Recent statistics show that currently 2.3 billion people live in water-stressed areas and among them 1.7 billion live in water-scarce areas. In the light of this, the Millennium Declaration by the UN General Assembly in 2000 has set up a target to halve, by the year 2015, the world population who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water. Better water conservation, water management, pollution control and water reclamation are all part of the solution to the projected water stress. So too are new sources of fresh water, including the desalination of seawater. Desalination technologies have been well established since the mid-20th century and are widely deployed in many parts of the world which have acute water scarcity problems.
{"title":"Status and prospects of nuclear desalination","authors":"B. Misra","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010345","url":null,"abstract":"Recent statistics show that currently 2.3 billion people live in water-stressed areas and among them 1.7 billion live in water-scarce areas. In the light of this, the Millennium Declaration by the UN General Assembly in 2000 has set up a target to halve, by the year 2015, the world population who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water. Better water conservation, water management, pollution control and water reclamation are all part of the solution to the projected water stress. So too are new sources of fresh water, including the desalination of seawater. Desalination technologies have been well established since the mid-20th century and are widely deployed in many parts of the world which have acute water scarcity problems.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131091721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Latin American and Caribbean countries' contribution to the implementation of worldwide nuclear non-proliferation is well demonstrated by the establishment of a nuclear weapons free-zone and by their permanent support of IAEA safeguards. The 'Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean', encompassing all region territories from Mexico to Argentina and adjacent maritime space, entered into force in April 1969. Latin American support to the IAEA non-proliferation role was already given in the early stages of setting up the IAEA Safeguards procedures. An example for building up trust among nuclear states of the region was the 1981 Agreement between Argentina and Brazil, creating ABACC for jointly accounting and controlling their nuclear materials. Nowadays, all Latin American and Caribbean countries are parties to the NPT, having established safeguard agreements with the IAEA. Additional 'Protocols to IAEA Safeguards Agreements' have been signed or ratified by almost all Latin American and Caribbean countries.
{"title":"Latin American commitment in support of the IAEA role on non-proliferation control","authors":"J. Spitalnik, W. Lepecki","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010341","url":null,"abstract":"The Latin American and Caribbean countries' contribution to the implementation of worldwide nuclear non-proliferation is well demonstrated by the establishment of a nuclear weapons free-zone and by their permanent support of IAEA safeguards. The 'Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean', encompassing all region territories from Mexico to Argentina and adjacent maritime space, entered into force in April 1969. Latin American support to the IAEA non-proliferation role was already given in the early stages of setting up the IAEA Safeguards procedures. An example for building up trust among nuclear states of the region was the 1981 Agreement between Argentina and Brazil, creating ABACC for jointly accounting and controlling their nuclear materials. Nowadays, all Latin American and Caribbean countries are parties to the NPT, having established safeguard agreements with the IAEA. Additional 'Protocols to IAEA Safeguards Agreements' have been signed or ratified by almost all Latin American and Caribbean countries.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131229606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China needs a large amount of energy to meet the development of economy and to ameliorate the lives of its people. According to the national policy of "peaceful growing up", China will generate the power mainly in domain. Nowadays, the primary energy of China consists of coal, hydro and others. Nuclear energy and green energy are the main selections for the future. The development of nuclear energy is divided into 3 steps: PWR-FBR-fusion. The purposes of fast reactor technology are: 1. to keep the nuclear as one of sustainable energy; 2. to reduce the long life radioactive waste. The primary study shows that the nuclear power capacity could be up to 240GWe with the commercialisation of fast reactor systems.
