In this paper, switching characteristics of nonpunch through (NPT) and punch through (PT) insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are evaluated under zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions. Through the physics-based modeling and experiments, the interaction between the external circuit and the physical IGBT internal model under ZVS operation is evaluated. The effects of the external snubber capacitor on the turn-off tail current are modeled and analyzed with the Saber circuit simulator. The turn-on switching characteristics are evaluated for the study of switching losses. This study provides guidelines for designing IGBTs that are suitable for soft switching and for selection of appropriate snubbing capacitors in soft-switching inverter and converter applications.
{"title":"Switching characteristics of NPT- and PT-IGBTs under zero-voltage switching conditions","authors":"B. Song, Huibin Zhu, J. Lai, A. Hefner","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.800029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.800029","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, switching characteristics of nonpunch through (NPT) and punch through (PT) insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are evaluated under zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions. Through the physics-based modeling and experiments, the interaction between the external circuit and the physical IGBT internal model under ZVS operation is evaluated. The effects of the external snubber capacitor on the turn-off tail current are modeled and analyzed with the Saber circuit simulator. The turn-on switching characteristics are evaluated for the study of switching losses. This study provides guidelines for designing IGBTs that are suitable for soft switching and for selection of appropriate snubbing capacitors in soft-switching inverter and converter applications.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125123673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An evolving family of electric machines using the torque magnification (TM) principle has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In this paper the TM principle is described following the introduction of the specific torque density concept. A TM machine with flux concentration effect is presented, and its working principle explained. The design considerations of the machine, which are common to any TM machine, are studied in detail. Test results taken on a hardware prototype machine prove the concept and make clear that the machine's cost-effectiveness.
{"title":"A novel electric machine employing torque magnification and flux concentration effects","authors":"Dinyu Qin, R. Qu, T. Lipo","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799943","url":null,"abstract":"An evolving family of electric machines using the torque magnification (TM) principle has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In this paper the TM principle is described following the introduction of the specific torque density concept. A TM machine with flux concentration effect is presented, and its working principle explained. The design considerations of the machine, which are common to any TM machine, are studied in detail. Test results taken on a hardware prototype machine prove the concept and make clear that the machine's cost-effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"9 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113970746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Won-jong Kim, J. Goldie, M. Gerver, J. Kiley, John R. Swenbeck
We have developed a novel extended-range linear magnetostrictive motor using the peristaltic motion of a laminated Terfenol-D (Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/Fe/sub 2/) element. This element migrates in the opposite direction of the traveling magnetic field generated by conventional three-phase armature commutation. The actuator mechanical design is in an open structure in order to allow easy assembly and access to internal actuator components. Eight sets of Belleville washers guarantee uniform squeeze pre-load in spite of wear, thermal expansion, or motion of the moving element. We incorporated a laminated Terfenol-D slab in this actuator to reduce the skin effect, leading to high-frequency, high-speed operation. We have also designed and constructed the power electronics and control units for the magnetostrictive actuator's open-loop and closed-loop operations. With a series resonant capacitor, we were able to achieve a near-unity power factor and decrease the reactive power requirement by a factor of 20. The magnetostrictive motor has demonstrated 12 mm/s speed at excitation frequency of 1600 Hz, and shown 140 N load capacity. The effective travel range of the present motor is 25 mm, and can be extended further. This linear magnetostrictive motor shows great potential in high-force precision positioning applications such as automotive actuators, robotics, and flight control surface actuators.
