Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.16.eng
T. Isiutina-Fedotkova, Y. Zhernov, V. Makarova, D. Shcherbakov, N. Zabroda, N. Ermakova, V. Sukhov, A. A. Klimova, D. A. Kraskevich
The aim of this analytical review was to hygienically assess non-specific prevention of the COVID-19 infection. Such measures have been examined profoundly both by Russian and foreign researchers all over the world. The pandemic of this new coronavirus infection has shown that sanitary and preventive measures are among the most significant components in fighting against it, along with anti-epidemic activities and treatment measures, development of new vaccines and medications. All over the world, many countries introduce several sanitary-epidemiological and social measures to prevent spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The review dwells on the results obtained by investigating effectiveness of non-specific prevention of the new coronavirus infection in different countries. As illustrated in the review, it was important to introduce restrictive measures with their major aim being to prevent (or limit) the infection transmission by airborne droplets or through household contacts. Researchers performed hygienic assessment of personal protective equipment used for protection of respiratory organs and hand skin and developed recommendations on its safe and effective use and utilization. Self-isolation as a restrictive measure to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from spreading was a temporary one. Nevertheless, during the pandemic peak billions of people all over the world had to remain at home after the strict self-isolation had been introduced. The review provides some data on estimating the level of commitment among population to follow recommendations on limiting the infection spread in Russia and abroad. In Russia, there is a reliable and effective state infra-structure of public healthcare. It made it possible to keep the pandemic situation under control starting from the early days when cases of pneumonia with unspecified etiology were reported in December 2019 and the first COVID-19 cases were registered in the country. Several measures were introduced including administrative, organizational, technical and sanitary-hygienic ones. However, it was a challenging task to create a relevant response to the COVID-19 pandemic that the public healthcare system in Russia had to tackle.
{"title":"Hygienic aspects of anti COVID-19 measures","authors":"T. Isiutina-Fedotkova, Y. Zhernov, V. Makarova, D. Shcherbakov, N. Zabroda, N. Ermakova, V. Sukhov, A. A. Klimova, D. A. Kraskevich","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.16.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.16.eng","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this analytical review was to hygienically assess non-specific prevention of the COVID-19 infection. Such measures have been examined profoundly both by Russian and foreign researchers all over the world. The pandemic of this new coronavirus infection has shown that sanitary and preventive measures are among the most significant components in fighting against it, along with anti-epidemic activities and treatment measures, development of new vaccines and medications. All over the world, many countries introduce several sanitary-epidemiological and social measures to prevent spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The review dwells on the results obtained by investigating effectiveness of non-specific prevention of the new coronavirus infection in different countries. As illustrated in the review, it was important to introduce restrictive measures with their major aim being to prevent (or limit) the infection transmission by airborne droplets or through household contacts. Researchers performed hygienic assessment of personal protective equipment used for protection of respiratory organs and hand skin and developed recommendations on its safe and effective use and utilization. Self-isolation as a restrictive measure to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from spreading was a temporary one. Nevertheless, during the pandemic peak billions of people all over the world had to remain at home after the strict self-isolation had been introduced. The review provides some data on estimating the level of commitment among population to follow recommendations on limiting the infection spread in Russia and abroad. In Russia, there is a reliable and effective state infra-structure of public healthcare. It made it possible to keep the pandemic situation under control starting from the early days when cases of pneumonia with unspecified etiology were reported in December 2019 and the first COVID-19 cases were registered in the country. Several measures were introduced including administrative, organizational, technical and sanitary-hygienic ones. However, it was a challenging task to create a relevant response to the COVID-19 pandemic that the public healthcare system in Russia had to tackle.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.04.eng
А.N. Kokoulin, I. May, S. Zagorodnov, А.А. Yuzhakov
Established health hazards posed by dust microparticles require automated and mobile devices for their assessment. Such devices should provide an opportunity to analyze component and disperse structures of the solid component in ambient air pollution operatively and in real time. In future, they will replace labor-consuming sampling and separate identification of fraction structure and chemical composition of dusts. The aim of this study was to develop and test new methodical, procedural and instrumental approaches to monitoring of solid particles in ambient air. We suggest a hardware and software complex that implements a two-stage scheme for identifying solid particles sampled in ambient air according to the from-coarse-to-fine principle. The first stage involves identifying the total concentration of solid particles by laser diffraction. Microphotographs are taken with iMicro Q2 mini portable microscope with magnification x800. The microscope lens is connected to a camera, which is linked to nVidia Jetson Nano micro PC. The micro PC classifies particles, identifies their contours by using a neural network and deals with image segmentation. The second stage relies on using computer vision that makes it possible to automate routine recognition of particle images created by the microscope in order to calculate levels of different substances in a sample. All the data are analyzed by the second neural network that performs preset calculations in accordance with mathematical logic (model). The network is trained using a library that contains attributed microphotographs of dusts with different qualitative and disperse structures. The algorithm has been tested with some promising results. Identified disperse structures and chemical composition of dusts turn out to be quite similar to those identified by conventional approaches and measurement methods. The method has been shown to offer wide opportunities to identify dust composition and structure, to create dust pollution profiles, and to estimate a contribution made by a specific source to overall pollution. The study results ensure more correct and precise health risk assessment under exposure to dusts in ambient air.
