Geoscience frontiers最新文献

{"title":"Lithospheric thickness controls the porphyry Cu mineralization: Evidence from neighboring arc volcanic rocks","authors":"Yin-Hong Wang,&nbsp;Jun Deng,&nbsp;Jia-Jun Liu,&nbsp;Fang-Fang Zhang,&nbsp;Jin-Gao Liu,&nbsp;Shan Ke,&nbsp;Kang Wang,&nbsp;Zhong-Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is widely considered that porphyry Cu deposits formed via oceanic slab subduction are closely associated with hydrous and oxidized arc magmas. Of note, two suites of neighboring (∼40 km apart) Carboniferous arc volcanic rocks in Northwest China show different extents of mineralization: volcanic rocks from the Dananhu arc (DNHA) host one of the most important porphyry Cu deposit belts in China, whereas those from the Yamansu arc (YMSA), adjacent to DNHA, are ore-barren. These arc volcanic rocks, thus, provide a precious opportunity to explore the main factor that controls the genetic links between coeval arc lavas and porphyry Cu mineralization. Here we report whole rock major and trace element compositions and Mg–Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data, generating a comprehensive geochemical comparison for these two suites of volcanic rocks from basalt to dacite. The whole-rock geochemical analyses suggest that at a given SiO₂ content, the YMSA basalts show lower MgO, CaO, Fe₂O₃^T, and TiO₂ contents than the DNHA basalts. The DNHA volcanic rocks have higher Sr/Y and (La/Yb)_N ratios, which are positively correlated, indicating that these two suites of rocks were derived from different magma sources. The DNHA rocks are characterized by radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb up to 19.457, clearly distinct from the YMSA volcanic rocks with less radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.146–18.487), suggesting variable assimilation of crust-derived components during magma evolution. The <em>δ</em>²⁶Mg values of the DNHA rocks (−0.35‰ to +0.06‰) are largely similar to those of the YMSA rocks (−0.24‰ to +0.04‰), and both sets of isotopic ratio ranges have tendency toward heavy Mg isotopes, which could be attributed to serpentinite-derived high-<em>δ</em>²⁶Mg fluids in their mantle sources. Both suites of arc lavas have constant Cu contents and Cu/Sc ratios, indicating inconspicuous pre-enrichment of Cu contents. Geochemical comparisons indicate that the DNHA rocks were derived from partial melting of peridotite at the depth around the spinel-garnet transitional stability field, whereas the YMSA rocks were derived from partial melting of spinel peridotite, and the DNHA magmas had a thicker overlying plate than that of the YMSA magmas. The thickened arc lithosphere facilitates water-rich magmas accumulation and garnet fractionation, driving the magmas to become more oxidized, thereby preventing sulfide segregation and releasing sulfide-bound Cu. Thus, magmas differentiation in the thickened arc lithosphere is a key factor influencing porphyry Cu ore potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102189"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing fluid dynamics in unconventional reservoir rocks: A novel approach of T1-T2 analysis","authors":"Zishuo Li ,&nbsp;Yanbin Yao ,&nbsp;Xueguang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluid distribution and migration characteristics hold significant importance in evaluating the quality of reservoir rocks. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) measurements have been widely applied to identify specific hydrocarbon contents within rocks. However, due to the complexity of the pore and fluid system, this<!--> <!-->technique was not fully exploited and was limited by existing data processing methods. In this study, a novel centroid method was developed to enhance the quantification of 2D NMR data for fluids in reservoir rocks. This method calculates the centroid of the 2D NMR map, which correlates with the average pore size derived from the imbibition process. To validate its effectiveness, the method was applied to analyze the <em>T</em>₁ (longitudinal relaxation time) – <em>T</em>₂ (transverse relaxation time) relationships taken during imbibition processes in three different reservoir rocks. Results demonstrate that the position of centroid can be used to analyze the dominant type of water in pores involved in the imbibition process. Besides, this method can also successfully assess state changes for different water types inside samples by tracking centroids’ movements and fluctuations in centroid <em>T</em>₁/<em>T</em>₂ ratios, as well as utilizing the 2D NMR map’s signal partitioning capacity. Compared to other approaches, it elucidates the distribution and migration characteristics of water in different types of pores and provides significant advantages in the quantitative processing and comparative analyses of 2D NMR data across various water-bearing conditions. Furthermore, it also demonstrates significant potential for investigating interactions and dynamics of