The article is devoted to examining anti-inflammatory activity of dry aqueous extract of European spruce (Picea abies) strobiles using different routes of administration. Strobiles of European spruce for extracts were harvested on the territory of the Perm region of the Russian Federation in a mixed forest with a predominance of European spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Dry aqueous extract was obtained according to the original patented method. Procyanidins content in spruce strobiles and dry extracts was determined by using acid cleavage of procyanidins to anthocyanidins according to the Porter method. Anti-inflammatory activity was established by using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. White laboratory outbred Wistar rats were used in the experiment. According to the results of the study, the procyanidin content was found to equal approximately 13 % in the samples of spruce strobiles. Intraperitoneal administration of dry extract of strobile spruce at a dose of 100 mg/kg was established to induce a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. Intraperitoneal administration of smaller doses of strobile extract resulted in a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 50 mg/kg. A dose of 10 mg/kg successfully suppressed inflammation (50 % edema suppression) 1 and 3 hours after carrageenan administration (p < 0.05) according to hydrometric data, but this was not confirmed by photometric data. Oral administration of the extract showed no anti-inflammatory activity. With the rectal route of administration, no pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found in the studied extract. The extract of spruce strobiles obtained by the original method contains 56 % procyanidins and exhibits pronounced anti-inflammatory activity when administered intraperitoneally. The use of the extract in oral and rectal routes of administration requires more in-depth study.
{"title":"Extract of european spruce strobiles as a promising tool to minimize the risks of inflammation","authors":"D.K. Gulyaev, D.Yu Apushkin, A.I. Andreev, A.S. Suldin, P.S. Mashchenko, T.A. Utushkina, K.E. Yakushina","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.16.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.16.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to examining anti-inflammatory activity of dry aqueous extract of European spruce (Picea abies) strobiles using different routes of administration. Strobiles of European spruce for extracts were harvested on the territory of the Perm region of the Russian Federation in a mixed forest with a predominance of European spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Dry aqueous extract was obtained according to the original patented method. Procyanidins content in spruce strobiles and dry extracts was determined by using acid cleavage of procyanidins to anthocyanidins according to the Porter method. Anti-inflammatory activity was established by using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. White laboratory outbred Wistar rats were used in the experiment. According to the results of the study, the procyanidin content was found to equal approximately 13 % in the samples of spruce strobiles. Intraperitoneal administration of dry extract of strobile spruce at a dose of 100 mg/kg was established to induce a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. Intraperitoneal administration of smaller doses of strobile extract resulted in a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 50 mg/kg. A dose of 10 mg/kg successfully suppressed inflammation (50 % edema suppression) 1 and 3 hours after carrageenan administration (p < 0.05) according to hydrometric data, but this was not confirmed by photometric data. Oral administration of the extract showed no anti-inflammatory activity. With the rectal route of administration, no pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found in the studied extract. The extract of spruce strobiles obtained by the original method contains 56 % procyanidins and exhibits pronounced anti-inflammatory activity when administered intraperitoneally. The use of the extract in oral and rectal routes of administration requires more in-depth study.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.14.eng
C.K. Zjukovskaja
Research into the gut microbiota (GM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) has the potential to lead to a number of practical applications in the prevention, diagnosis, assessment of, and treatment modification for, MS. Four most promising areas include biomarkers, treatment personalization, drug development as well as disease prevention and mitigation. Changes in the GM have been observed in individuals with MS; analysis of the GM composition may help to identify individuals at risk of developing the disease or to monitor disease progression. Dietary interventions aimed at improving gut health could be used as a complementary approach to traditional MS treatments in order to reduce inflammation thereby potentially improving MS symptoms and lessening disease progression. Differences in the GM between individuals with MS suggest that personalized treatment approaches based on an individual's microbiome composition could be effective. Manipulating the GM could therefore be a potential avenue for drug development in MS. In addition, the exploration of bacteria or bacterial metabolites as therapeutic agents to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation is also promising. Such explorations may even help identify strategies for preventing the development of MS in at-risk individuals. Overall, practical applications of gut microbiome research in MS are still in the early stages and further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiome and MS and to determine the most effective interventions for improving gut health in individuals with the disease.
