Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.006
Aokai Zhang , Yanjie Tang , Jifeng Ying , Chao Ma , Hui Liu
Subduction initiation, a cornerstone of plate tectonics, remains shrouded in complexity and mystery. This study reviews numerical models and natural occurrences of subduction initiation induced by mantle plumes on Earth and other terrestrial planets. We argue that mantle plumes, as non-plate tectonic agents, can initiate subduction in both ancient and contemporary settings without pre-existing lithospheric weaknesses. Our analysis of numerical simulations indicates that far-field stresses and the plume’s tail play pivotal roles in initiating subduction, while lithospheric weak zones and plate dynamics modulate the symmetry of subduction zones. The positioning of oceanic plateaus relative to the mantle plume significantly impacts subduction initiation. This paper also explores additional properties of mantle plumes crucial for subduction zone formation, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of plume-induced subduction initiation and its implications for global tectonics.
{"title":"Mantle plume- induced subduction initiation: Mechanisms and implications for plate tectonics","authors":"Aokai Zhang , Yanjie Tang , Jifeng Ying , Chao Ma , Hui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subduction initiation, a cornerstone of plate tectonics, remains shrouded in complexity and mystery. This study reviews numerical models and natural occurrences of subduction initiation induced by mantle plumes on Earth and other terrestrial planets. We argue that mantle plumes, as non-plate tectonic agents, can initiate subduction in both ancient and contemporary settings without pre-existing lithospheric weaknesses. Our analysis of numerical simulations indicates that far-field stresses and the plume’s tail play pivotal roles in initiating subduction, while lithospheric weak zones and plate dynamics modulate the symmetry of subduction zones. The positioning of oceanic plateaus relative to the mantle plume significantly impacts subduction initiation. This paper also explores additional properties of mantle plumes crucial for subduction zone formation, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of plume-induced subduction initiation and its implications for global tectonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 205-228"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.012
Bruno Augusto Cabral Roque , Matheus Henrique Castanha Cavalcanti , Pedro Pinto Ferreira Brasileiro , Paulo Henrique Ramalho Pereira Gama , Valdemir Alexandre dos Santos , Attilio Converti , Mohand Benachour , Leonie Asfora Sarubbo
Hydrogen, particularly in renewable forms like green hydrogen and biohydrogen, is critical for decarbonization and sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of hydrogen and its versatility in industrial applications, energy storage, and transportation while addressing its potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The PRISMA methodology was applied, systematically analyzing over 25,000 publications and reports from 2017 to 2024, focusing on cutting-edge production methods like electrolysis and biomass conversion. Hydrogen production processes are explored, including water electrolysis, a clean method powered by renewable energy, and biohydrogen routes utilizing biomass and organic waste through thermochemical and biological conversions. These innovations align with global decarbonization targets, reducing emissions in hard-to-abate sectors like steel and aviation. The study also highlights hydrogen’s evolving global market, with investments exceeding USD 680 billion and expanding project portfolios in Europe, North America, and Asia. Green finance, via tools like green bonds and sustainability-linked loans, is identified as essential for scaling hydrogen technologies. By integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles, hydrogen projects ensure socio-economic benefits, including job creation and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. Moreover, hydrogen is projected to reduce CO2 emissions by 6.5% by 2050, making it a key element in climate strategies. In conclusion, this study offers a thorough overview of hydrogen’s role in achieving net-zero emissions. Its findings highlight the important interplay between technological innovation, market dynamics, and sustainable finance, providing actionable insights to aid in policy formulation and strategic decision-making. By harnessing hydrogen’s potential, society can advance the energy transition and promote a resilient, low-carbon future.