{"title":"Peaceful use of the fast reactor in China","authors":"Zhang Donghui","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2006.010342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2006.010342","url":null,"abstract":"China needs a large amount of energy to meet the development of economy and to ameliorate the lives of its people. According to the national policy of \"peaceful growing up\", China will generate the power mainly in domain. Nowadays, the primary energy of China consists of coal, hydro and others. Nuclear energy and green energy are the main selections for the future. The development of nuclear energy is divided into 3 steps: PWR-FBR-fusion. The purposes of fast reactor technology are: 1. to keep the nuclear as one of sustainable energy; 2. to reduce the long life radioactive waste. The primary study shows that the nuclear power capacity could be up to 240GWe with the commercialisation of fast reactor systems.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115198656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper consists of a case study on nuclear law comprising following themes and issues: 1) The role of the law and the courts in today's 'Risk Society'. There is an evolution towards more regulation on prevention and precaution, using general principles such as the Precautionary Principle, Justification and the ALARA Principle (As low as Reasonably Achievable, economic and social factors taken into account). This evolution is the result of our complex technical society. Society and industry expect clarity and security of law, where law itself has become more and more vague. 2) Licensing procedure for high-risk activites. The main issue of this paper deals with the question: how is the licensing procedure for high-risk activities such as nuclear power governed to equilibrate the economic and ecological values? 3) Understanding the optimisation principles such as BATNEEC and ALARA The BATNEEC Principle ('Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Economic Cost') addresses the comparison of the available techniques of an industrial sector. The BATNEEC principle does not impose an individual or compelling choice on the licensee of a risky activity. It is merely seen as a legal duty to compare the 'safest techniques' imposed on the licensing authority. When legal duties, such as BATNEEC and ALARA, are also imposed on the licensee, through the regulation or the operation license, what legal sanctions can be applied?
{"title":"The justification and the optimisation principle in international nuclear law: theory and practice","authors":"L. Veuchelen","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2005.008367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2005.008367","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper consists of a case study on nuclear law comprising following themes and issues: 1) The role of the law and the courts in today's 'Risk Society'. There is an evolution towards more regulation on prevention and precaution, using general principles such as the Precautionary Principle, Justification and the ALARA Principle (As low as Reasonably Achievable, economic and social factors taken into account). This evolution is the result of our complex technical society. Society and industry expect clarity and security of law, where law itself has become more and more vague. 2) Licensing procedure for high-risk activites. The main issue of this paper deals with the question: how is the licensing procedure for high-risk activities such as nuclear power governed to equilibrate the economic and ecological values? 3) Understanding the optimisation principles such as BATNEEC and ALARA The BATNEEC Principle ('Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Economic Cost') addresses the comparison of the available techniques of an industrial sector. The BATNEEC principle does not impose an individual or compelling choice on the licensee of a risky activity. It is merely seen as a legal duty to compare the 'safest techniques' imposed on the licensing authority. When legal duties, such as BATNEEC and ALARA, are also imposed on the licensee, through the regulation or the operation license, what legal sanctions can be applied?","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125735838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Founded in 2000, Droit a L'energie SOS Futur (Right to Energy SOS Future) is an international nongovernmental organisation that has its head office in France. It is in special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC). Its active members are legal personalities: 180 organisations (NGOs, national and international union organisations) from 60 countries distributed among four continents and representing close to 35 million members. Our objectives are: to assemble all those wishing to act for the recognition of the right to energy as a basic human right, for the sharing of energy resources, and for the protection of the global environment, to mobilise around extreme situations of energy destitution in the world, to initiate specific and constructive proposals in partnership with major international institutions, governments, and the key actors of global civil society.
Droit a L'energie SOS Future (SOS未来能源权)成立于2000年，是一家总部设在法国的国际非政府组织。它在联合国经济及社会理事会(经社理事会)具有特别咨商地位。它的活跃成员是法人:来自四大洲60个国家的180个组织(非政府组织、国家和国际工会组织)，代表着近3500万会员。我们的目标是:将所有希望采取行动的人聚集在一起，承认能源权是一项基本人权，为了共享能源资源，为了保护全球环境，在世界能源匮乏的极端情况下动员起来，与主要国际机构、政府和全球公民社会的主要行动者合作，提出具体和建设性的建议。
{"title":"2nd World Forum on the Right to Energy Marrakech, 19–21 June 2004","authors":"Michel Clerc","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2005.008365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2005.008365","url":null,"abstract":"Founded in 2000, Droit a L'energie SOS Futur (Right to Energy SOS Future) is an international nongovernmental organisation that has its head office in France. It is in special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC). Its active members are legal personalities: 180 organisations (NGOs, national and international union organisations) from 60 countries distributed among four continents and representing close to 35 million members. Our objectives are: to assemble all those wishing to act for the recognition of the right to energy as a basic human right, for the sharing of energy resources, and for the protection of the global environment, to mobilise around extreme situations of energy destitution in the world, to initiate specific and constructive proposals in partnership with major international institutions, governments, and the key actors of global civil society.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116464007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of nuclear weapons and in particular the risk of them falling into the hands of non-state actors has become one of the major concerns of the international community. In response to this fear, nuclear weapon non-proliferation regimes have become over time more and more elaborate and complex. This paper, on the one hand, tries to sum up the different stages of the elaboration of an International Nuclear Export Control Regime from the initial national approach to the adoption of international formal and informal instruments. On the other hand, it attempts to demonstrate how these regimes slowly came to involve the exporters' responsibility in the fight against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
