R. Bocsi, L. Hanák, G. Horváth, Z. Hodai, Dóra Rippel-Pethő, B. Szabó-Ravasz, L. Szokonya, G. Takács
Biotechnology and renewable materials are very popular research projects nowadays. The increasing attendance of industrial participants enhances the significance of these projects. We started cultivating microalgae a few years ago. Under the supervision of our biologist partner and based on the literature, we built our photobioreactor system on a laboratory scale. Our first objectives were algae cultivation for energetic purposes in addition to carbon-dioxide capture. It is reasonable to conclude that the extraction of bioactive compounds is worth consideration.
{"title":"ALGAE CULTIVATION FOR ENERGETIC PURPOSES, RESEARCH ON ALGAE TECHNOLGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA","authors":"R. Bocsi, L. Hanák, G. Horváth, Z. Hodai, Dóra Rippel-Pethő, B. Szabó-Ravasz, L. Szokonya, G. Takács","doi":"10.1515/312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/312","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology and renewable materials are very popular research projects nowadays. The increasing attendance of industrial participants enhances the significance of these projects. We started cultivating microalgae a few years ago. Under the supervision of our biologist partner and based on the literature, we built our photobioreactor system on a laboratory scale. Our first objectives were algae cultivation for energetic purposes in addition to carbon-dioxide capture. It is reasonable to conclude that the extraction of bioactive compounds is worth consideration.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77208610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Thury, L. Bartha, G. Gulyás, V. Pitás, B. Fazekas, A. Kárpáti
The efficient biological treatment of the wastewater of the automotive industry is difficult, mainly because of the low biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) ratio. Moreover, wastewater of the automobile industry contains heavy metals and other chemical substances that may have toxic effects. Biofilm and hybrid technologies could be optimal solutions for the treatment of such heavily biodegradable wastewater streams. This paper presents the experimental results of the examination of modified biofilm carriers developed for the treatment of the wastewater of the automotive industry. Three modified biofilm carriers were examined: a high-density polyetyilene (HDPE), an HDPE modified with 50% carbon nanotube (CNT) content, and an HDPE modified with 75% CNT content. They were compared to a patented biofilm carrier having similar morphological properties (control). The examination consisted of two parts: (1) studying the colonisation of biofilm on each carrier, and (2) studying the biological COD removal efficiency of biofilm reactors filled with the four different biofilm carriers in 25% volumetric ratio each with an influent industrial emulsion sewage. The obtained results demonstrated that neither the rate of biofilm colonisation, nor the COD removal efficiency show any significant difference comparing the four biofilm carriers. The colonisation of biofilm was appropriate on each carrier and this ensured proper efficiency of COD removal in each biofilm reactor. Based on the results, it can be stated that the suggested advantageous characteristics of CNTs do not appear as it is mixed in the plastic raw material during the production of biofilm carriers. The absence of the significant difference observed between the examined carriers suggests that the production of biofilm carriers from recycled plastic could carry financial advantages compared to the control carrier. Further experiments could specify differences by various hydraulic loads or toxic effects.
{"title":"Improvement of Biofilm Carriers for the Treatment of Automotive Industry Wastewater","authors":"P. Thury, L. Bartha, G. Gulyás, V. Pitás, B. Fazekas, A. Kárpáti","doi":"10.1515/309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/309","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient biological treatment of the wastewater of the automotive industry is difficult, mainly because of the low biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) ratio. Moreover, wastewater of the automobile industry contains heavy metals and other chemical substances that may have toxic effects. Biofilm and hybrid technologies could be optimal solutions for the treatment of such heavily biodegradable wastewater streams. This paper presents the experimental results of the examination of modified biofilm carriers developed for the treatment of the wastewater of the automotive industry. Three modified biofilm carriers were examined: a high-density polyetyilene (HDPE), an HDPE modified with 50% carbon nanotube (CNT) content, and an HDPE modified with 75% CNT content. They were compared to a patented biofilm carrier having similar morphological properties (control). The examination consisted of two parts: (1) studying the colonisation of biofilm on each carrier, and (2) studying the biological COD removal efficiency of biofilm reactors filled with the four different biofilm carriers in 25% volumetric ratio each with an influent industrial emulsion sewage. The obtained results demonstrated that neither the rate of biofilm colonisation, nor the COD removal efficiency show any significant difference comparing the four biofilm carriers. The colonisation of biofilm was appropriate on each carrier and this ensured proper efficiency of COD removal in each biofilm reactor. Based on the results, it can be stated that the suggested advantageous characteristics of CNTs do not appear as it is mixed in the plastic raw material during the production of biofilm carriers. The absence of the significant difference observed between the examined carriers suggests that the production of biofilm carriers from recycled plastic could carry financial advantages compared to the control carrier. Further experiments could specify differences by various hydraulic loads or toxic effects.