{"title":"On possible practical applications of the gut microbiome research in the prevention, diagnosis, assessment of, and treatment modification for multiple sclerosis in patients from risk groups","authors":"C.K. Zjukovskaja","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.14.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.14.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Research into the gut microbiota (GM) in multiple sclerosis (MS) has the potential to lead to a number of practical applications in the prevention, diagnosis, assessment of, and treatment modification for, MS. Four most promising areas include biomarkers, treatment personalization, drug development as well as disease prevention and mitigation. Changes in the GM have been observed in individuals with MS; analysis of the GM composition may help to identify individuals at risk of developing the disease or to monitor disease progression. Dietary interventions aimed at improving gut health could be used as a complementary approach to traditional MS treatments in order to reduce inflammation thereby potentially improving MS symptoms and lessening disease progression. Differences in the GM between individuals with MS suggest that personalized treatment approaches based on an individual's microbiome composition could be effective. Manipulating the GM could therefore be a potential avenue for drug development in MS. In addition, the exploration of bacteria or bacterial metabolites as therapeutic agents to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation is also promising. Such explorations may even help identify strategies for preventing the development of MS in at-risk individuals. Overall, practical applications of gut microbiome research in MS are still in the early stages and further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiome and MS and to determine the most effective interventions for improving gut health in individuals with the disease.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.18.eng
S.А. Sudin
The COVID-19 pandemic created elevated risks for life and health of overwhelming majority of people all over the world. The situation called for global restructuring of activities performed by social institutions as well as for adaptation of people’s routine behaviors to this new reality. Common people faced a serious challenge of selecting an optimal self-preservation model that would allow achieving the maximum possible mitigation of health risks. This review covers empirical foreign studies with their focus on people’s health-related behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic with its aim being to identify different types of individual strategies for health risk mitigation. During the pandemic, protective behavior was influenced by social, cultural, sociodemographic, and individual and personality-related factors. Effects of micro-factors (age or education) could be different depending on a country. High healthcare literacy was a factor of selecting a protective behavior model regardless of any other characteristics. We can spot out three basic strategies for mitigating health risks under high epidemiological hazard: 1) a maximum protection strategy involving adherence to most medical recommendations on prevention of the coronavirus infection; 2) a dominating protection strategy that involves adherence to some basic recommendations (face mask wearing, frequent hand washing, and self-isolation); 3) a mixed strategy that includes periodical adherence to some recommendation on prevention of the infection, on the one hand, and some risky behaviors, on the other hand. Behavior strategies aimed at mental health protection are various and include, for example, those that are oriented at social networks as much as only possible (a strategy involving search for emotional support or an attempt to keep social contacts), as well as isolation strategies and deviant strategies. Some studies covered in the review suggest ways to consider peculiarities of individual and family behavior during the pandemics when solving tasks related to risks of infections spread in future.
{"title":"Individual strategies for mitigating health risk under high epidemiological hazard (review of foreign studies)","authors":"S.А. Sudin","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.18.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.18.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic created elevated risks for life and health of overwhelming majority of people all over the world. The situation called for global restructuring of activities performed by social institutions as well as for adaptation of people’s routine behaviors to this new reality. Common people faced a serious challenge of selecting an optimal self-preservation model that would allow achieving the maximum possible mitigation of health risks. This review covers empirical foreign studies with their focus on people’s health-related behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic with its aim being to identify different types of individual strategies for health risk mitigation. During the pandemic, protective behavior was influenced by social, cultural, sociodemographic, and individual and personality-related factors. Effects of micro-factors (age or education) could be different depending on a country. High healthcare literacy was a factor of selecting a protective behavior model regardless of any other characteristics. We can spot out three basic strategies for mitigating health risks under high epidemiological hazard: 1) a maximum protection strategy involving adherence to most medical recommendations on prevention of the coronavirus infection; 2) a dominating protection strategy that involves adherence to some basic recommendations (face mask wearing, frequent hand washing, and self-isolation); 3) a mixed strategy that includes periodical adherence to some recommendation on prevention of the infection, on the one hand, and some risky behaviors, on the other hand. Behavior strategies aimed at mental health protection are various and include, for example, those that are oriented at social networks as much as only possible (a strategy involving search for emotional support or an attempt to keep social contacts), as well as isolation strategies and deviant strategies. Some studies covered in the review suggest ways to consider peculiarities of individual and family behavior during the pandemics when solving tasks related to risks of infections spread in future.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.06.eng
A.V. Alekseeva, O.N. Savostikova
Finding solutions to issues of drinking water safety is a significant component in activities aimed at public health protection. In accordance with sanitary-epidemiological requirements, drinking water, in particular, should be harmless as regards its chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties. It is especially vital to identify risk factors for public health associated with drinking water quality. Supplying high-quality drinking water to population is a relevant problem associated, among other things, with use of new materials and reagents. The major challenge posed by their hygienic assessment is a potential growth in human health risks caused by consuming tap drinking water contaminated with migrating organic compounds. Although each of them has been detected in low concentrations, they can cause adverse chronic health outcomes. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a powerful tool of risk assessment. It is based on identifying a threshold value of effects produced on human health by chemicals for which no hygienic standards have been developed so far. Below such a threshold, there is very low (95 %) likelihood of a health risk being higher than its acceptable levels. An idea of some exposure levels unable to cause adverse health outcomes is embedded in establishing maximum permissible levels (MPLs) for chemicals with known toxicological profiles. The TTC enlarges this concept by assuming that the minimum value can be identified for many chemicals based on their composition even if there is no comprehensive database on their toxicity. The TTC can be used for evaluating up-to-date materials applied in drinking water supply in order to detect risks for human health caused by consumption of drinking water that had contacts with them. Such risk assessment relies on the results of examining water extracts and involves identifying priority chemicals for their further investigation and control.