{"title":"On new methods for measuring and identifying dust microparticles in ambient air","authors":"А.N. Kokoulin, I. May, S. Zagorodnov, А.А. Yuzhakov","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.04.eng","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.1.04.eng","url":null,"abstract":"Established health hazards posed by dust microparticles require automated and mobile devices for their assessment. Such devices should provide an opportunity to analyze component and disperse structures of the solid component in ambient air pollution operatively and in real time. In future, they will replace labor-consuming sampling and separate identification of fraction structure and chemical composition of dusts. The aim of this study was to develop and test new methodical, procedural and instrumental approaches to monitoring of solid particles in ambient air. We suggest a hardware and software complex that implements a two-stage scheme for identifying solid particles sampled in ambient air according to the from-coarse-to-fine principle. The first stage involves identifying the total concentration of solid particles by laser diffraction. Microphotographs are taken with iMicro Q2 mini portable microscope with magnification x800. The microscope lens is connected to a camera, which is linked to nVidia Jetson Nano micro PC. The micro PC classifies particles, identifies their contours by using a neural network and deals with image segmentation. The second stage relies on using computer vision that makes it possible to automate routine recognition of particle images created by the microscope in order to calculate levels of different substances in a sample. All the data are analyzed by the second neural network that performs preset calculations in accordance with mathematical logic (model). The network is trained using a library that contains attributed microphotographs of dusts with different qualitative and disperse structures. The algorithm has been tested with some promising results. Identified disperse structures and chemical composition of dusts turn out to be quite similar to those identified by conventional approaches and measurement methods. The method has been shown to offer wide opportunities to identify dust composition and structure, to create dust pollution profiles, and to estimate a contribution made by a specific source to overall pollution. The study results ensure more correct and precise health risk assessment under exposure to dusts in ambient air.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49251920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.07
D. Eisfeld, О. Ustinova, N. Zaitseva, А.А. Savochkina
Contemporary school should create favorable conditions for schoolchildren. The aim of the study was to comparatively analyze risk factors related to the educational process in different schools and to develop a new approach to objective assessment of combined exposure to environmental factors and factors related to the educational process and its influence on schoolchildren’s health. The study focused on the following research objects: 1) five different secondary schools, the test ones providing profound educational programs and the reference ones being ordinary secondary schools with the same or lower levels of pollution in environmental objects; 2) quality of components in the school environment (organization of the educational process, quality of meals provided by school, quality of ambient air on a school territory and inside a school, quality of drinking water, socioeconomic conditions); 3) health of 756 schoolchildren. The study was conducted by using sanitary-epidemiological, sanitary-hygienic and sociological methods; clinical and laboratory examinations; chemical analytical tests. Fuzzy logic was applied to estimate combined influence exerted by factors related to the educational process and environmental factors. We established several determinants of negative effects produced by the educational process on schoolchildren’s health. They included elevated intensity and monotony of educational and intellectual loads, shorter breaks between classes and recovery index deficiency. Diet-related factors included excess consumption of fats and carbohydrates, overall caloric contents being too high, protein and micronutrient deficiency. Chemical factors were elevated levels of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and chlorinated organic compounds in biological media. Risk-inducing factors of schoolchildren, regardless of a school and age, include organization of the educational process (Ipj = 0.45–0.58) and school meals (Ipj = 0.41–0.54); the group potential hazard index for these factors reached its peak values in primary school (Ipj = 0.49–0.58 and Ipj = 0.46–0.54). The maximum value of the integral potential hazard index (Ipdk = 0.41–0.46) caused by combined exposure to factors related to the educational process and environmental factors, regardless of a school type, was detected in senior schoolchildren in school with profound studies of natural sciences (Ipdk = 0.41); the minimum value was detected in a military school (Ipdk = 0.33).