{"title":"Hydrogen-powered future: Catalyzing energy transition, industry decarbonization and sustainable economic development: A review","authors":"Bruno Augusto Cabral Roque , Matheus Henrique Castanha Cavalcanti , Pedro Pinto Ferreira Brasileiro , Paulo Henrique Ramalho Pereira Gama , Valdemir Alexandre dos Santos , Attilio Converti , Mohand Benachour , Leonie Asfora Sarubbo","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen, particularly in renewable forms like green hydrogen and biohydrogen, is critical for decarbonization and sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of hydrogen and its versatility in industrial applications, energy storage, and transportation while addressing its potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The PRISMA methodology was applied, systematically analyzing over 25,000 publications and reports from 2017 to 2024, focusing on cutting-edge production methods like electrolysis and biomass conversion. Hydrogen production processes are explored, including water electrolysis, a clean method powered by renewable energy, and biohydrogen routes utilizing biomass and organic waste through thermochemical and biological conversions. These innovations align with global decarbonization targets, reducing emissions in hard-to-abate sectors like steel and aviation. The study also highlights hydrogen’s evolving global market, with investments exceeding USD 680 billion and expanding project portfolios in Europe, North America, and Asia. Green finance, via tools like green bonds and sustainability-linked loans, is identified as essential for scaling hydrogen technologies. By integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles, hydrogen projects ensure socio-economic benefits, including job creation and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. Moreover, hydrogen is projected to reduce CO2 emissions by 6.5% by 2050, making it a key element in climate strategies. In conclusion, this study offers a thorough overview of hydrogen’s role in achieving net-zero emissions. Its findings highlight the important interplay between technological innovation, market dynamics, and sustainable finance, providing actionable insights to aid in policy formulation and strategic decision-making. By harnessing hydrogen’s potential, society can advance the energy transition and promote a resilient, low-carbon future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 159-180"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.011
Changjun Li , Lixin Zhu , Xuri Dong , Changxing Zong , Daoji Li
Pelagic microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in seawater worldwide, driven by global ocean currents and atmospheric circulation. A comprehensive evaluation of MP pollution in surface water near Xisha Islands of the South China Sea was conducted using a typical Manta trawl. The results indicated that the average abundance of MPs in this region was 0.61 ± 0.87n/m3, demonstrating significant spatial heterogeneity. MPs were primarily composed of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). The average size of MPs was 1.95 ± 1.18 mm and approximately 90 % of all MPs were smaller than 3.80 mm. Additionally, there were significant differences in MP size between different shapes and polymers. The average sizes of MPs in shape of line and polymer of PS were largest. The type and ecological risk level of MP pollution in the water near Xisha Islands were classified as L-L (low MP abundance with low MP diversity) region and minor-risk, respectively, according to the microplastic diversity integrated index (MDII) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). Based on the map of ocean currents, the convergence effect of eddies may be a significant driving force behind the accumulation of MP pollution at individual stations. Our findings have enhanced the understanding of the current status, sources, and ecological risks of MP pollution in the South China Sea, providing valuable data and theoretical support for the promoting of MP pollution control in the region.
{"title":"A comprehensive evaluation of pelagic microplastic pollution in surface water near the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea","authors":"Changjun Li , Lixin Zhu , Xuri Dong , Changxing Zong , Daoji Li","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pelagic microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in seawater worldwide, driven by global ocean currents and atmospheric circulation. A comprehensive evaluation of MP pollution in surface water near Xisha Islands of the South China Sea was conducted using a typical Manta trawl. The results indicated that the average abundance of MPs in this region was 0.61 ± 0.87n/m<sup>3</sup>, demonstrating significant spatial heterogeneity. MPs were primarily composed of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). The average size of MPs was 1.95 ± 1.18 mm and approximately 90 % of all MPs were smaller than 3.80 mm. Additionally, there were significant differences in MP size between different shapes and polymers. The average sizes of MPs in shape of line and polymer of PS were largest. The type and ecological risk level of MP pollution in the water near Xisha Islands were classified as L-L (low MP abundance with low MP diversity) region and minor-risk, respectively, according to the microplastic diversity integrated index (<em>MDII</em>) and potential ecological risk index (<em>PERI</em>). Based on the map of ocean currents, the convergence effect of eddies may be a significant driving force behind the accumulation of MP pollution at individual stations. Our findings have enhanced the understanding of the current status, sources, and ecological risks of MP pollution in the South China Sea, providing valuable data and theoretical support for the promoting of MP pollution control in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 135-145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.009