{"title":"The threshold of toxicological concern for insufficiently explored chemicals occurring in drinking water during transportation","authors":"A.V. Alekseeva, O.N. Savostikova","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.06.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.06.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Finding solutions to issues of drinking water safety is a significant component in activities aimed at public health protection. In accordance with sanitary-epidemiological requirements, drinking water, in particular, should be harmless as regards its chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties. It is especially vital to identify risk factors for public health associated with drinking water quality. Supplying high-quality drinking water to population is a relevant problem associated, among other things, with use of new materials and reagents. The major challenge posed by their hygienic assessment is a potential growth in human health risks caused by consuming tap drinking water contaminated with migrating organic compounds. Although each of them has been detected in low concentrations, they can cause adverse chronic health outcomes. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a powerful tool of risk assessment. It is based on identifying a threshold value of effects produced on human health by chemicals for which no hygienic standards have been developed so far. Below such a threshold, there is very low (95 %) likelihood of a health risk being higher than its acceptable levels. An idea of some exposure levels unable to cause adverse health outcomes is embedded in establishing maximum permissible levels (MPLs) for chemicals with known toxicological profiles. The TTC enlarges this concept by assuming that the minimum value can be identified for many chemicals based on their composition even if there is no comprehensive database on their toxicity. The TTC can be used for evaluating up-to-date materials applied in drinking water supply in order to detect risks for human health caused by consumption of drinking water that had contacts with them. Such risk assessment relies on the results of examining water extracts and involves identifying priority chemicals for their further investigation and control.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.15.eng
E.V. Bakhtereva, E.L. Leiderman, E.G. Plotko, T.A. Riabkova
A comprehensive assessment of the health status includes the functional exploration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Results of the neurophysiological examination allow elaboration of effective personified therapeutic and preventive programs for the core personnel of non-ferrous metal industry. Our objective was to study functional disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems in smelter operators for further development of risk-based rehabilitation programs for workers engaged in production of non-ferrous metals. Two cohorts of male workers were examined. The case cohort included 60 smelter operators of a large metallurgical plant situated in the Sverdlovsk Region and the control cohort consisted of 50 unexposed employees. The cohorts were matched by age and years of work experience. The mean age of smelter operators was 37.8 ± 7.9 years and their mean length of current employment was 4.1 ± 4.6 years, while the total length of work under hazardous occupational conditions was 7.1 ± 6.0 years. The case cohort included 39 operators of refinery boilers (mean age: 35.6 ± 7.2 years, mean length of employment: 4.2 ± 4.7 years) and 21 operators of the ore thermal furnace (mean age: 41.9 ± 7.6 years, mean length of current employment: 3.9 ± 4.4 years). All subjects underwent a neurocognitive examination (higher brain function testing), electroneuromyography, the somatosensory evoked response test, and electroencephalography. The results of examining the higher brain function enabled us to form the neurocognitive profile of the workers. We revealed signs of mild cognitive impairment in 30 % and a decrease in the cognitive reserve in 35 % of the cases. The diagnosed peripheral nervous system disorders included distal sensory polyneuropathy of the upper and lower extremities, carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. The comprehensive neurophysiological examination helps detect early changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The findings should be taken into account when developing personal medical rehabilitation programs.