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73332543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) in reduces of zearalenone during fermenting dough at 25°C and 30°C for 30 and 45 min was studied. The results indicate that content of zearalenone was reduced to 9.44, 19.22, 37.6 and 63.16μg/kg in dough made from flour artificially contaminated with 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/kg, respectively when the fermentation process at 25°C for 45 min. On the other hand, during fermentation at 30°C the decrease in the content of zearalenone is greater than ever, particularly with increasing duration or time of fermentation to 45 min. The content of zearalenone after fermentation at 30°C for 45 min was 7.52, 17.14, 34.19 and 60.38μg/kg in dough made from flour artificially contaminated with 25, 50, 75 and 100μg/kg, respectively. The reduction percentage of zearalenone after baking pan bread at 180°C for 25 min was 55.98, 62.78, 62.5 and 60.52%.These results indicate that fermentation and baking are effective in reducing zearalenone.
{"title":"Effects of Pan Bread Making on Zearalenone Levels in Artificial Contaminated Wheat Flour","authors":"El-Desouky Ta, M. Amer, K. Naguib","doi":"10.1515/350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/350","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) in reduces of zearalenone during fermenting dough at 25°C and 30°C for 30 and 45 min was studied. The results indicate that content of zearalenone was reduced to 9.44, 19.22, 37.6 and 63.16μg/kg in dough made from flour artificially contaminated with 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/kg, respectively when the fermentation process at 25°C for 45 min. On the other hand, during fermentation at 30°C the decrease in the content of zearalenone is greater than ever, particularly with increasing duration or time of fermentation to 45 min. The content of zearalenone after fermentation at 30°C for 45 min was 7.52, 17.14, 34.19 and 60.38μg/kg in dough made from flour artificially contaminated with 25, 50, 75 and 100μg/kg, respectively. The reduction percentage of zearalenone after baking pan bread at 180°C for 25 min was 55.98, 62.78, 62.5 and 60.52%.These results indicate that fermentation and baking are effective in reducing zearalenone.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84821842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conventional potential measurements and evaluation methods of cathodic protection diagnostics do not give reliable results in some practically important cases: in systems where the whole amount of cathodic protection current cannot be interrupted for any reason or the equalizing currents affect the protection to a significant level or interference with other cathodic protection systems is encountered. The paper discusses a model and its practical application dealing with these difficult cases. The test measurement evaluation results justify the theoretical model. On the basis of the theory a very simple measurement method is proposed for the determination of the coating defects IR-free potentials.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF THE REMOTE EARTH POTENTIAL IN CATHODIC PROTECTION MEASUREMENTS","authors":"Z. Lukács","doi":"10.1515/345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/345","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional potential measurements and evaluation methods of cathodic protection diagnostics do not give reliable results in some practically important cases: in systems where the whole amount of cathodic protection current cannot be interrupted for any reason or the equalizing currents affect the protection to a significant level or interference with other cathodic protection systems is encountered. The paper discusses a model and its practical application dealing with these difficult cases. The test measurement evaluation results justify the theoretical model. On the basis of the theory a very simple measurement method is proposed for the determination of the coating defects IR-free potentials.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77667034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phosphorous, sulphur, and silicon have a great effect on the mechanical characteristics and metallurgical properties of steel. Therefore, it always has been important to know their concentration either in the unalloyed or in the alloyed metal. Using only wet chemical methods their analysis takes much time and labour. The modern instrumental methods make it possible to carry out their determination in a very short time, but the special equipment necessary for that is rather expensive and can be operated efficiently only if there are a lot of samples to be analysed. Inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) needs liquid samples, so solid samples must be dissolved prior the analysis. Using this technique, however, one can analyze almost any substance that can be taken into solution provided that there is a suitable sample preparation procedure at the user’s disposal. In this paper, a wet chemical sample preparation procedure is presented, which seems to be suitable for the determination of these important constituents of the steel.