Muhammad Tayyab Naseer
Lowstands prograding wedges (LPWs) and basin floor fans (BFF) are the hottest areas for stratigraphic-based consortiums of hydrocarbon explorations. These stratigraphic traps are developed during the extensive fall of the sea, and subsequent, very slow rise inside the Lowstands system tract (LST). Hence, they mark the paleo-shelf-break and structure closure along the deep-water depositional systems (DWS). However, Pakistan exists on the verge of diverging plate boundaries, which have signified traverses of Horst and Grabens geological structures along normal faults. NW-SE aligned wrench faults, local-to-regional scale transverse fractures, and together with intensely fluctuating NE-Arabian rising sea levels have collectively constrained the development of tectonostratigraphic architecture throughout slope-to-basin floor patterns. Subsequently, the full spectrum seismic amplitude-based volumes (FSM) generate ambiguities in the quantitative prediction of DWS. This research utilizes the broadband prompt spectrum waveform-originated thickness and density-controlled inverted velocities and density basin simulations (TDVDRS) of the Cretaceous system, NE-Arabian Sea. However, these FSM attributes failed to image the laterally continuous and possible gas-bearing sediments due to a poorly resolved thickness of 6 m. This thickness was below the tuning thickness threshold of 14 m for this source-hydrocarbon play. The TDVDRS have predicted 15 m thick aggradational parasequences of the top seal, 13 m thick progradational-to-retrogradational lateral seal, and 12 m thick progradational shale of bottom sealing configurations. An angular unconformity was resolved at the top of Horst and Grabens structure at depths of 3240–3270 m and pseudo-thickening [PT] [m]: pseudo-density [gm. /c.c.] [PD] of 11–23-m: ∼2.05–2.25 gm. /c.c during falling sea-level. This process has replaced the younger erosional sediments at the compacted bottom and adjacent seal configurations. This workflow has strong tectonostratigraphic implications for diverging the NE-Arabian Sea, which may serve as an analogue for developing the world’s gigantic divergent plate margins.
{"title":"Tectonostratigraphic framework of early-Cretaceous hydrocarbon-bearing deep-water architectures, divergent plate margins, NE-Arabian Sea: Spectral decomposition-based density-thickness-constraint lateral variability static reservoir simulations","authors":"Muhammad Tayyab Naseer","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lowstands prograding wedges (LPWs) and basin floor fans (BFF) are the hottest areas for stratigraphic-based consortiums of hydrocarbon explorations. These stratigraphic traps are developed during the extensive fall of the sea, and subsequent, very slow rise inside the Lowstands system tract (LST). Hence, they mark the paleo-shelf-break and structure closure along the deep-water depositional systems (DWS). However, Pakistan exists on the verge of diverging plate boundaries, which have signified traverses of Horst and Grabens geological structures along normal faults. NW-SE aligned wrench faults, local-to-regional scale transverse fractures, and together with intensely fluctuating NE-Arabian rising sea levels have collectively constrained the development of tectonostratigraphic architecture throughout slope-to-basin floor patterns. Subsequently, the full spectrum seismic amplitude-based volumes (FSM) generate ambiguities in the quantitative prediction of DWS. This research utilizes the broadband prompt spectrum waveform-originated thickness and density-controlled inverted velocities and density basin simulations (TDVDRS) of the Cretaceous system, NE-Arabian Sea. However, these FSM attributes failed to image the laterally continuous and possible gas-bearing sediments due to a poorly resolved thickness of 6 m. This thickness was below the tuning thickness threshold of 14 m for this source-hydrocarbon play. The TDVDRS have predicted 15 m thick aggradational parasequences of the top seal, 13 m thick progradational-to-retrogradational lateral seal, and 12 m thick progradational shale of bottom sealing configurations. An angular unconformity was resolved at the top of Horst and Grabens structure at depths of 3240–3270 m and pseudo-thickening [PT] [m]: pseudo-density [gm. /c.c.] [PD] of 11–23-m: ∼2.05–2.25 gm. /c.c during falling sea-level. This process has replaced the younger erosional sediments at the compacted bottom and adjacent seal configurations. This workflow has strong tectonostratigraphic implications for diverging the NE-Arabian Sea, which may serve as an analogue for developing the world’s gigantic divergent plate margins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 279-298"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.010
Lianjie Zhao , Yu Zhang , Kofi Adomako-Ansah , Matthew J. Brzozowski , Hao Zeng , Chenghua Shi , Yongjun Shao , Hongtao Zhao , Hongjie Shen , Xu Wang , Shuling Song , Xiyue Zheng