{"title":"Assessment of neurophysiological parameters of the nervous system in non-ferrous foundry workers","authors":"E.V. Bakhtereva, E.L. Leiderman, E.G. Plotko, T.A. Riabkova","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.15.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.15.eng","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive assessment of the health status includes the functional exploration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Results of the neurophysiological examination allow elaboration of effective personified therapeutic and preventive programs for the core personnel of non-ferrous metal industry. Our objective was to study functional disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems in smelter operators for further development of risk-based rehabilitation programs for workers engaged in production of non-ferrous metals. Two cohorts of male workers were examined. The case cohort included 60 smelter operators of a large metallurgical plant situated in the Sverdlovsk Region and the control cohort consisted of 50 unexposed employees. The cohorts were matched by age and years of work experience. The mean age of smelter operators was 37.8 ± 7.9 years and their mean length of current employment was 4.1 ± 4.6 years, while the total length of work under hazardous occupational conditions was 7.1 ± 6.0 years. The case cohort included 39 operators of refinery boilers (mean age: 35.6 ± 7.2 years, mean length of employment: 4.2 ± 4.7 years) and 21 operators of the ore thermal furnace (mean age: 41.9 ± 7.6 years, mean length of current employment: 3.9 ± 4.4 years). All subjects underwent a neurocognitive examination (higher brain function testing), electroneuromyography, the somatosensory evoked response test, and electroencephalography. The results of examining the higher brain function enabled us to form the neurocognitive profile of the workers. We revealed signs of mild cognitive impairment in 30 % and a decrease in the cognitive reserve in 35 % of the cases. The diagnosed peripheral nervous system disorders included distal sensory polyneuropathy of the upper and lower extremities, carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. The comprehensive neurophysiological examination helps detect early changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The findings should be taken into account when developing personal medical rehabilitation programs.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135732044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.03.eng
V.F. Obesnyuk
The problem of managing population and occupational risks of cancer incidence or mortality presupposes knowledge on biological mechanisms of their formation. These mechanisms determine dynamics of mass processes recorded by statistics. However, there is still no clear understanding of the causal relationship between possible factors of cancer incidence and its real dynamics. The article analyzes a hypothesis about significant influence on dynamics of incidence rates between ‘health’ and ‘disease’ states exerted by an intermediate transitional and objectively existing ‘frailty’ state, which is characterized by accelerated withdrawal from observation compared with the intensity associated with the general variability of individual properties of a population. It has been statistically established that the dynamics of such common diseases as stomach cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer can be explained by the fact that almost all diagnosed cases are observed after an individual enters a vulnerable group long before the diagnosis itself. From this point of view, two fundamentally different biological mechanisms of occurrence of neoplasms should be distinguished: induction as a transition from the state of ‘health’ to the state of ‘frailty’, as well as promotion as a transition from ‘frailty’ to ‘disease’. Each of these transformations should be characterized in a population by their intensity and their dependence on endogenous or exogenous risk factors. It is shown that some known facts of paradoxical changes in radiosensitivity indicators can be satisfactorily interpreted within the concept of a frailty subgroup by using numerical modelling on the example of modifying the dynamics of thyroid cancer incidence under influence of ionizing radiation. The facts were established in 1994–2006 and have not yet received a proper explanation since the concept discussed by the authors of the studies has not been involved.