{"title":"Assessment of potential hazards posed by influence of risk-inducing environmental factors and factors related to the educational process on somatic health of schoolchildren in different schools","authors":"D. Eisfeld, О. Ustinova, N. Zaitseva, А.А. Savochkina","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.07","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary school should create favorable conditions for schoolchildren. The aim of the study was to comparatively analyze risk factors related to the educational process in different schools and to develop a new approach to objective assessment of combined exposure to environmental factors and factors related to the educational process and its influence on schoolchildren’s health. The study focused on the following research objects: 1) five different secondary schools, the test ones providing profound educational programs and the reference ones being ordinary secondary schools with the same or lower levels of pollution in environmental objects; 2) quality of components in the school environment (organization of the educational process, quality of meals provided by school, quality of ambient air on a school territory and inside a school, quality of drinking water, socioeconomic conditions); 3) health of 756 schoolchildren. The study was conducted by using sanitary-epidemiological, sanitary-hygienic and sociological methods; clinical and laboratory examinations; chemical analytical tests. Fuzzy logic was applied to estimate combined influence exerted by factors related to the educational process and environmental factors. We established several determinants of negative effects produced by the educational process on schoolchildren’s health. They included elevated intensity and monotony of educational and intellectual loads, shorter breaks between classes and recovery index deficiency. Diet-related factors included excess consumption of fats and carbohydrates, overall caloric contents being too high, protein and micronutrient deficiency. Chemical factors were elevated levels of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and chlorinated organic compounds in biological media. Risk-inducing factors of schoolchildren, regardless of a school and age, include organization of the educational process (Ipj = 0.45–0.58) and school meals (Ipj = 0.41–0.54); the group potential hazard index for these factors reached its peak values in primary school (Ipj = 0.49–0.58 and Ipj = 0.46–0.54). The maximum value of the integral potential hazard index (Ipdk = 0.41–0.46) caused by combined exposure to factors related to the educational process and environmental factors, regardless of a school type, was detected in senior schoolchildren in school with profound studies of natural sciences (Ipdk = 0.41); the minimum value was detected in a military school (Ipdk = 0.33).","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45405995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.15
A. Kuchumov, M. Kamaltdinov, A. R. Khairulin, M. Kochergin, M. Shmurak
Abnormal developments of the cardiovascular system are common congenital malformations. Computational fluid dynamics and mathematical modeling can be used to perform quantitative predictive assessments of hemodynamic properties in varied conditions. This article addresses the development of a coupled 0D–3D model of blood flow in newborns to predict risks of complications after surgery. The 0D-model of systemic circulations is created by using the analogy between the blood flow in vessels and the flow of current through an electric circuit. A shunted section of the aorta and pulmonary artery is replaced with a 3D-model with two-way fluid-solid interaction (FSI).A section in a vessel with the aortic valve is examined in a separate 3D-model. Three-dimensional geometry is based on real CT-scans of a patient. The algorithm for coupling models of different levels relies on meeting the condition that pressures and volumetric blood flows are equal at the interaction boundary. We have developed an algorithm for identifying personal parameters from the results obtained by solving an optimization problem. Computational experiments with different individual geometry of the aorta and aortic valve made it possible to analyze blood flow velocities, near-wall stresses, flows, and valve deformations. Observable near-wall stresses can be considered risk factors that could cause calcification on valve leaflets and other valve diseases. Computational solutions in the “aorta – shunt – pulmonary artery” 3D-system allowed obtaining spatial distributions of velocities, pressures, near-wall stresses and other parameters that are significant in respect to probable pathology development. The developed approaches are primarily relevant for decision-making in surgical practice to predict risks of postoperative complications. In future, our plans are to develop the model so that it covers also saturation and oxygen exchange. This is necessary for assessing whether oxygen supply to the lungs is adequate.
{"title":"Patient-specific 0D–3D modeling of blood flow in newborns to predict risks of complications after surgery","authors":"A. Kuchumov, M. Kamaltdinov, A. R. Khairulin, M. Kochergin, M. Shmurak","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormal developments of the cardiovascular system are common congenital malformations. Computational fluid dynamics and mathematical modeling can be used to perform quantitative predictive assessments of hemodynamic properties in varied conditions. This article addresses the development of a coupled 0D–3D model of blood flow in newborns to predict risks of complications after surgery. The 0D-model of systemic circulations is created by using the analogy between the blood flow in vessels and the flow of current through an electric circuit. A shunted section of the aorta and pulmonary artery is replaced with a 3D-model with two-way fluid-solid interaction (FSI).A section in a vessel with the aortic valve is examined in a separate 3D-model. Three-dimensional geometry is based on real CT-scans of a patient. The algorithm for coupling models of different levels relies on meeting the condition that pressures and volumetric blood flows are equal at the interaction boundary. We have developed an algorithm for identifying personal parameters from the results obtained by solving an optimization problem. Computational experiments with different individual geometry of the aorta and aortic valve made it possible to analyze blood flow velocities, near-wall stresses, flows, and valve deformations. Observable near-wall stresses can be considered risk factors that could cause calcification on valve leaflets and other valve diseases. Computational solutions in the “aorta – shunt – pulmonary artery” 3D-system allowed obtaining spatial distributions of velocities, pressures, near-wall stresses and other parameters that are significant in respect to probable pathology development. The developed approaches are primarily relevant for decision-making in surgical practice to predict risks of postoperative complications. In future, our plans are to develop the model so that it covers also saturation and oxygen exchange. This is necessary for assessing whether oxygen supply to the lungs is adequate.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46188532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.05