The Xiangzhong Metallogenic Province (XZMP) in South China is one of the most important Au–Sb–W metallogenic domains in the world. Gold and W mineralization in XZMP are commonly coupled, however, the Xingfengshan Au–W deposit is characterized by skarn W mineralization that is overprinted by sheeted quartz vein-hosted Au mineralization. Garnet U–Pb dating provides a maximum age limit for W mineralization at 214.8 ± 3.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), while biotite Ar–Ar dating indicates Au mineralization occurred at 205.2 ± 0.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.96), confirming that Au and W mineralization were decoupled. This is supported by the elevated temperature of the Au mineralizing event demonstrated by chlorite geothermometry (W = 291–346 °C vs. Au = 351–416 °C). Arsenopyrite, the main Au-hosting mineral, can be divided into three generations — Apy-1, Au-enriched Apy-2, and Apy-3. Gold occurs as invisible Au in Apy-1 and Apy-2, but as visible Au coexisting with Apy-3. The abundant chlorite, biotite, and ilmenite inclusions in Apy-1 and Apy-2, and low δ34SV-CDT values (Apy-1 = −8.82 to −8.44 ‰, Apy-2 = -9.57 to −7.69 ‰) suggest that they formed by fluid–rock interaction. Apy-3 is enriched in trace elements (e.g., Co, Ni, Cu) and has lower δ34SV-CDT values (−12.56 to −12.03 ‰), indicating the involvement of late-stage oxidized magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in its formation. This fluid remobilized invisible Au from Apy-2 and precipitated it as visible Au associated with Apy-3. The close spatiotemporal relationship between mineralization at Xingfengshan and the Baimashan composite pluton, the S isotope composition of pyrite (−4.94 to 1.18 ‰), and the metallogenic affinity of granites together suggest that the W and Au mineralization are genetically associated with the Longcangwan two-mica granite and Longtan biotite granite of the Baimashan composite pluton, respectively. This study highlights the complexity of regional Au–Sb–W mineralization in the XZMP.
{"title":"Decoupling of Au and W mineralization in the Xiangzhong Metallogenic Province (South China): Insights from the Xingfengshan Au–W deposit","authors":"Lianjie Zhao , Yu Zhang , Kofi Adomako-Ansah , Matthew J. Brzozowski , Hao Zeng , Chenghua Shi , Yongjun Shao , Hongtao Zhao , Hongjie Shen , Xu Wang , Shuling Song , Xiyue Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Xiangzhong Metallogenic Province (XZMP) in South China is one of the most important Au–Sb–W metallogenic domains in the world. Gold and W mineralization in XZMP are commonly coupled, however, the Xingfengshan Au–W deposit is characterized by skarn W mineralization that is overprinted by sheeted quartz vein-hosted Au mineralization. Garnet U–Pb dating provides a maximum age limit for W mineralization at 214.8 ± 3.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), while biotite Ar–Ar dating indicates Au mineralization occurred at 205.2 ± 0.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.96), confirming that Au and W mineralization were decoupled. This is supported by the elevated temperature of the Au mineralizing event demonstrated by chlorite geothermometry (W = 291–346 °C vs. Au = 351–416 °C). Arsenopyrite, the main Au-hosting mineral, can be divided into three generations — Apy-1, Au-enriched Apy-2, and Apy-3. Gold occurs as invisible Au in Apy-1 and Apy-2, but as visible Au coexisting with Apy-3. The abundant chlorite, biotite, and ilmenite inclusions in Apy-1 and Apy-2, and low δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>V-CDT</sub> values (Apy-1 = −8.82 to −8.44 ‰, Apy-2 = -9.57 to −7.69 ‰) suggest that they formed by fluid–rock interaction. Apy-3 is enriched in trace elements (e.g., Co, Ni, Cu) and has lower δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>V-CDT</sub> values (−12.56 to −12.03 ‰), indicating the involvement of late-stage oxidized magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in its formation. This fluid remobilized invisible Au from Apy-2 and precipitated it as visible Au associated with Apy-3. The close spatiotemporal relationship between mineralization at Xingfengshan and the Baimashan composite pluton, the S isotope composition of pyrite (−4.94 to 1.18 ‰), and the metallogenic affinity of granites together suggest that the W and Au mineralization are genetically associated with the Longcangwan two-mica granite and Longtan biotite granite of the Baimashan composite pluton, respectively. This study highlights the complexity of regional Au–Sb–W mineralization in the XZMP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 118-134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.012
Mikalai Filonchyk , Michael P. Peterson , Liming Zhang , Lifeng Zhang , Yi He
Wildfires are becoming more frequent and destructive and have major implications for continued climate change. They pollute the air hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from where they occur. This study uses ground-based data and satellite monitoring to examine the air quality implications of the wildfires in Canada from May 11–14, 2024. Data from NOAA-20/VIIRS and FIRMS showed that a large smoke plume developed in British Columbia. Fire radiative power (FRP) data showed that intense wildfires sometimes exceeded 4000 Megawatts (MW), consistent with significant pollutant emissions. The most intense wildfires were recorded on the 11th and 13th of May when daily FRP of 108.45 GWh and 220.82 GWh were recorded from 659 and 581 fire points, respectively. Estimated total emissions of CO2, PM2.5, CO, CH4 and NOx showed that May 13 saw the highest level of pollutant emissions, with CO2 at 1.7358 Megatons (Mt). Meanwhile, ground-level PM2.5 concentrations in the area with the most intense fires, on the Alberta border with British Columbia, reached 949 µg/m3. NOAA-20/VIIRS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data showed that on May 11, the maximum AOD of 5 occurred in British Columbia and Alberta, moving eastward by May 12, affecting regions in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario and parts of the US bordering Canada. The results demonstrate that wildfires can release large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, significantly affecting air quality. The research highlights the need to establish effective systems for responding to extreme situations associated with these fires and to implement measures to mitigate their negative impacts.