{"title":"Age dynamics of cancer incidence intensity indicates existence of some frailty subgroups","authors":"V.F. Obesnyuk","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.03.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.03.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of managing population and occupational risks of cancer incidence or mortality presupposes knowledge on biological mechanisms of their formation. These mechanisms determine dynamics of mass processes recorded by statistics. However, there is still no clear understanding of the causal relationship between possible factors of cancer incidence and its real dynamics. The article analyzes a hypothesis about significant influence on dynamics of incidence rates between ‘health’ and ‘disease’ states exerted by an intermediate transitional and objectively existing ‘frailty’ state, which is characterized by accelerated withdrawal from observation compared with the intensity associated with the general variability of individual properties of a population. It has been statistically established that the dynamics of such common diseases as stomach cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer can be explained by the fact that almost all diagnosed cases are observed after an individual enters a vulnerable group long before the diagnosis itself. From this point of view, two fundamentally different biological mechanisms of occurrence of neoplasms should be distinguished: induction as a transition from the state of ‘health’ to the state of ‘frailty’, as well as promotion as a transition from ‘frailty’ to ‘disease’. Each of these transformations should be characterized in a population by their intensity and their dependence on endogenous or exogenous risk factors. It is shown that some known facts of paradoxical changes in radiosensitivity indicators can be satisfactorily interpreted within the concept of a frailty subgroup by using numerical modelling on the example of modifying the dynamics of thyroid cancer incidence under influence of ionizing radiation. The facts were established in 1994–2006 and have not yet received a proper explanation since the concept discussed by the authors of the studies has not been involved.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morbidity and mortality caused by malignant neoplasms (MNs) is a priority challenge for health care. We analyzed some rough and standardized levels (oncological morbidity and mortality) over 2009–2018 based on official statistics. We ranked the RF regions as per the standardized morbidity level and established that the Irkutsk region took the 1st rank place among 85 RF regions as per it; it took the 16th rank place as per the ‘rough’ level. Morbidity and mortality levels that were higher in the Irkutsk region than the national average were established for such localizations as trachea, bronchi and lung cancer; prostate cancer; cervical cancer. The mortality to morbidity ratios were on average equal to 0.45 in the Irkutsk region and 0.49 in the RF as a whole; we identified a certain decrease in them, by 19.3 % and 20.0 % accordingly. We provided evidence of unacceptable individual carcinogenic chemical risk for people in cities with developed chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. High carcinogenic radiation risks were caused by natural radon levels in soils. We calculated some prognostic morbidity and mortality levels: in 2021, the standardized morbidity level would be between 270.9 and 329.8 cases per 100 thousand people; the ‘rough’ level, between 372.7 and 532.4. The ‘rough’ mortality level would be between 220 and 230 cases per 100 thousand people. We determined some priority tasks for future research aimed at identifying adverse effects produced by environmental factors and lifestyle-related factors as well as some tasks related to developing relevant targeted activities aimed at eliminating and mitigating cancer-inducing exposures.
{"title":"Analysis of carcinogenic risk and dynamics of population morbidity and mortality in the Irkutsk region due to malignant neoplasms","authors":"I.G. Zhdanova-Zaplesvichko, N.V. Efimova, D.F. Savinykh, М.F. Savchenkov","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.04.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.04.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Morbidity and mortality caused by malignant neoplasms (MNs) is a priority challenge for health care. We analyzed some rough and standardized levels (oncological morbidity and mortality) over 2009–2018 based on official statistics. We ranked the RF regions as per the standardized morbidity level and established that the Irkutsk region took the 1st rank place among 85 RF regions as per it; it took the 16th rank place as per the ‘rough’ level. Morbidity and mortality levels that were higher in the Irkutsk region than the national average were established for such localizations as trachea, bronchi and lung cancer; prostate cancer; cervical cancer. The mortality to morbidity ratios were on average equal to 0.45 in the Irkutsk region and 0.49 in the RF as a whole; we identified a certain decrease in them, by 19.3 % and 20.0 % accordingly. We provided evidence of unacceptable individual carcinogenic chemical risk for people in cities with developed chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. High carcinogenic radiation risks were caused by natural radon levels in soils. We calculated some prognostic morbidity and mortality levels: in 2021, the standardized morbidity level would be between 270.9 and 329.8 cases per 100 thousand people; the ‘rough’ level, between 372.7 and 532.4. The ‘rough’ mortality level would be between 220 and 230 cases per 100 thousand people. We determined some priority tasks for future research aimed at identifying adverse effects produced by environmental factors and lifestyle-related factors as well as some tasks related to developing relevant targeted activities aimed at eliminating and mitigating cancer-inducing exposures.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135732039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics pollution of water bodies and drinking water is a relevant problem caused by wide use of plastics in multiple industries, agriculture, manufacturing of household chemicals and medicines. Microplastics pose a threat for human health both due to physical effects and chemicals in their structure as well as microorganisms that can occur on their surface. Some foreign studies describe how microplastics are formed and how they can occur both in marine and fresh water. There are also studies confirming microplastics to be present in seas and rivers in the Russian Federation. Studies that address microplastics in tissues of water organisms are scarce. According to some foreign authors, micro-plastics can be absorbed by mollusks, starfish, actiniae, crabs, etc. Russian researchers provide evidence of considerable quantities of microplastics found in the digestive spruce fish caught in the Tom River. Several foreign studies have established effects produced by microplastics on reproduction, eating behavior as well as declining survivability in crustaceans and fish. Fish products are a well-known significant source of microplastics in human diets. Microplastics bioaccumulation in aquatic biota is considered a potential health threat for organisms at higher trophic levels, including humans at the top of the food chain. Unified water sampling techniques are absent; studies that address effects of microplastics on the human body are scarce; there is no available methodology for hygienic standardization of microplastics in water. All this makes it necessary to have some research aimed at identifying sources and causes of microplastics pollution in water bodies including sources of drinking water supply, to assess public health risks, and to provide safe conditions for water use.