{"title":"Extended-range linear magnetostrictive motor with double-sided three-phase stators","authors":"Won-jong Kim, J. Goldie, M. Gerver, J. Kiley, John R. Swenbeck","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801658","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a novel extended-range linear magnetostrictive motor using the peristaltic motion of a laminated Terfenol-D (Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/Fe/sub 2/) element. This element migrates in the opposite direction of the traveling magnetic field generated by conventional three-phase armature commutation. The actuator mechanical design is in an open structure in order to allow easy assembly and access to internal actuator components. Eight sets of Belleville washers guarantee uniform squeeze pre-load in spite of wear, thermal expansion, or motion of the moving element. We incorporated a laminated Terfenol-D slab in this actuator to reduce the skin effect, leading to high-frequency, high-speed operation. We have also designed and constructed the power electronics and control units for the magnetostrictive actuator's open-loop and closed-loop operations. With a series resonant capacitor, we were able to achieve a near-unity power factor and decrease the reactive power requirement by a factor of 20. The magnetostrictive motor has demonstrated 12 mm/s speed at excitation frequency of 1600 Hz, and shown 140 N load capacity. The effective travel range of the present motor is 25 mm, and can be extended further. This linear magnetostrictive motor shows great potential in high-force precision positioning applications such as automotive actuators, robotics, and flight control surface actuators.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122706060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops an interactive voice actuated control system for a materials testing machine. Voice commands are passed through a user-command predictor and integrated with a graphical user interface control panel to allow hands-free operation. The user-command predictor learns operator command patterns on-line and predicts the most likely next action. It assists less experienced operators by recommending the next command, and it adds robustness to the voice command interpreter by verbally asking the operator to repeat unlikely commanded actions. The voice actuated control system applies to industrial machines whose normal operation is characterized by a nonrandom series of commands.
{"title":"Voice actuation with context learning for intelligent machine control","authors":"R. Sepe, J.F. Pace","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799970","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops an interactive voice actuated control system for a materials testing machine. Voice commands are passed through a user-command predictor and integrated with a graphical user interface control panel to allow hands-free operation. The user-command predictor learns operator command patterns on-line and predicts the most likely next action. It assists less experienced operators by recommending the next command, and it adds robustness to the voice command interpreter by verbally asking the operator to repeat unlikely commanded actions. The voice actuated control system applies to industrial machines whose normal operation is characterized by a nonrandom series of commands.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131222500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing demands for a clean environment, development of air cleaning systems has been receiving increased attention. One of the key technologies in the electrostatic precipitator (EP) is a high voltage pulsed power supply, which affects the performance of the overall system. In this study, a high voltage microsecond pulse power supply for an EP is developed for 500 MW coal power plant emission controls. The power supply has a DC and a pulsed source. The ratings of the DC and the pulsed source are 60 kV/800 mA and 70 kV/400 mA, respectively.
{"title":"A high voltage pulsed power system for electrostatic precipitators","authors":"Won-Ho Kim, Jong-Soo Kim, Lo-Won Kang, G. Rim","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801593","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demands for a clean environment, development of air cleaning systems has been receiving increased attention. One of the key technologies in the electrostatic precipitator (EP) is a high voltage pulsed power supply, which affects the performance of the overall system. In this study, a high voltage microsecond pulse power supply for an EP is developed for 500 MW coal power plant emission controls. The power supply has a DC and a pulsed source. The ratings of the DC and the pulsed source are 60 kV/800 mA and 70 kV/400 mA, respectively.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127603964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most neural network (NN) based trajectory tracking controllers for servo systems are built on learning explicit inverse dynamics of the system to be controlled. However, due to various complexities in these systems, the learning process may require a large amount of training data to obtain the exact dynamics of the system. To overcome this problem a novel NN based trajectory tracking controller is introduced which neither requires a priori knowledge of the dynamics nor learning of system dynamics. The proposed control scheme incorporates expert knowledge and is decentralized to deactivate the coupled dynamics associated with certain systems like robotic manipulators. The NN is employed to classify the system input-output measurements into several patterns depending on the displacement and velocity deviations from the respective desired trajectories. A proportional plus derivative gain control action is determined from a look-up table corresponding to the classification from the NN. Furthermore, an integrator is applied to enhance system performance. Several PD gains are introduced in a staggered format relative to the magnitudes of the displacement and velocity tracking errors, resulting in a controller that is robust to both structured and unstructured uncertainties.