{"title":"Estimating air pollutant emissions from the 2024 wildfires in Canada and the impact on air quality","authors":"Mikalai Filonchyk , Michael P. Peterson , Liming Zhang , Lifeng Zhang , Yi He","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires are becoming more frequent and destructive and have major implications for continued climate change. They pollute the air hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from where they occur. This study uses ground-based data and satellite monitoring to examine the air quality implications of the wildfires in Canada from May 11–14, 2024. Data from NOAA-20/VIIRS and FIRMS showed that a large smoke plume developed in British Columbia. Fire radiative power (FRP) data showed that intense wildfires sometimes exceeded 4000 Megawatts (MW), consistent with significant pollutant emissions. The most intense wildfires were recorded on the 11th and 13th of May when daily FRP of 108.45 GWh and 220.82 GWh were recorded from 659 and 581 fire points, respectively. Estimated total emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> showed that May 13 saw the highest level of pollutant emissions, with CO<sub>2</sub> at 1.7358 Megatons (Mt). Meanwhile, ground-level PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in the area with the most intense fires, on the Alberta border with British Columbia, reached 949 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. NOAA-20/VIIRS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data showed that on May 11, the maximum AOD of 5 occurred in British Columbia and Alberta, moving eastward by May 12, affecting regions in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario and parts of the US bordering Canada. The results demonstrate that wildfires can release large amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, significantly affecting air quality. The research highlights the need to establish effective systems for responding to extreme situations associated with these fires and to implement measures to mitigate their negative impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 194-204"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.011
I. DeFelipe , P. Ayarza , I. Palomeras , M. Ruiz , J. Andrés , M. Yenes , D. Martínez Poyatos , R. Carbonell
Tectonic inversion of continental passive margins, orogens formation and deformation transfer to build intraplate ranges are processes that shape plate boundaries, define topography, and delineate continent/ocean transitions. However, the crustal deformation mechanisms that govern these processes vary depending on the tectonic setting and on the overlap of successive tectonic phases. The central and NW Iberian Peninsula comprises from north to south: (i) the North Iberian Margin (NIM), a partly inverted passive margin with limited oceanic subduction, (ii) the Cantabrian Mountains (CM), formed in the northern boundary of the Iberian microplate, and (iii) the Spanish-Portuguese Central System (SPCS), an intraplate mountain range. With the aim of unraveling the crustal-scale structure and the deformation mechanisms in these areas, we present a 650-km long cross-section from the NIM to the south of the Madrid Cenozoic basin based on new wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction data and on the reinterpretation of P-wave velocity (Vp) models. The hyperbolic moveout seismic data revealed an asymmetry of the PmP phases (Moho reflections) at both sides of the SPCS and deep subvertical reflectors to the south of the SPCS, that we interpreted as the image of south-vergent crustal-scale faults. In contrast, in the CM the Vp models presented show the northwards subduction of the Iberian lower crust. Therefore, the deformation mechanisms that govern the current crustal architecture in the central and NW Iberian Peninsula are a crustal-coupled deformation with significant vertical displacement in the SPCS and a crustal-decoupled deformation with mainly horizontal displacement in the CM.