{"title":"Microplastics pollution in water is a threat for human health and the environment (literature review)","authors":"O.O. Sinitsyna, G.B. Yeremin, V.V. Turbinskii, M.V. Pushkareva, M.A. Shiryaeva, O.L. Markova, D.S. Borisova","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.17.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.17.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics pollution of water bodies and drinking water is a relevant problem caused by wide use of plastics in multiple industries, agriculture, manufacturing of household chemicals and medicines. Microplastics pose a threat for human health both due to physical effects and chemicals in their structure as well as microorganisms that can occur on their surface. Some foreign studies describe how microplastics are formed and how they can occur both in marine and fresh water. There are also studies confirming microplastics to be present in seas and rivers in the Russian Federation. Studies that address microplastics in tissues of water organisms are scarce. According to some foreign authors, micro-plastics can be absorbed by mollusks, starfish, actiniae, crabs, etc. Russian researchers provide evidence of considerable quantities of microplastics found in the digestive spruce fish caught in the Tom River. Several foreign studies have established effects produced by microplastics on reproduction, eating behavior as well as declining survivability in crustaceans and fish. Fish products are a well-known significant source of microplastics in human diets. Microplastics bioaccumulation in aquatic biota is considered a potential health threat for organisms at higher trophic levels, including humans at the top of the food chain. Unified water sampling techniques are absent; studies that address effects of microplastics on the human body are scarce; there is no available methodology for hygienic standardization of microplastics in water. All this makes it necessary to have some research aimed at identifying sources and causes of microplastics pollution in water bodies including sources of drinking water supply, to assess public health risks, and to provide safe conditions for water use.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.01.eng
N.V. Zaitseva, I.V. May, N.V. Nikiforova, D.А. Kiryanov
The relevance of this study arises from products being fixed as an independent object for state sanitary-epidemiological control in law. The contemporary stage of the public regulation involves the following: administrative pressure on economic entities ought to be easer but the best possible protection of citizens’ life and health should be provided. In this study, our aim was to test approaches to developing the risk-based model for control of food products on the consumer market in the country. The study relied on using the fundamental methodical approaches to the risk-based control model used by the Sanitary Service of Russia. A potential health risk was determined as a combination of likely violations of legal requirements to a certain product, severity of health outcomes due to such violations, and coefficients that described a scale of undesirable consequences. Food products were assigned into one of the following categories as per health risks: objects of extremely high risk, high risk, considerable risk, moderate risk, medium risk, or low risk. We suggest a fundamental scheme describing how to organize risk-based control of food products as an independent control object. It includes several basic elements, namely, creating a register of consumer food products; identifying priority groups of food products as per risk criteria at the federal level; identifying regional priorities. We provide substantiation for advisability of profound risk assessment performed for food products in each group considering specific frequency of sanitary violations, scales in which a certain food product in consumed in different regions, and priority consumer demands. Our suggestion is to integrate risk profiles of products and risk-based laboratory support for control into the general model. We’d like to highlight the relevance of creating a unified database to keep the results of all the control and surveillance activities including data obtained by laboratory tests of products bound to manufacturers, distributors, and sellers. It is also quite relevant to include algorithms and mathematical methods of science-intensive analysis of the data sets into software modules of the Rospotrebnadzor’s Unified Information System.