{"title":"Determination of Phosphorous, Suplhur, and Silicon Content of Low-alloyed and Unalloyed Steel by Icp-aes After a Unified Wet Chemical Sample Preparation Procedure","authors":"O. Bánhidi","doi":"10.1515/311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/311","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorous, sulphur, and silicon have a great effect on the mechanical characteristics and metallurgical properties of steel. Therefore, it always has been important to know their concentration either in the unalloyed or in the alloyed metal. Using only wet chemical methods their analysis takes much time and labour. The modern instrumental methods make it possible to carry out their determination in a very short time, but the special equipment necessary for that is rather expensive and can be operated efficiently only if there are a lot of samples to be analysed. Inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) needs liquid samples, so solid samples must be dissolved prior the analysis. Using this technique, however, one can analyze almost any substance that can be taken into solution provided that there is a suitable sample preparation procedure at the user’s disposal. In this paper, a wet chemical sample preparation procedure is presented, which seems to be suitable for the determination of these important constituents of the steel.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84696552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas-solid phase biocatalytic reactions offer economic and environmentally sound ways to produce ester compounds, which can be used as natural flavour components, and other types of value-added products. Therefore, the aim of this work was first to study the continuous gas-solid phase manufacture of ethyl-acetate (EtAc), which is an important fruit flavour compound, from ethanol (EtOH) and acetic acid (AcAc) applying immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B enzyme in a self-constructed bioreactor and then to determine the effects of initial substrate composition, applied temperature, and the amount of used enzyme on the yield. It can be concluded that there was a well-defined connection between the yield of the ethyl-acetate product, the temperature and the amount of used enzyme, while the correlation between the initial substrate composition and the product yield could not be described so easily. The activation energy of the esterification was found to be much lower in our system than that of the same enzymatic reaction carried out in other reaction media, such as organic solvent system, ionic liquid, etc.
{"title":"Ethyl-Acetate Synthesis in Gas Phase by Immobilised Lipase","authors":"Z. Csanádi, R. Kurdi, K. Bélafi-Bakó","doi":"10.1515/316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/316","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-solid phase biocatalytic reactions offer economic and environmentally sound ways to produce ester compounds, which can be used as natural flavour components, and other types of value-added products. Therefore, the aim of this work was first to study the continuous gas-solid phase manufacture of ethyl-acetate (EtAc), which is an important fruit flavour compound, from ethanol (EtOH) and acetic acid (AcAc) applying immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B enzyme in a self-constructed bioreactor and then to determine the effects of initial substrate composition, applied temperature, and the amount of used enzyme on the yield. It can be concluded that there was a well-defined connection between the yield of the ethyl-acetate product, the temperature and the amount of used enzyme, while the correlation between the initial substrate composition and the product yield could not be described so easily. The activation energy of the esterification was found to be much lower in our system than that of the same enzymatic reaction carried out in other reaction media, such as organic solvent system, ionic liquid, etc.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84474991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our experimental work application of carbon nanotubes in rubbers have been investigated. The effects of the type of the rubber matrix, the concentration of the carbon nanotubes and the effects of a coupling agent on the mechanical properties of the composites have been studied. The strength of the rubber matrix had great influence on the strengthening behaviour of the carbon nanotubes. By application of surface treated carbon nanotubes the strength of the composites made from a rubber matrix having the tensile strength under 10 MPa could be improved by 35%. However, the composites from the rubber with higher tensile strength contained treated carbon nanotubes afforded balanced performance against fatigue stresses probably due to the effect of the coupling agent and the homogenous distribution of the carbon nanotubes.
{"title":"Effect of a New Type of Coupling Agent on The Mechanical Properties of Various Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Rubber Composites","authors":"C. Varga, B. Tóth, P. Gergő, L. Bartha","doi":"10.1515/344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/344","url":null,"abstract":"In our experimental work application of carbon nanotubes in rubbers have been investigated. The effects of the type of the rubber matrix, the concentration of the carbon nanotubes and the effects of a coupling agent on the mechanical properties of the composites have been studied. The strength of the rubber matrix had great influence on the strengthening behaviour of the carbon nanotubes. By application of surface treated carbon nanotubes the strength of the composites made from a rubber matrix having the tensile strength under 10 MPa could be improved by 35%. However, the composites from the rubber with higher tensile strength contained treated carbon nanotubes afforded balanced performance against fatigue stresses probably due to the effect of the coupling agent and the homogenous distribution of the carbon nanotubes.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87394185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dávid Vozik, J. Madarász, Z. Csanádi, A. Fodor, K. Dublecz, K. Bélafi-Bakó
Entomopathogenic bacteria produce antibiotic molecules effective against plant, animal and human plant pathogenic bacteria. They produce broad-spectrum antibiotics, which can be applied in several different fields where suppression of microbes is needed. These antibiotic molecules have different chemical structure such as peptides. Analysis and identification of these molecules provide useful ways in the research and development of drugs and agrochemicals.