multiphase fluids in unconventional reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102186"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145418514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Mesozoic porphyry copper deposits in NE China: Post-collisional versus subduction-related magmatic systems","authors":"Bizheng Yang ,&nbsp;Fanbo Meng ,&nbsp;Yuzhou Feng ,&nbsp;Xinran Ni ,&nbsp;Changzhou Deng ,&nbsp;Jingjing Zhu ,&nbsp;Runsheng Yin ,&nbsp;Huayong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent discoveries of Late Mesozoic porphyry Cu deposits (PCDs) in Northeast (NE) China reveal a distinct spatial metallogenic zonation, with Late Jurassic PCDs in the north dominated by Cu-Mo and Early Cretaceous PCDs in the east marked by Cu-Au mineralization. However, the mechanisms controlling this metallogenic contrast remain unclear. To tackle this issue, we combined geological, geochronological, and geochemical data to determine the genesis of these deposits and the key factors controlling their distinct Cu-Mo and Cu-Au mineralization. Geochronological data show that the Late Jurassic PCDs were formed during a short-lived mineralization event (ca. 150–147 Ma), in contrast to the Early Cretaceous PCDs, which exhibit a prolonged formation history (ca. 120–95 Ma). Geochemical data demonstrate that the northern Cu-Mo PCDs originate from partial melting of thickened juvenile lower crust, whereas the eastern Cu-Au PCDs result from oceanic crust-derived melts contaminated by mantle wedge materials. Integrated analysis suggests that the Cu-Mo PCDs formed in a post-collisional setting after the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean closure, while the Cu-Au PCDs formed in a subduction setting associated with Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate subduction. Despite the presence of hydrous and oxidized magmas in both regions, the northern PCDs exhibit higher Sr/Y, La/Yb, and Sm/Yb ratios than the eastern PCDs, indicating greater magma differentiation depths controlled by crustal thickness. We therefore propose that the depths of magma differentiation govern the metallogenic zoning of Late Mesozoic PCDs in NE China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102190"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ Raman spectroscopic measurement of the 13C/12C ratio of dissolved CO2 at high temperatures and pressures: Method and implications","authors":"Yuzhou Ge ,&nbsp;Zhendong Luan ,&nbsp;Lianfu Li ,&nbsp;Shichuan Xi ,&nbsp;Zengfeng Du ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102180","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Submarine hydrothermal activities release a large amount of greenhouse gases such as CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; into the ocean, influencing the global carbon cycle. Carrying out high-temperature and high-pressure hydrothermal experiments to simulate these geochemical processes is a prerequisite for clarifying the source of carbon-containing substances in the hydrothermal fluid. In situ monitoring of the change in carbon isotope composition of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is essential for high-temperature and high-pressure simulation experiments, but it is also a great technical challenge. In recent years, laser Raman spectroscopy has attracted wide attention as a supplementary means to mass spectrometry for measuring the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C value of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. However, the existing research is limited to the Raman spectroscopy study of the carbon isotope composition of supercritical/liquid CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and there is little research on dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in solution. In this study, we systematically studied the Raman spectral characteristics of dissolved &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ± &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ± &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; system at 25–300 °C and 10–350 bar. The results show that the peak position of the Raman characteristic band of &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) is 1367–1370 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, which is 14–17 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; lower than that of &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (aq), and the full width at half maximum is 2–3 cm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; smaller than that of &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, which indicate the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) and &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) can be identified by Raman spectroscopy. On this basis, we proposed the optimal likelihood curve fitting method (OLCF) for the first time to decompose the overlapping bands and accurately obtain the peak height ratio (H&lt;sub&gt;13&lt;/sub&gt;/H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) of dissolved &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. It has been shown that the G-factor ratios (G&lt;sub&gt;13&lt;/sub&gt;/G&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) are significantly affected by temperature and the relative content of &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Obtaining an appropriate G-factor ratio is a prerequisite for accurately determining the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Based on the functional relationship between the H&lt;sub&gt;13&lt;/sub&gt;/H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; and the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C, we established an empirical equation to quickly estimate the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C value, thereby assisting in selecting an appropriate G-factor ratio. The calibrated G-factor can be well used to determine the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the hydrothermal experiments with &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C labelled. In-situ monitoring experiments show that the phase separation of the hydrothermal fluid hardly causes changes in the carbon isotope composition of dissolved CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. ","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 102180"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two phases of high potassic-shoshonitic magmatism and coeval Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Bozhushan orefield, southwestern China","authors":"Yanbin Liu ,&nbsp;Guochen Dong ,&nbsp;M. Santosh ,&nbsp;Dapeng Li ,&nbsp;Liangliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Sen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cretaceous granitoid magmatism in the Gejiu-Bozhushan-Laojunshan region records tectonic transitions from the Neotethys to the South China Block and is genetically linked to Sn-polymetallic mineralization. However, the tectonic settings of magmatism and metallogeny remain unclear, particularly in the Bozhushan orefield. Integrated whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotopes, monazite U-Th-Pb-Nd isotopes, apatite U-Pb-REE data from the Bozhushan pluton, and cassiterite U-Pb dating from three Sn-polymetallic deposits are presented to understand the crustal architecture and tectonic-magmatic-metallogeny. The pluton consists of six interdigitated units characterized by high potassic-shoshonitic and peraluminous compositions, which are further subdivided into two magmatic stages: (1) Rim-located granodiorites (Units 1‒3, 91‒90 Ma, Stage I): I-type, characterized by the presence of biotite + K-feldspar + plagioclase, and featuring high Sr/Y, (La/Yb)_N, and LREE-enriched apatite. They likely originate from lithospheric mantle melting during eastward Neotethys subduction, which triggered crustal melting and is linked to peripheral Ag-Pb-Zn-W polymetallic mineralization (ca. 91‒89 Ma, defined as Phase I magmatic-metallogenic event). (2) Core-located high evolved monzogranites (Units 4‒6, 87‒86 Ma, Stage II): S-type, containing muscovite + K-feldspar + plagioclase ± tourmaline, with LREE-depleted apatite, higher SiO₂ and Rb/Sr, derived from the low-pressure partial melting of Neoproterozoic biotite-rich metagreywackes in the shallow crust during ongoing Neotethys subduction-induced collision, associated with Sn-dominated mineralization (87‒80 Ma, defined as Phase II magmatic-metallogenic event). Geochemical and Isotopic trends suggest mantle-crust interaction during Stage I and crustal recycling during Stage II, both driven by the ongoing subduction of Neotethys. This dual-stage magmatism establishes a dynamic model in which tectonic processes control magma sources, isotopic signatures, and metal partitioning, providing key insights into granite-related Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Bozhushan orefield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102157"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The H2 generation mechanisms of natural gas in the Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, China","authors":"Panpan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Wang ,&nbsp;Kun He ,&nbsp;Zhenguang Shang ,&nbsp;Jinhao Guo ,&nbsp;Xuan Tang ,&nbsp;Runchao Liu ,&nbsp;Runze Cui ,&nbsp;Qitu Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its renewability, zero-emissions, and low production cost, natural hydrogen (H₂) holds considerable potential as a carbon-free energy resource and represents a key focus for enabling energy transition and achieving carbon neutrality. The generation mechanisms and accumulation patterns of H₂ need further investigation, particularly with regard to the sources of H₂ in sedimentary basin. This knowledge gap hinders the exploration and development of H₂ resources. The study reports the concentrations and isotopic compositions of H₂ and hydrocarbons of natural gas in