{"title":"A neural network based positional tracking controller for servo systems","authors":"P. Boyagoda, M. Nakaoka","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799175","url":null,"abstract":"Most neural network (NN) based trajectory tracking controllers for servo systems are built on learning explicit inverse dynamics of the system to be controlled. However, due to various complexities in these systems, the learning process may require a large amount of training data to obtain the exact dynamics of the system. To overcome this problem a novel NN based trajectory tracking controller is introduced which neither requires a priori knowledge of the dynamics nor learning of system dynamics. The proposed control scheme incorporates expert knowledge and is decentralized to deactivate the coupled dynamics associated with certain systems like robotic manipulators. The NN is employed to classify the system input-output measurements into several patterns depending on the displacement and velocity deviations from the respective desired trajectories. A proportional plus derivative gain control action is determined from a look-up table corresponding to the classification from the NN. Furthermore, an integrator is applied to enhance system performance. Several PD gains are introduced in a staggered format relative to the magnitudes of the displacement and velocity tracking errors, resulting in a controller that is robust to both structured and unstructured uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127826964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Vagati, A. Canova, Mario Chiampi, M. Pastorelli, Maurizio Repetto
The key-points in the design of synchronous reluctance motors are first evidenced and discussed, that is the choice of rotor type, the stator-rotor joint design, the optimization of the rotor structure. A purposely-designed finite-element code is then introduced and validated, on the basis of properly obtained experimental data. Measured and computed torques are compared, with emphasis on the evaluation of the torque ripple. Last, the FEM code is used to illustrate some aspects of the stator/rotor design and to show the torque-ripple performance of different types of machine structure.
{"title":"Improvement of synchronous reluctance motor design through finite-element analysis","authors":"A. Vagati, A. Canova, Mario Chiampi, M. Pastorelli, Maurizio Repetto","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801610","url":null,"abstract":"The key-points in the design of synchronous reluctance motors are first evidenced and discussed, that is the choice of rotor type, the stator-rotor joint design, the optimization of the rotor structure. A purposely-designed finite-element code is then introduced and validated, on the basis of properly obtained experimental data. Measured and computed torques are compared, with emphasis on the evaluation of the torque ripple. Last, the FEM code is used to illustrate some aspects of the stator/rotor design and to show the torque-ripple performance of different types of machine structure.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128150424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an electromechanical re-adhesion control simulator is proposed for an inverter-driven railway electric vehicle. The basic characteristics of the re-adhesion phenomenon in electric railway systems is analyzed, and an electromechanical model of the railway system is developed based upon those characteristics. Based on the system model analysis, a electromechanical re-adhesion control simulator is designed. The proposed simulator has a wheel-to-wheel structure, which corresponds to the rail-to-wheel of real railway systems. To evaluate the feasibility of the simulator, experiments of re-adhesion are performed with a simple re-adhesion control algorithm. Experimental results prove that the simulator provides an electrical and mechanical environment similar to real railway electric vehicle systems.
{"title":"Electro-mechanical re-adhesion control simulator for inverter-driven railway electric vehicle","authors":"Wooseok Kim, Yong-Seok Kim, Jun-Koo Kang, S. Sul","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801631","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an electromechanical re-adhesion control simulator is proposed for an inverter-driven railway electric vehicle. The basic characteristics of the re-adhesion phenomenon in electric railway systems is analyzed, and an electromechanical model of the railway system is developed based upon those characteristics. Based on the system model analysis, a electromechanical re-adhesion control simulator is designed. The proposed simulator has a wheel-to-wheel structure, which corresponds to the rail-to-wheel of real railway systems. To evaluate the feasibility of the simulator, experiments of re-adhesion are performed with a simple re-adhesion control algorithm. Experimental results prove that the simulator provides an electrical and mechanical environment similar to real railway electric vehicle systems.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133235399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sang-Uk Kim, Iee-Woo Yang, Eul-jae Lee, Young-Bong Kim, Jong-Tai Lee, Young-Seok Kim
In this paper, some new approaches by using an adaptive binary observer, a reduced order extended Kalman filter and a two degrees of freedom controller to a high performance variable drive system for induction motors without a speed sensor are proposed. The speed sensorless vector controls realized in this paper have robustness to load and parameter variations and excellent dynamic characteristics in comparison with conventional speed sensorless vector control schemes. The binary observer estimates the rotor speed and rotor flux with alleviation of the high frequency chattering, and retains the benefits achieved in the conventional sliding observer. The reduced order extended Kalman filter for sensorless control has advantage of saving computation time and simplifying structure in comparison with the full order extended Kalman filter, and also retains the benefits achieved in the extended Kalman filter, such as good robustness to measurement noise and parameter variation. In the two degrees of freedom controller, a feedback controller to robustly control the variations of the rotor resistance is implemented by H/sub /spl infin// control theorem, and a feedforward controller to obtain good tracking performance is designed. Newly proposed systems implement the speed sensorless vector control of induction motors by 32-bit floating point TMS 320C31 DSP.