{"title":"STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC COMPOUNDS FROM ENTHOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA BY FT-IR","authors":"Dávid Vozik, J. Madarász, Z. Csanádi, A. Fodor, K. Dublecz, K. Bélafi-Bakó","doi":"10.1515/346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/346","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic bacteria produce antibiotic molecules effective against plant, animal and human plant pathogenic bacteria. They produce broad-spectrum antibiotics, which can be applied in several different fields where suppression of microbes is needed. These antibiotic molecules have different chemical structure such as peptides. Analysis and identification of these molecules provide useful ways in the research and development of drugs and agrochemicals.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88285429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modern-minded man has discovered that it is necessary to substitute a part of the fossil-derived energy sources with renewable energy sources to cover the energy demand of mobility, which sustains and accelerates the human society and economy. Nowadays, the transportation sector tries to achieve this through the development and utilisation of bio-derived motor fuels. In terms of Diesel-engines the biodiesel has been utilized in great volumes already, which is made from triglycerides via esterification (fatty-acid-methyl-ester, FAME). The FAME or biodiesel, due to its molecular structure, has some unfavourable properties. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new generation of bio-derived motor fuel for Diesel-engines. The most promising product of these efforts is the bio gas oil, which is a mixture of n- and i-paraffins and obtained via hydroconversion of triglycerides. These compounds are the best components of conventional gas oils, too. Nowadays, mainly different vegetable oils are used as triglyceride source, but for the hydroconversion any feedstock with high triglyceride content can be used (e.g. brown greases of sewage works, used cooking oils, animal fats, etc.). The waste feedstocks can be especially beneficial. Hence, during the experimental work, our aim was to investigate the possibilities of the production of bio gas oil and bio gas oil containing gas oils on waste fat basis via the hydroconversion of waste rancid lard itself and as a 50% mixture with gas oils. We applied a CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst in sulphide and in nonsulphide state for our experiments. We studied the effects of the process parameters (temperature: 300–380°C, pressure: 40–80 bar, LHSV: 1.0–2.0 h-1, H2/feedstock ratio: 600 Nm3/m3) on the quality and yield of the products. The obtained main product fraction at the process parameters (360–380°C, 60–80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h-1, H2/feedstock rate: 600 Nm3/m3) found to be favourable by us which were met the valid diesel gas oil standard EN 590:2009 + A1:2010 without additivation, except for its cold flow properties.
具有现代思想的人发现，有必要用可再生能源代替一部分化石能源，以满足人类社会和经济赖以生存和发展的机动出行的能源需求。如今，运输部门试图通过开发和利用生物衍生的发动机燃料来实现这一目标。在柴油发动机方面，生物柴油已经被大量使用，它是由甘油三酯通过酯化(脂肪酸-甲酯，FAME)制成的。FAME或生物柴油由于其分子结构而具有一些不利的性质。因此，有必要开发新一代柴油发动机用生物燃料。这些努力最有希望的产品是生物气油，它是n-石蜡和i-石蜡的混合物，通过甘油三酯的加氢转化得到。这些化合物也是传统天然气油的最佳成分。目前，主要使用不同的植物油作为甘油三酯来源，但对于加氢转化，任何甘油三酯含量高的原料都可以使用(例如，污水厂的棕色油脂，废食用油，动物脂肪等)。废原料可能特别有益。因此，在实验工作中，我们的目标是研究在废脂肪的基础上，通过将废腐猪油本身加氢转化，并将其与气油混合50%，生产生物气油和含气油的生物气油的可能性。我们分别在硫化物和非硫化物状态下使用CoMo/Al2O3催化剂进行实验。研究了工艺参数(温度:300-380℃，压力:40-80 bar, LHSV: 1.0-2.0 h-1, H2/进料比:600 Nm3/m3)对产品质量和收率的影响。我们发现在工艺参数(360-380°C, 60-80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h-1, H2/进料量:600 Nm3/m3)下获得的主要产品馏分是有利的，除了其冷流动性能外，该馏分符合有效的柴油汽油标准EN 590:2009 + A1:2010，不添加任何添加剂。