the Sulige gas field. The results suggest that the H₂ content in natural gas can reach up to 22.98 %, with H₂ isotope values (<em>δ</em>²H-H₂) ranging from −809‰ to −700‰. Based on comprehensive analysis of carbon and hydrogen isotopes of hydrocarbons, geological conditions, and hydrogen isotope fractionation mechanisms of H₂, this study reveals that the H₂ in the Upper Paleozoic natural gas is likely derived primarily from organic matter pyrolysis in coal-bearing source rocks, while the H₂ in the Lower Paleozoic natural gas is probably generated mainly through water radiolytic in basement granite and metamorphic rocks. The diffusion fractionation model demonstrates that significant isotopic fractionation occurs during the migration of deep-sourced H₂ to sedimentary reservoirs, resulting in notably depleted <em>δ</em>²H-H₂ values in the Lower Paleozoic natural gas. The H₂ generation through organic matter pyrolysis primarily occurs during the late gas generation stage, with peak production concentrated in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous periods. Given the genetic correlation between H₂ and hydrocarbons, the H₂ may accumulate with natural gas in reservoirs. In contrast, H₂ generation through water radiolysis in the study area exhibits multi-source characteristics and prolonged duration, demonstrating significant potential for independent accumulation. This study not only elucidates the generation mechanisms of H₂ but also provides a significant geological case study for understanding the distribution characteristics and resource potential of H₂ in sedimentary basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102153"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and drivers of carbonaceous aerosol pollution in a coastal city of northern China","authors":"Li Fang ,&nbsp;He Meng ,&nbsp;Yanjun Yang ,&nbsp;Ruiyu Li ,&nbsp;Yang Yue ,&nbsp;Caiqing Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonaceous aerosols significantly impact air quality, human health and climate change, yet their concentration levels and influencing factors exhibit significant regional variability. This study examined the concentration levels and temporal variations of carbonaceous aerosols in Qingdao, a typical coastal city in China, using a year-long, high-time-resolution dataset of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements. The impacts of meteorological conditions, primary emissions, atmospheric oxidants, and sea-land breezes were systematically analyzed by employing an interpretable machine learning model. The results revealed that atmospheric OC and EC concentration levels were relatively low in Qingdao, but secondary organic carbon (SOC) accounted for 43 % of OC, emphasizing the substantial influence of secondary sources. SOC concentrations peaked in the evening, whereas primary organic carbon (POC) and EC concentrations peaked during morning rush hours. The elevated carbonaceous aerosol concentration observed in winter likely resulted from enhanced primary emissions coupled with unfavorable dispersion conditions, whereas intensive photochemical activities during summer facilitated SOC formation. Higher SOC levels were observed during sea-land breeze days than non-sea-land breeze days. The machine learning model indicated that atmospheric oxidants played an important role in SOC formation during sea-land breeze days, while combustion related emissions may be the key factor on non-sea-land breeze days. Furthermore, SOC levels were higher under land breezes compared to sea breezes, likely due to enhanced primary emissions from terrestrial sources coupled with confined pollutant dispersion. These findings revealed complex emission-meteorology-chemistry interactions affecting coastal air quality, informing targeted air pollution mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102151"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermokarst disturbance responses to climate change across the circumpolar permafrost regions from 1990 to 2023","authors":"Ya Liu ,&nbsp;Haijun Qiu ,&nbsp;Ninglian Wang ,&nbsp;Dongdong Yang ,&nbsp;Kailiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Guoqing Yang ,&nbsp;Wenchao Huangfu ,&nbsp;Wanqi Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Warming climate drives permafrost degradation and forms serious thermokarst disturbances, with significant impacts on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecological processes. However, the long-term monitoring of thermokarst disturbances and their next development remains a challenge across the circumpolar permafrost regions. Here, we calculate six spectral indices from Landsat images to represent greenness, wetness, and brightness, quantifying the spatiotemporal characteristics of thermokarst landscape dynamics and further revealing their development with a warming climate. Additionally, DNMI, NDWI, and NDVI are selected to verify the occurrence and severity of retrogressive thaw slumps, thermokarst