{"title":"Robust speed estimation for speed sensorless vector control of induction motors","authors":"Sang-Uk Kim, Iee-Woo Yang, Eul-jae Lee, Young-Bong Kim, Jong-Tai Lee, Young-Seok Kim","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.801665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.801665","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, some new approaches by using an adaptive binary observer, a reduced order extended Kalman filter and a two degrees of freedom controller to a high performance variable drive system for induction motors without a speed sensor are proposed. The speed sensorless vector controls realized in this paper have robustness to load and parameter variations and excellent dynamic characteristics in comparison with conventional speed sensorless vector control schemes. The binary observer estimates the rotor speed and rotor flux with alleviation of the high frequency chattering, and retains the benefits achieved in the conventional sliding observer. The reduced order extended Kalman filter for sensorless control has advantage of saving computation time and simplifying structure in comparison with the full order extended Kalman filter, and also retains the benefits achieved in the extended Kalman filter, such as good robustness to measurement noise and parameter variation. In the two degrees of freedom controller, a feedback controller to robustly control the variations of the rotor resistance is implemented by H/sub /spl infin// control theorem, and a feedforward controller to obtain good tracking performance is designed. Newly proposed systems implement the speed sensorless vector control of induction motors by 32-bit floating point TMS 320C31 DSP.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133404773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many DC-to-DC converters are under-filtered when it comes to RFI control and must be decoupled externally. Because the input filter section sees a moderate to low series current, normally one or two amps at 48 volts, a small valued capacitor can be used on the input, provided the dissipation factor is low enough to efficiently sink the ripple current, and the high frequency impedance is low enough to bypass reflected RFI. These capacitors can be either X7R ceramic or special multilayer polymer film (MLP) capacitors. Both types are built on a "stacked" layer construction that features very low impedance and ESR extending well beyond the switching frequency of high-density converters. Developments to provide higher capacitance values in small package sizes have now led to the use of these low ESR capacitors in output filters where the load currents are at least ten times higher than on the higher voltage input bus. The selection of an electrostatic capacitor (ceramic or film) can improve the reliability of the power system to a level where the tantalum electrolytic capacitors typically used can either be reduced in number or eliminated from the output filter. MLP capacitors represent the next generation of capacitor technology. While its mechanical structure is next generation technology, it is still based on proven film capacitor fundamentals with their established track record of both durability and reliability.
{"title":"Current handling and nonshorting feature of multilayer polymer (film) capacitors","authors":"I. Clelland, R. Price","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1999.799178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1999.799178","url":null,"abstract":"Many DC-to-DC converters are under-filtered when it comes to RFI control and must be decoupled externally. Because the input filter section sees a moderate to low series current, normally one or two amps at 48 volts, a small valued capacitor can be used on the input, provided the dissipation factor is low enough to efficiently sink the ripple current, and the high frequency impedance is low enough to bypass reflected RFI. These capacitors can be either X7R ceramic or special multilayer polymer film (MLP) capacitors. Both types are built on a \"stacked\" layer construction that features very low impedance and ESR extending well beyond the switching frequency of high-density converters. Developments to provide higher capacitance values in small package sizes have now led to the use of these low ESR capacitors in output filters where the load currents are at least ten times higher than on the higher voltage input bus. The selection of an electrostatic capacitor (ceramic or film) can improve the reliability of the power system to a level where the tantalum electrolytic capacitors typically used can either be reduced in number or eliminated from the output filter. MLP capacitors represent the next generation of capacitor technology. While its mechanical structure is next generation technology, it is still based on proven film capacitor fundamentals with their established track record of both durability and reliability.","PeriodicalId":125787,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Forth IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36370)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131837612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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