{"title":"Production of Gas Oil Components from Waste Fats","authors":"P. Baladincz, A. Ludányi, L. Leveles, J. Hancsók","doi":"10.1515/317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/317","url":null,"abstract":"The modern-minded man has discovered that it is necessary to substitute a part of the fossil-derived energy sources with renewable energy sources to cover the energy demand of mobility, which sustains and accelerates the human society and economy. Nowadays, the transportation sector tries to achieve this through the development and utilisation of bio-derived motor fuels. In terms of Diesel-engines the biodiesel has been utilized in great volumes already, which is made from triglycerides via esterification (fatty-acid-methyl-ester, FAME). The FAME or biodiesel, due to its molecular structure, has some unfavourable properties. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new generation of bio-derived motor fuel for Diesel-engines. The most promising product of these efforts is the bio gas oil, which is a mixture of n- and i-paraffins and obtained via hydroconversion of triglycerides. These compounds are the best components of conventional gas oils, too. Nowadays, mainly different vegetable oils are used as triglyceride source, but for the hydroconversion any feedstock with high triglyceride content can be used (e.g. brown greases of sewage works, used cooking oils, animal fats, etc.). The waste feedstocks can be especially beneficial. Hence, during the experimental work, our aim was to investigate the possibilities of the production of bio gas oil and bio gas oil containing gas oils on waste fat basis via the hydroconversion of waste rancid lard itself and as a 50% mixture with gas oils. We applied a CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst in sulphide and in nonsulphide state for our experiments. We studied the effects of the process parameters (temperature: 300–380°C, pressure: 40–80 bar, LHSV: 1.0–2.0 h-1, H2/feedstock ratio: 600 Nm3/m3) on the quality and yield of the products. The obtained main product fraction at the process parameters (360–380°C, 60–80 bar, LHSV: 1.0 h-1, H2/feedstock rate: 600 Nm3/m3) found to be favourable by us which were met the valid diesel gas oil standard EN 590:2009 + A1:2010 without additivation, except for its cold flow properties.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90581975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concentration of fruit juices by membrane osmotic distillation (MOD) was studied. For the experiments, fresh juices were obtained from colourful wild berries: cornelian cherry, blackthorn, and whitebeam, which can be considered as valuable, highly nutritive beverages and characterized by high level of vitamins and antioxidant capacity. These beneficial properties may be preserved if mild but effective, environementally-safe membrane processes are applied for the concentration. MOD is a coupled operation of membrane distillation (MD) and osmotic evaporation (OE), where a hydrophobic membrane is used, while the osmotic agent was concentrated CaCl2 solution. As a result of our experiments, we found that high concentration was possible to reach in the fruit juices studied, while the flux was between 0.3 and 2.4 lm-2h-1. Comparing the analytical results of the fresh and concentrated juices, it has turned out that the antioxidant capacities were almost completely preserved during the concentration process.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Concentration of Juices from Colourful Wild Berry Fruits by Membrane Osmotic Distillation","authors":"K. Bélafi-Bakó, A. Boór, N. Nemestóthy","doi":"10.1515/318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/318","url":null,"abstract":"Concentration of fruit juices by membrane osmotic distillation (MOD) was studied. For the experiments, fresh juices were obtained from colourful wild berries: cornelian cherry, blackthorn, and whitebeam, which can be considered as valuable, highly nutritive beverages and characterized by high level of vitamins and antioxidant capacity. These beneficial properties may be preserved if mild but effective, environementally-safe membrane processes are applied for the concentration. MOD is a coupled operation of membrane distillation (MD) and osmotic evaporation (OE), where a hydrophobic membrane is used, while the osmotic agent was concentrated CaCl2 solution. As a result of our experiments, we found that high concentration was possible to reach in the fruit juices studied, while the flux was between 0.3 and 2.4 lm-2h-1. Comparing the analytical results of the fresh and concentrated juices, it has turned out that the antioxidant capacities were almost completely preserved during the concentration process.","PeriodicalId":13010,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Journal of Industrial Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75169806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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