammonia (NH/sub 3/) and propylene (C/sub 3/H/sub 6/).
{"title":"Demonstration of flue gas cleaning by positive pulsed corona discharge process","authors":"Y. Mok, Kyung Tae Kim","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799919","url":null,"abstract":"Pilot-scale pulsed corona discharge process was applied to the removal of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ from iron-ore sintering due gas. We made use of a two-stage magnetic pulse compression modulator to produce repetitive high voltage pulses. The dependencies of variables such as channel width, voltage level and dust content on power delivery were examined. In this system, we were able to deliver pulse power with peak voltage of 140 kV and peak current of 3.3 kA to the corona reactor. Under spark-over voltage, the energy delivered per pulse was almost similar regardless of the channel width. The energy conversion efficiency of the magnetic pulse compression modulator was not largely affected by the voltage level and the channel width, and around 65%. The dust content in the flue gas up to 4.6 g/Nm/sup 3/ did not have any influence on the power delivery. The maximum energy intensity that can be obtained was 0.5 J/pulse/m and 0.44 J/pulse/m when the channel width was 300 mm and 200 mm, respectively. More than 90% and 80% of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ could be removed in the corona reactor in the presence of additives such as ammonia (NH/sub 3/) and propylene (C/sub 3/H/sub 6/).","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121650909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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