{"title":"A crustal-scale section of central and NW Iberia: Deformation mechanisms and transfer during the Alpine compression","authors":"I. DeFelipe , P. Ayarza , I. Palomeras , M. Ruiz , J. Andrés , M. Yenes , D. Martínez Poyatos , R. Carbonell","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tectonic inversion of continental passive margins, orogens formation and deformation transfer to build intraplate ranges are processes that shape plate boundaries, define topography, and delineate continent/ocean transitions. However, the crustal deformation mechanisms that govern these processes vary depending on the tectonic setting and on the overlap of successive tectonic phases. The central and NW Iberian Peninsula comprises from north to south: (i) the North Iberian Margin (NIM), a partly inverted passive margin with limited oceanic subduction, (ii) the Cantabrian Mountains (CM), formed in the northern boundary of the Iberian microplate, and (iii) the Spanish-Portuguese Central System (SPCS), an intraplate mountain range. With the aim of unraveling the crustal-scale structure and the deformation mechanisms in these areas, we present a 650-km long cross-section from the NIM to the south of the Madrid Cenozoic basin based on new wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction data and on the reinterpretation of P-wave velocity (Vp) models. The hyperbolic moveout seismic data revealed an asymmetry of the PmP phases (Moho reflections) at both sides of the SPCS and deep subvertical reflectors to the south of the SPCS, that we interpreted as the image of south-vergent crustal-scale faults. In contrast, in the CM the Vp models presented show the northwards subduction of the Iberian lower crust. Therefore, the deformation mechanisms that govern the current crustal architecture in the central and NW Iberian Peninsula are a crustal-coupled deformation with significant vertical displacement in the SPCS and a crustal-decoupled deformation with mainly horizontal displacement in the CM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 101-117"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.008
Masaki Yoshida
The heat released from the Earth’s interior to the surface has a significant impact on the future of our planet. Owing to the secular cooling of Earth, surface heat flux has gradually decreased throughout Earth’s history. The average surface heat flux would be subject to fluctuations in accordance with the supercontinent cycle on the order of 100 million years because the average age of the oceanic plate changes with time. Based on the half-space cooling model, a decrease in average plate age was associated with a decrease in bathymetry and an increase in average surface heat flux. However, the relationship between surface heat flux and bathymetry on Earth is not straightforward. A conceptual model proposed that the asymptotic bathymetry resulting from the plate flattening effect of oceanic plates is important for recovering sea level fluctuations that are comparable to those of the past Earth. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal changes in long-term surface heat flux during the supercontinental cycle using a conceptual model. The results demonstrate that surface heat flux fluctuated between −10 % and +25 % during the supercontinent cycle, compared to surface heat flux at the time of supercontinental formation. In contrast, the parameterized convection theory for Earth’s thermal budget suggests that the rate of secular cooling due to decay of radioactive elements was reduced by approximately 15 % over the same period. These results imply that the effect of the supercontinental cycle on surface heat flux is comparable to or larger than secular cooling of the Earth.
{"title":"Long-term fluctuation of Earth’s surface heat flux by the supercontinent cycle","authors":"Masaki Yoshida","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heat released from the Earth’s interior to the surface has a significant impact on the future of our planet. Owing to the secular cooling of Earth, surface heat flux has gradually decreased throughout Earth’s history. The average surface heat flux would be subject to fluctuations in accordance with the supercontinent cycle on the order of 100 million years because the average age of the oceanic plate changes with time. Based on the half-space cooling model, a decrease in average plate age was associated with a decrease in bathymetry and an increase in average surface heat flux. However, the relationship between surface heat flux and bathymetry on Earth is not straightforward. A conceptual model proposed that the asymptotic bathymetry resulting from the plate flattening effect of oceanic plates is important for recovering sea level fluctuations that are comparable to those of the past Earth. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal changes in long-term surface heat flux during the supercontinental cycle using a conceptual model. The results demonstrate that surface heat flux fluctuated between −10 % and +25 % during the supercontinent cycle, compared to surface heat flux at the time of supercontinental formation. In contrast, the parameterized convection theory for Earth’s thermal budget suggests that the rate of secular cooling due to decay of radioactive elements was reduced by approximately 15 % over the same period. These results imply that the effect of the supercontinental cycle on surface heat flux is comparable to or larger than secular cooling of the Earth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"140 ","pages":"Pages 146-157"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号