N.О. Barnova, А.V. Meltser, Y. Dadali, I. Iakubova, M.A. Аndreeva
A rapid growth in monolithic residential construction over recent decades has created a problem associated with ammonia contamination inside newly constructed buildings. Absence of substantiated preventive actions aimed at minimizing ammonia emissions hinders commissioning of new residential buildings and may create an unfavorable sanitary-epidemiological situation with obvious olfactory-reflex and irritating effects on public health. The aim of this study was to develop a scientifically grounded method to predict when ammonia concentrations emitted from concrete constructions would reach their permissible levels in air inside contaminated premises in newly constructed buildings. Ammonia emissions were estimated based on data of laboratory tests that involved analyzing indoor air samples taken in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Indoor air was analyzed in 4 newly constructed residential buildings (165 premises, 57 test protocols, 893 air samples tested to identify ammonia in them). Relationships between changes in ammonia concentrations and ventilation time were obtained by using regression analysis (regression equation, least square method). To establish reproducibility of the results and a possibility to compare them, we tested variances for homogeneity by using Fisher criterion. Sampled populations were compared with Student’s t-test in case the data fitted to a normal distribution (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, Shapiro – Wilks test). Critical significance was taken at 0.05 in all the statistical comparisons. We have developed a method for predicting when ammonia concentrations that occurred in indoor air inside newly constructed buildings due to multi-day emissions from building materials would reach their permissible levels. The method involves multi-day measurements (y, mg/m3) of ammonia concentrations sequentially in each premise inside a newly constructed building on any day of measurements during the time period t; building up relationships between averaged ammonia concentrations (yav, mg/m3) and a time moment t; mathematical analysis of the obtained relationships by parameterization and statistical analysis of the obtained kinetic parameters.
{"title":"Mathematical modeling of ammonia emission rate in newly constructed buildings","authors":"N.О. Barnova, А.V. Meltser, Y. Dadali, I. Iakubova, M.A. Аndreeva","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.05","url":null,"abstract":"A rapid growth in monolithic residential construction over recent decades has created a problem associated with ammonia contamination inside newly constructed buildings. Absence of substantiated preventive actions aimed at minimizing ammonia emissions hinders commissioning of new residential buildings and may create an unfavorable sanitary-epidemiological situation with obvious olfactory-reflex and irritating effects on public health. The aim of this study was to develop a scientifically grounded method to predict when ammonia concentrations emitted from concrete constructions would reach their permissible levels in air inside contaminated premises in newly constructed buildings. Ammonia emissions were estimated based on data of laboratory tests that involved analyzing indoor air samples taken in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Indoor air was analyzed in 4 newly constructed residential buildings (165 premises, 57 test protocols, 893 air samples tested to identify ammonia in them). Relationships between changes in ammonia concentrations and ventilation time were obtained by using regression analysis (regression equation, least square method). To establish reproducibility of the results and a possibility to compare them, we tested variances for homogeneity by using Fisher criterion. Sampled populations were compared with Student’s t-test in case the data fitted to a normal distribution (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, Shapiro – Wilks test). Critical significance was taken at 0.05 in all the statistical comparisons. We have developed a method for predicting when ammonia concentrations that occurred in indoor air inside newly constructed buildings due to multi-day emissions from building materials would reach their permissible levels. The method involves multi-day measurements (y, mg/m3) of ammonia concentrations sequentially in each premise inside a newly constructed building on any day of measurements during the time period t; building up relationships between averaged ammonia concentrations (yav, mg/m3) and a time moment t; mathematical analysis of the obtained relationships by parameterization and statistical analysis of the obtained kinetic parameters.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49078503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.06
O. Milushkina, N. Skoblina, Yu. P. Pivovarov, S. Markelova, E. Mettin, O. Ievleva, A. Tatarinchik
Many research works have described negative effects produced by use of electronic devices, mobile ones (smartphone, tablets) included, on children, adolescents and youth. However, the problem has many aspects and not all of them have been explored profoundly. In this study, our aim was to conduct hygienic assessment of routine use of mobile electronic devices by schoolchildren and students and to give grounds for its correction by hygienic education. By conducting a survey, we obtained data on use of mobile electronic devices by 1218 schoolchildren and students both in their educational and spare time activities and created a profile of a work and rest routine when working with mobile electronic devices. 943 students and schoolchildren were examined by an ophthalmologist. Next, issues related to hygienic education were integrated into the training program for medical students at the Hygiene Department of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. The emphasis was on creating a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices. Schoolchildren and students who adhered to a healthy work and rest routine when working with mobile electronic devices complained about health disorders authentically less frequently (p ≤ 0.05).We established a statistically significant relative risk for visual acuity if schoolchildren and students did not pursue a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices. Its level was RR = 3.07 (95 % CI =1.88–5.03). By the end of hygienic studies with their focus on creating a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices, medical students had an authentic (p ≤ 0.05) increase in visual acuity due to decline in such states as routine accommodative excess and pre-myopia. Work and rest routines accepted by children, adolescents and youth when they use mobile electronic devices are a manageable risk factor of health disorders in these population groups. This study shows that hygienic education may be quite effective for correcting a routine of using mobile electronic devices by schoolchildren and students.