{"title":"Developing model of risk-based sanitary-epidemiological control (surveillance) over food products in consumer market","authors":"N.V. Zaitseva, I.V. May, N.V. Nikiforova, D.А. Kiryanov","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.01.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.01.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this study arises from products being fixed as an independent object for state sanitary-epidemiological control in law. The contemporary stage of the public regulation involves the following: administrative pressure on economic entities ought to be easer but the best possible protection of citizens’ life and health should be provided. In this study, our aim was to test approaches to developing the risk-based model for control of food products on the consumer market in the country. The study relied on using the fundamental methodical approaches to the risk-based control model used by the Sanitary Service of Russia. A potential health risk was determined as a combination of likely violations of legal requirements to a certain product, severity of health outcomes due to such violations, and coefficients that described a scale of undesirable consequences. Food products were assigned into one of the following categories as per health risks: objects of extremely high risk, high risk, considerable risk, moderate risk, medium risk, or low risk. We suggest a fundamental scheme describing how to organize risk-based control of food products as an independent control object. It includes several basic elements, namely, creating a register of consumer food products; identifying priority groups of food products as per risk criteria at the federal level; identifying regional priorities. We provide substantiation for advisability of profound risk assessment performed for food products in each group considering specific frequency of sanitary violations, scales in which a certain food product in consumed in different regions, and priority consumer demands. Our suggestion is to integrate risk profiles of products and risk-based laboratory support for control into the general model. We’d like to highlight the relevance of creating a unified database to keep the results of all the control and surveillance activities including data obtained by laboratory tests of products bound to manufacturers, distributors, and sellers. It is also quite relevant to include algorithms and mathematical methods of science-intensive analysis of the data sets into software modules of the Rospotrebnadzor’s Unified Information System.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135732053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.05.eng
V.D. Bogdanova, М.V. Alenitсkaya, О.B. Sakharova
At present, many researchers highlight that the risk assessment methodology is rather static in Russian regulatory documents. This goes for both the essence of chemical exposures and reference doses stipulated for chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. In this study, we aimed to analyze reference doses of chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. Our research object was represented by the basic list of indicators that describe drinking water safety as per its chemical structure. Comparative analysis of reference doses of chemicals and their evidence base relied on the valid regulatory documents, Information System for Risk Assessment open-access electronic database on effects of environmental chemicals on health, and background research articles. The results obtained by assessing combined effects of chemicals on human health were generalized and visualized in MS Excel and a tool for working with graphs. The overall time period when reference doses of the analyzed chemicals were last revised was between 1987 and 2012. Not all health effects suggested in the Russian Guide on risk assessment are used as a basis for calculating reference doses of chemicals; hence, not all of them can be agreed upon on the international level at present since they do not rely on background research. Changes in reference doses occurred for chlorinated organic compounds (bromdichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and trichloroethylene), lithium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, and copper. We identified certain limitations in establishing an oral reference dose of iron and ammonia, which are conventionally considered from organoleptic perception. Due to various reasons, we did not find any adequate data obtained by toxicological studies that would substantiate reference doses for copper, magnesium, ammonia, lead, silicon, bromine, and chromium under oral introduction with drinking water. We recommend considering our research data on reference doses when planning a study with its focus on impacts exerted by drinking water quality on public health and employing the risk assessment methodology to analyze oral chemical exposure.
{"title":"Analysis of reference doses of chemicals introduced with drinking water","authors":"V.D. Bogdanova, М.V. Alenitсkaya, О.B. Sakharova","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.05.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.3.05.eng","url":null,"abstract":"At present, many researchers highlight that the risk assessment methodology is rather static in Russian regulatory documents. This goes for both the essence of chemical exposures and reference doses stipulated for chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. In this study, we aimed to analyze reference doses of chemicals introduced into the body with drinking water. Our research object was represented by the basic list of indicators that describe drinking water safety as per its chemical structure. Comparative analysis of reference doses of chemicals and their evidence base relied on the valid regulatory documents, Information System for Risk Assessment open-access electronic database on effects of environmental chemicals on health, and background research articles. The results obtained by assessing combined effects of chemicals on human health were generalized and visualized in MS Excel and a tool for working with graphs. The overall time period when reference doses of the analyzed chemicals were last revised was between 1987 and 2012. Not all health effects suggested in the Russian Guide on risk assessment are used as a basis for calculating reference doses of chemicals; hence, not all of them can be agreed upon on the international level at present since they do not rely on background research. Changes in reference doses occurred for chlorinated organic compounds (bromdichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane, and trichloroethylene), lithium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, and copper. We identified certain limitations in establishing an oral reference dose of iron and ammonia, which are conventionally considered from organoleptic perception. Due to various reasons, we did not find any adequate data obtained by toxicological studies that would substantiate reference doses for copper, magnesium, ammonia, lead, silicon, bromine, and chromium under oral introduction with drinking water. We recommend considering our research data on reference doses when planning a study with its focus on impacts exerted by drinking water quality on public health and employing the risk assessment methodology to analyze oral chemical exposure.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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