Future microbiology最新文献

A large proportion of the world's population is infected with HSV-1. Antiviral CD8⁺ T cells and CD8α⁺ dendritic cells are closely related to HSV-1 infection and latency. Latency-associated transcript of HSV-1 and PD-1 are involved in the regulation of latency and reactivation of HSV-1. Here, the role of latency-associated transcript, PD-1, CD8⁺ T cells and CD8α⁺ dendritic cells in HSV-1 infection, the inter-relationships between them and how these interactions lead to latency are discussed, possibly providing new ideas for the treatment of HSV-1 infection.

Pathogenic microorganisms pose significant threats to human health, food safety and environmental integrity. Rapid and accurate detection of these pathogens is essential to mitigate their impact. Fast, sensitive detection methods such as biosensors also play a critical role in preventing outbreaks and controlling their spread. In recent years, biosensors have emerged as a revolutionary technology for pathogen detection. This review aims to present the current developments in biosensor technology, investigate the methods by which these developments are used in the detection of pathogenic bacteria and highlight future perspectives on the subject.

Aim: In order to search for novel antibacterial therapeutics against Gram-negative bacteria, the antibacterial efficacies and mechanism of action of tryptophan- and arginine-rich α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs were investigated. Materials & methods: We performed a killing assay to determine their efficacy; fluorescence, microscopic studies were used to understand their mechanism and peptide-lipopolysaccharide interaction. A checkerboard assay was used to find the effective combination of peptide and antibiotics. Results: Ana-peptides displayed good killing activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their strong interaction with lipopolysaccharide damaged the bacterial membranes and led to their subsequent death. Ana-5, the highest cationic and hydrophobic analog, emerged as the most potent peptide, showing synergistic action with rifampicin and erythromycin. Conclusion: Ana-5 can be presented as an important therapeutic candidate against bacterial infections.

What is this summary about?: Molds are types of fungus that can invade humans. It can cause a disease called invasive mold infection (IMI) and make people sick or cause death. This is a summary of a study that looked at mold samples collected from people in Asia and the Western Pacific region to check if an antifungal medicine called isavuconazole (ISC) can stop the growth of or kill these molds.

What were the results?: One type of mold known as Aspergillus or type 1 molds, was more common than other molds. Antifungal medicines including ISC, posaconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole slowed or stopped the growth of the type 1 molds. ISC was very active in slowing or stopping the growth of this mold. Other molds, known as non-Aspergillus or type 2 mold, were less common. The antifungals medicines mentioned above were able to slow or stop the growth of some but not all of the type 2 molds.

What do the results of the study mean?: ISC stopped the growth of most type 1 molds and was as good as the other antifungal medicines against type 2 molds.

What is the purpose of this plain language summary?: The purpose of this plain language summary is to help you to understand the findings from recent research. The results of this study may differ from those of other studies. Health professionals should make treatment decisions based on all available evidence not on the results of a single study.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is a major problem in the therapeutic management of infectious diseases. Among the bacterial resistance mechanisms is the development of an enveloped protein and polysaccharide-hydrated matrix called a biofilm. Polyphenolics have demonstrated beneficial antibacterial effects. Phenolic compounds mediate their antibiofilm effects via disruption of the bacterial membrane, deprivation of substrate, protein binding, binding to adhesion complex, viral fusion blockage and interactions with eukaryotic DNA. However, these compounds have limitations of chemical instability, low bioavailability, poor water solubility and short half-lives. Nanoformulations offer a promising solution to overcome these challenges by enhancing their antibacterial potential. This review summarizes the antibiofilm role of polyphenolics, their underlying mechanisms and their potential role as resistance-modifying agents.

Aims: Extracellular vesicles from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-H1 have antiproliferative activity of colon cells, but the effect on glycolytic metabolism of cancer cell remains enigmatic. The authors investigated how Lacticaseibacillus paracasei extracellular vesicles (LpEVs) inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells by affecting tumor metabolism. Materials & methods: HCT116 cells were treated with LpEVs and then differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing, the sequencing results were confirmed in vivo and in vitro. Results: LpEVs entered colon cancer cells and inhibited their growth. Transcriptome sequencing revealed differentially expressed genes were related to glycolysis. Lactate production, glucose uptake and lactate dehydrogenase activity were significantly reduced after treatment. LpEVs also reduced HIF-1α, GLUT1 and LDHA expression. Conclusion: LpEVs exert their antiproliferative activity of colon cancer cells by decreasing HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis.

Oral biofilm is the main cause of pathologies affecting the hard and soft oral tissues around teeth. Its main components are the periodontal pathogens and other bacteria of the supragingival and subgingival biofilm. Different alternative strategies that could be adjuvants to the usual periodontal treatments used to eliminate biofilms are available. One of these methods is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using VIS and water-filtered infrared-A combined with a photosensitizer. In this review, different recent studies were collected to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the effectiveness of different types of photosensitizers.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation (1.24 mg/g, 24 days) in rats with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) induced by valproic acid (400 mg/kg, single dose). Materials & methods: Wistar rats (14 days old) were divided into four groups: control, ASD, ASD plus WP and WP. Results: WP increased bacterial diversity and the number of colonies. Bacteria from the Firmicutes phylum were predominantly found in the supplemented groups (p < 0.05). WP also improved the animals' memory in the Y-maze test and decreased the time that male animals spent in the 'solitary chamber' (p < 0.05). Conclusion: WP supplementation positively influenced gut microbiota, along with memory.

Objective: The antimicrobial activities of the synergistic combination of carvacrol and polymyxin B against polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were evaluated. Methods: The methods employed checkerboard assays to investigate synergism, biofilm inhibition assessment and membrane integrity assay. In addition, the study included in vivo evaluation using a mouse infection model. Results: The checkerboard method evaluated 48 combinations, with 23 indicating synergistic action. Among these, carvacrol 10 mg/kg plus polymyxin B 2 mg/kg exhibited in vivo antimicrobial activity in a mouse model of infection, resulting in increased survival and a significant decrease in bacterial load in the blood. Conclusion: Polymyxin in synergy with carvacrol represents a promising alternative to be explored in the development of new antimicrobials.

Sulbactam-durlobactam is a pathogen-targeted β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination that has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) in patients 18 years of age and older. Sulbactam is a penicillin derivative with antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter but is prone to hydrolysis by β-lactamases encoded by contemporary isolates. Durlobactam is a diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against Ambler classes A, C and D serine β-lactamases that restores sulbactam activity both in vitro and in vivo against multidrug-resistant ABC. Sulbactam-durlobactam is a promising alternative therapy for the treatment of serious Acinetobacter infections, which can have high rates of mortality.