许多研究工作描述了使用电子设备，包括移动设备(智能手机，平板电脑)对儿童，青少年和青年产生的负面影响。然而，这个问题有很多方面，并不是所有的方面都得到了深入的探讨。在这项研究中，我们的目的是对小学生和学生日常使用移动电子设备进行卫生评估，并为通过卫生教育纠正这种情况提供依据。通过进行调查，我们收集了1218名学童和学生在学习和业余活动中使用流动电子设备的数据，并建立了使用流动电子设备时的工作和休息习惯。眼科医生对943名学生和小学生进行了检查。其次，与卫生教育有关的问题被纳入俄罗斯国立皮罗戈夫医科大学卫生系的医科学生培训方案。重点是建立一个使用移动电子设备的安全程序。在使用移动电子设备时，坚持健康作息习惯的中小学生真实抱怨健康障碍的频率较低(p≤0.05)。我们建立了一个统计上显著的相对风险，如果学童和学生没有遵循安全的常规使用移动电子设备。其水平RR = 3.07 (95% CI =1.88 ~ 5.03)。在以建立安全的移动电子设备使用习惯为重点的卫生研究结束时，医学生的视力明显(p≤0.05)提高，因为常规适应性过度和前期近视等状态有所下降。儿童、青少年和青年在使用移动电子设备时所接受的作息习惯是这些人群中可控制的健康失调风险因素。这项研究表明，卫生教育对于纠正中小学生使用移动电子设备的习惯可能相当有效。
{"title":"Routine use of mobile electronic devises by schoolchildren and students and its correction by hygienic education","authors":"O. Milushkina, N. Skoblina, Yu. P. Pivovarov, S. Markelova, E. Mettin, O. Ievleva, A. Tatarinchik","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"Many research works have described negative effects produced by use of electronic devices, mobile ones (smartphone, tablets) included, on children, adolescents and youth. However, the problem has many aspects and not all of them have been explored profoundly. In this study, our aim was to conduct hygienic assessment of routine use of mobile electronic devices by schoolchildren and students and to give grounds for its correction by hygienic education. By conducting a survey, we obtained data on use of mobile electronic devices by 1218 schoolchildren and students both in their educational and spare time activities and created a profile of a work and rest routine when working with mobile electronic devices. 943 students and schoolchildren were examined by an ophthalmologist. Next, issues related to hygienic education were integrated into the training program for medical students at the Hygiene Department of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. The emphasis was on creating a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices. Schoolchildren and students who adhered to a healthy work and rest routine when working with mobile electronic devices complained about health disorders authentically less frequently (p ≤ 0.05).We established a statistically significant relative risk for visual acuity if schoolchildren and students did not pursue a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices. Its level was RR = 3.07 (95 % CI =1.88–5.03). By the end of hygienic studies with their focus on creating a safe routine of using mobile electronic devices, medical students had an authentic (p ≤ 0.05) increase in visual acuity due to decline in such states as routine accommodative excess and pre-myopia. Work and rest routines accepted by children, adolescents and youth when they use mobile electronic devices are a manageable risk factor of health disorders in these population groups. This study shows that hygienic education may be quite effective for correcting a routine of using mobile electronic devices by schoolchildren and students.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45765527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.13
V. Novakov, O. Novakova, M. Churnosov
Knee osteoarthrosis (OA) is a multifactorial disease with genetic factors playing an important part in its development. Our research goal was to examine associations between polymorphic variants rs1060105 and rs56116847 of SBNO1 gene, rs6499244 of NFAT5 gene and rs34195470 of WWP2 gene and developing stage 4 knee osteoarthrosis in people living in the Central Chernozem Region in Russia. Genotyping of polymorphic loci of candidate genes was accomplished in 95 patients with stage 4 knew osteoarthrosis and 500 people without the disease who were included into the reference group. We estimated associations between polymorphic loci of candidate genes and knee OA by using logistic linear regression within the allele, additive, recessive and dominant genetic models with gPLINK software. As a result, we replicated an association between a GWAS-significant rs6499244 polymorphism of NFAT5 gene and knee OA in people living in the Central Chernozem Region in Russia. An allele variant A of rs6499244 of NFAT5 gene was established to be “a risk factor” regarding stage 4 knee OA within the additive (OR = 1.61, рperm = 0.02) and recessive (OR = 2.07, рperm = 0.02) genetic models. The rs6499244 locus of NFAT5 gene is located in an area of DNAse I hypersensitivity; it increases DNA affinity to four transcription factors (CDP_6, RFX5_known1, RORalpha1_2, TCF4_known1); it is localized in functionally active promoters and enhancers; it is associated with expression of nine genes (CLEC18A, COG4, EXOSC6, NFAT5, NOB1, NPIPB14P, NQO1, PDXDC2P, SMG1P7) and alternative mRNA splicing of three genes (NOB1, NPIPB14P, NQO1) in various organs and tissues in the body including those that are pathogenetically significant for OA (fat tissue, tibial nerves and arteries, and skeletal muscles).