lake expansion, and drainage by the LandTrendr algorithm on the Google Earth Engine platform. Three major types of thermokarst events show a consistent disturbance year, correlating with the summer temperature increase point around 2000. Their correlation analysis also reveals that the subsequent landscape development of thermokarst disturbances is related to the warming context, showing vegetation greening and soil wetting trends. These findings highlight the dynamic characteristics of thermokarst disturbances from 1990 to 2023, providing a comprehensive understanding of thermokarst development under a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102147"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustal contamination and insights into diachronous changes toward modern tectonics: evidence from Hf-Nd-O-Pb isotope of sanukitoids from the Amazonian craton","authors":"Aline Costa do Nascimento ,&nbsp;Davis Carvalho de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Esa Heilimo ,&nbsp;Marco Antonio Galarza ,&nbsp;Eleilson Oliveira Gabriel ,&nbsp;Martin Whitehouse ,&nbsp;Matti Kurhila ,&nbsp;Cláudio Nery Lamarão","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Archean sanukitoids provide crucial insights into crust-mantle interactions during the early Earth’s geodynamic evolution. However, the role of crustal contamination in their genesis remains uncertain. Sanukitoids identified in the Sapucaia subdomain of the southern Carajás Province are represented by two plutons Água Limpa and Água Azul, collectively referred to as the Água Limpa sanukitoid suite. These plutons are compositionally similar to low-Ti sanukitoids (&lt; 0.63 % TiO₂) and their zircon isotopic data record a short period of magmatic activity around ca. 2.87 Ga. Sanukitoids zircons reveal <em>ε</em>_Hf(<em>t</em>) values ranging from –3.31 to + 2.14, Hf and Nd model ages between 2.91 Ga and 3.28 Ga, whole-rock <em>ε</em>_Nd(<em>t</em>) values from –1.64 to + 1.76, and <em>δ</em>¹⁸O values ranging from 5.0 ‰ to 7.6 ‰. The Pb isotopic compositions in K-feldspar (<em>µ</em> &gt; 10) suggests a Mesoarchean mantle source affected by slight crustal contribution and/or contamination. Result of geochemical modelling indicates that the sanukitoids were formed by ∼ 15 % partial melting of mantle peridotite previously enriched by ∼ 30 % of slab-derived melts, with orthopyroxene, garnet, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, and magnetite as residual phases. The integration of our data with previously published results leads us to suggest that modern-style plate tectonics may have initiated along the northern Carajás Province during the Mesoarchean, while the Rio Maria domain to the south remained dominated by mantle plume-driven crustal growth and vertical tectonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102172"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generative AI with prompt engineering in construction: Enhancing predictive slope stability modelling for safe, sustainable, climate-smart mining practices","authors":"Muhammad Kamran ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faizan ,&nbsp;Shuhong Wang ,&nbsp;Danial Jahed Armaghani ,&nbsp;Panagiotis G. Asteris ,&nbsp;Biswajeet Pradhan","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generative AI (GenAI) and prompt engineering are rapidly advancing in industries such as construction and mining, leading to significant improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making processes. These technologies are transforming the construction sector by automating tasks and optimizing workflows, thereby enhancing productivity and risk management. This study explores the application of Google’s Gemini AI tool, a notable breakthrough in GenAI, specifically for predictive modeling of slope stability. The Gemini AI tool is utilized within the Python programming language to generate prompts that incorporate key factors influencing slope stability, with the Google Colab interface facilitating prompt generation and testing. Initially, these prompts are employed for data analysis and visualization, followed by their application in both unsupervised and supervised machine learning approaches. The performance evaluation metrics indicate that the integrated approaches, which combine GenAI and prompt engineering, predict slope stability with a high level of accuracy. The model achieved 99% accuracy, with precision, recall, and F₁-scores ranging from 0.98 to 1.00 for both stable and unstable slope classes. This innovative methodology seeks to advance the implementation of GenAI in civil and mining engineering, offering more precise and efficient solutions for managing slope stability and supporting safe, sustainable, and climate-smart mining operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12711,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience frontiers","volume":"16 6","pages":"Article 102163"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}