{"title":"NFAT gene polymorphism as a risk factor of knee osteoarthrosis","authors":"V. Novakov, O. Novakova, M. Churnosov","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"Knee osteoarthrosis (OA) is a multifactorial disease with genetic factors playing an important part in its development. Our research goal was to examine associations between polymorphic variants rs1060105 and rs56116847 of SBNO1 gene, rs6499244 of NFAT5 gene and rs34195470 of WWP2 gene and developing stage 4 knee osteoarthrosis in people living in the Central Chernozem Region in Russia. Genotyping of polymorphic loci of candidate genes was accomplished in 95 patients with stage 4 knew osteoarthrosis and 500 people without the disease who were included into the reference group. We estimated associations between polymorphic loci of candidate genes and knee OA by using logistic linear regression within the allele, additive, recessive and dominant genetic models with gPLINK software. As a result, we replicated an association between a GWAS-significant rs6499244 polymorphism of NFAT5 gene and knee OA in people living in the Central Chernozem Region in Russia. An allele variant A of rs6499244 of NFAT5 gene was established to be “a risk factor” regarding stage 4 knee OA within the additive (OR = 1.61, рperm = 0.02) and recessive (OR = 2.07, рperm = 0.02) genetic models. The rs6499244 locus of NFAT5 gene is located in an area of DNAse I hypersensitivity; it increases DNA affinity to four transcription factors (CDP_6, RFX5_known1, RORalpha1_2, TCF4_known1); it is localized in functionally active promoters and enhancers; it is associated with expression of nine genes (CLEC18A, COG4, EXOSC6, NFAT5, NOB1, NPIPB14P, NQO1, PDXDC2P, SMG1P7) and alternative mRNA splicing of three genes (NOB1, NPIPB14P, NQO1) in various organs and tissues in the body including those that are pathogenetically significant for OA (fat tissue, tibial nerves and arteries, and skeletal muscles).","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44528091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.16
K. Starkova, O. Dolgikh, T.A. Legostaeva, V. Ukhabov
Scientific research with its focus on allergic diseases relies on up-to-date molecular-genetic methods for identifying individual genetic variability; it seems an important stage in the implementation of programs with their aim to early detect and mitigate risks of such diseases. In this study, our aim was to identify features of immune regulation associated with Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphism (rs17576) and benzene contamination in biological media in children with allergic diseases. The test group included 33 children with allergic diseases; the reference group consisted of 40 relatively healthy children. CD-markers were identified with flow cytometry. Genotyping was performed with a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The research revealed elevated levels of total IgE, IL-4 and TNFalfa under elevated benzene contamination in biological media that were by 1.2–4.2 times higher in the examined children with allergic diseases than in the reference group (р = 0.006–0.03). Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphismin in children from the test group had authentically more frequent oc-currence of the GG and AG genotypes, by 1.7 times higher than in the reference group. This allows considering the allele G of the MMP9 gene as a sensitivity marker in children with allergic diseases (OR = 2.34; 95 % CI = 1.17–4.65). We established a growth by 2.8 times in total IgE level and greater IL-4 and TNFalfa expression, by 1.4 and 1.3 times accordingly, in carriers of the allele G against those carrying the homozygote AA genotype among the examined children with allergic diseases (р = 0.020–0.042). Logistic regression analysis established the adequacy of the dominant model (p = 0.01) and revealed a possible association between carriage of the AG and GG genotypes of Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphism and developing allergy (OR = 3.61; 95 % CI = 1.34–9.71). A risk of developing allergy combined with benzene contamination in biological media and gene polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 (rs17576) is by 2.1 times higher for the allele G carriers against the AA genotype carriers (RR = 2.08; 95 % CI = 1.13–3.83). This allows considering the allele G of the MMP9 Q279R gene as a sensitivity marker in children with allergic diseases.
科学研究的重点是过敏性疾病依赖于最新的分子遗传学方法来识别个体遗传变异性;这似乎是实施旨在早期发现和减轻此类疾病风险的规划的重要阶段。在这项研究中，我们的目的是确定过敏性疾病儿童Q279R MMP9基因多态性(rs17576)和生物培养基中苯污染相关的免疫调节特征。试验组包括33名患有过敏性疾病的儿童;参照组由40名相对健康的儿童组成。流式细胞术鉴定cd标记物。采用实时聚合酶链反应进行基因分型。研究显示，在生物培养基中苯污染升高的情况下，过敏性疾病患儿的总IgE、IL-4和TNFalfa水平升高，是对照组的1.2-4.2倍(χ = 0.006-0.03)。Q279R MMP9基因多态性在试验组儿童中GG和AG基因型的真实发生率更高，比对照组高1.7倍。这允许考虑MMP9基因的等位基因G作为过敏性疾病儿童的敏感性标记(OR = 2.34;95% ci = 1.17-4.65)。我们发现，在被检查的变应性疾病儿童中，等位基因G携带者的总IgE水平比纯合子AA基因型携带者高2.8倍，IL-4和TNFalfa的表达比纯合子AA基因型携带者高1.4倍和1.3倍(χ = 0.020-0.042)。Logistic回归分析证实了优势模型的充分性(p = 0.01)，表明携带Q279R MMP9基因多态性的AG和GG基因型与发生过敏可能存在关联(OR = 3.61;95% ci = 1.34-9.71)。G等位基因携带者与AA基因型携带者相比，发生生物介质苯污染和基质金属蛋白酶MMP9 (rs17576)基因多态性的过敏风险高2.1倍(RR = 2.08;95% ci = 1.13-3.83)。这允许考虑将MMP9 Q279R基因的等位基因G作为过敏性疾病儿童的敏感性标记。
{"title":"Risk of allergy and its immune phenotypes in children with MMP9 Q279R gene polymorphism","authors":"K. Starkova, O. Dolgikh, T.A. Legostaeva, V. Ukhabov","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.16","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific research with its focus on allergic diseases relies on up-to-date molecular-genetic methods for identifying individual genetic variability; it seems an important stage in the implementation of programs with their aim to early detect and mitigate risks of such diseases. In this study, our aim was to identify features of immune regulation associated with Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphism (rs17576) and benzene contamination in biological media in children with allergic diseases. The test group included 33 children with allergic diseases; the reference group consisted of 40 relatively healthy children. CD-markers were identified with flow cytometry. Genotyping was performed with a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The research revealed elevated levels of total IgE, IL-4 and TNFalfa under elevated benzene contamination in biological media that were by 1.2–4.2 times higher in the examined children with allergic diseases than in the reference group (р = 0.006–0.03). Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphismin in children from the test group had authentically more frequent oc-currence of the GG and AG genotypes, by 1.7 times higher than in the reference group. This allows considering the allele G of the MMP9 gene as a sensitivity marker in children with allergic diseases (OR = 2.34; 95 % CI = 1.17–4.65). We established a growth by 2.8 times in total IgE level and greater IL-4 and TNFalfa expression, by 1.4 and 1.3 times accordingly, in carriers of the allele G against those carrying the homozygote AA genotype among the examined children with allergic diseases (р = 0.020–0.042). Logistic regression analysis established the adequacy of the dominant model (p = 0.01) and revealed a possible association between carriage of the AG and GG genotypes of Q279R MMP9 gene polymorphism and developing allergy (OR = 3.61; 95 % CI = 1.34–9.71). A risk of developing allergy combined with benzene contamination in biological media and gene polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 (rs17576) is by 2.1 times higher for the allele G carriers against the AA genotype carriers (RR = 2.08; 95 % CI = 1.13–3.83). This allows considering the allele G of the MMP9 Q279R gene as a sensitivity marker in children with allergic diseases.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44668721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.09
A. S. Fazlieva, R. Daukaev, D. Karimov, S. R. Afonkina, G. R. Allayarova, E. Aukhadieva
Food safety is a major concern around the world due to toxic metal contamination in food and associated health risks. Vegetables, cereals and baked goods make up a large part of a healthy human diet as vital sources of nutrients, minerals and fiber. Long-term intake of metals with food facilitates their accumulation in the human body. The study aimed to assess health risks for adults and children caused by alimentary intake of chemical elements with local food products. The study was conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is a territory with a developed agricultural and industrial complex. A total of 524 plant samples were selected and analyzed to identify levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, nickel and aluminum in them by using atomic absorption analysis. Samples included bakery and cereal products sold in the republic and vegetable products from private farms. The article describes the results of hygienic assessment with its focus on contents of essential and toxic elements in locally produced foods. Intake of contaminants with local food products was established based on the data on average food consumption per capita. We determined contributions made by two groups of traditional mass-consumption products to the total exposure that influences health of people living in different districts across the republic. The study established the total hazard quotient of non-carcinogenic effects to be higher than its threshold vale and to equal 3.43 for children and 1.54 for adults. The greatest contributions to the total hazard quotients were made by copper (45 %) and cadmium (30 %). Our as-sessment of carcinogenic risks caused by intake of contaminants with foods revealed that the total health risk as per the median value corresponded to its permissible level
{"title":"Public health risks caused by contamination of local food products","authors":"A. S. Fazlieva, R. Daukaev, D. Karimov, S. R. Afonkina, G. R. Allayarova, E. Aukhadieva","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.09","url":null,"abstract":"Food safety is a major concern around the world due to toxic metal contamination in food and associated health risks. Vegetables, cereals and baked goods make up a large part of a healthy human diet as vital sources of nutrients, minerals and fiber. Long-term intake of metals with food facilitates their accumulation in the human body. The study aimed to assess health risks for adults and children caused by alimentary intake of chemical elements with local food products. The study was conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is a territory with a developed agricultural and industrial complex. A total of 524 plant samples were selected and analyzed to identify levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, nickel and aluminum in them by using atomic absorption analysis. Samples included bakery and cereal products sold in the republic and vegetable products from private farms. The article describes the results of hygienic assessment with its focus on contents of essential and toxic elements in locally produced foods. Intake of contaminants with local food products was established based on the data on average food consumption per capita. We determined contributions made by two groups of traditional mass-consumption products to the total exposure that influences health of people living in different districts across the republic. The study established the total hazard quotient of non-carcinogenic effects to be higher than its threshold vale and to equal 3.43 for children and 1.54 for adults. The greatest contributions to the total hazard quotients were made by copper (45 %) and cadmium (30 %). Our as-sessment of carcinogenic risks caused by intake of contaminants with foods revealed that the total health risk as per the median value corresponded to its permissible level","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41425361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.04
E. Tokbergenov, A. Dosmukhametov, K. Askarov, M. Amrin, D.M. Askarov, Z. Beisenbinova
In this study, our aim was to assess public health risks caused by ambient air pollution in close proximity to production facilities of “Ulba Metallurgical Plant” JSC (JSC “UMP”) located in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. The study relied on the health risk assessment methodology under exposure to chemical environmental factors. Our research objects were chemical pollution in ambient air in close proximity to production facilities of “Ulba Metal-lurgical Plant” JSC and its effects on public health. We assessed public health risks caused by chemical pollution in ambient air in close proximity to production facilities of JSC “UMP”. The assessment relied on data obtained at monitoring posts of RSE “Kazhydromet” between 2018 and 2021. We identified six carcinogens in the analyzed area that created unacceptable public health risks. High non-carcinogenic risks were typically caused by exposure to particulate matter (dust), РМ2.5 and РМ10, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. Our assessment of non-accidental mortality risks caused by exposure to РМ2.5 in ambient air established unacceptable relative risks (RR: 1.27–1.78), individual risks of non-accidental (1.5–2.1•10-3) and cardiopulmonary mortality (between 8.3•10-4 and 1.0•10-3). Unfavorable meteorological factors and geographic location can promote high levels of ambient air pollution and created aerogenic health risks for people living in the analyzed industrial area. The established risks require developing and implementing scheduled health-improving activities aimed at raising quality of the environment.
{"title":"Assessment of aerogenic risks for people living in close proximity to Ulba Metallurgical Plant","authors":"E. Tokbergenov, A. Dosmukhametov, K. Askarov, M. Amrin, D.M. Askarov, Z. Beisenbinova","doi":"10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, our aim was to assess public health risks caused by ambient air pollution in close proximity to production facilities of “Ulba Metallurgical Plant” JSC (JSC “UMP”) located in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. The study relied on the health risk assessment methodology under exposure to chemical environmental factors. Our research objects were chemical pollution in ambient air in close proximity to production facilities of “Ulba Metal-lurgical Plant” JSC and its effects on public health. We assessed public health risks caused by chemical pollution in ambient air in close proximity to production facilities of JSC “UMP”. The assessment relied on data obtained at monitoring posts of RSE “Kazhydromet” between 2018 and 2021. We identified six carcinogens in the analyzed area that created unacceptable public health risks. High non-carcinogenic risks were typically caused by exposure to particulate matter (dust), РМ2.5 and РМ10, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. Our assessment of non-accidental mortality risks caused by exposure to РМ2.5 in ambient air established unacceptable relative risks (RR: 1.27–1.78), individual risks of non-accidental (1.5–2.1•10-3) and cardiopulmonary mortality (between 8.3•10-4 and 1.0•10-3). Unfavorable meteorological factors and geographic location can promote high levels of ambient air pollution and created aerogenic health risks for people living in the analyzed industrial area. The established risks require developing and implementing scheduled health-improving activities aimed at raising quality of the environment.","PeriodicalId":12945,"journal":{"name":"Health Risk Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43358407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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