{"title":"The evolution of nuclear export control regimes: from export control list to catch-all clause","authors":"Quentin Michel","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2005.008366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2005.008366","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of nuclear weapons and in particular the risk of them falling into the hands of non-state actors has become one of the major concerns of the international community. In response to this fear, nuclear weapon non-proliferation regimes have become over time more and more elaborate and complex. This paper, on the one hand, tries to sum up the different stages of the elaboration of an International Nuclear Export Control Regime from the initial national approach to the adoption of international formal and informal instruments. On the other hand, it attempts to demonstrate how these regimes slowly came to involve the exporters' responsibility in the fight against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125278045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radioisotopes applications in industry: an overview","authors":"M. Dahhan","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2009.027866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2009.027866","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"391 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129978399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several recent astonishing events at nuclear plants are recalled in this paper. These events are of the type of ‘possible but not credible’ events. The Fukushima tsunami (2011) is the most recent and catastrophic one. A discussion is made on the present (very conservative) safety philosophy and on the reasons why, notwithstanding it, catastrophe (uncontained core melts) may happen at nuclear plants. The importance of ‘chance’ besides ‘probability’ is described. Possible future events of this kind are briefly discussed. Very exceptional preventive plant provisions for existing installations are described as examples of extreme remedial actions. A need for a change of ‘mindset’ in the nuclear industry is illustrated. An example of a possible economic solution to the problem of cost is also mentioned.
{"title":"Common sense considerations on nuclear safety today","authors":"G. Petrangeli","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2013.058571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2013.058571","url":null,"abstract":"Several recent astonishing events at nuclear plants are recalled in this paper. These events are of the type of ‘possible but not credible’ events. The Fukushima tsunami (2011) is the most recent and catastrophic one. A discussion is made on the present (very conservative) safety philosophy and on the reasons why, notwithstanding it, catastrophe (uncontained core melts) may happen at nuclear plants. The importance of ‘chance’ besides ‘probability’ is described. Possible future events of this kind are briefly discussed. Very exceptional preventive plant provisions for existing installations are described as examples of extreme remedial actions. A need for a change of ‘mindset’ in the nuclear industry is illustrated. An example of a possible economic solution to the problem of cost is also mentioned.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134185383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) represents workers, many who work in the utility and power generation industries. The IBEW has been and continues to be a vocal supporter of the expansion of nuclear power generation in the USA. Five years ago, there was a general expectation that nuclear capacity would expand greatly. It did not, and in part the absence of more new nuclear construction is the natural outcome of a misguided energy market regulation system. We close with a set of priorities for rebuilding the energy regulatory scheme that would benefit our members and ratepayers and would, at the same time, lead to and require an expansion of nuclear power. The article describes the state of nuclear power in the USA today, the IBEW’s role in the utility industry and nuclear power generation; the IBEW’s priorities for the US energy market and why those priorities lead the IBEW to call for the expansion of nuclear power in the USA.
{"title":"Why the IBEW supports expanding nuclear power generation in the USA","authors":"W. Riley","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2013.058575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2013.058575","url":null,"abstract":"The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) represents workers, many who work in the utility and power generation industries. The IBEW has been and continues to be a vocal supporter of the expansion of nuclear power generation in the USA. Five years ago, there was a general expectation that nuclear capacity would expand greatly. It did not, and in part the absence of more new nuclear construction is the natural outcome of a misguided energy market regulation system. We close with a set of priorities for rebuilding the energy regulatory scheme that would benefit our members and ratepayers and would, at the same time, lead to and require an expansion of nuclear power. The article describes the state of nuclear power in the USA today, the IBEW’s role in the utility industry and nuclear power generation; the IBEW’s priorities for the US energy market and why those priorities lead the IBEW to call for the expansion of nuclear power in the USA.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122549554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safety of nuclear power plants became a primary concern after the Fukushima accident. Public perception and attitude towards nuclear power has been considered an important factor that can influence the future development of nuclear energy. However, there are few empirical researches studying those issues. To explore those issues, this paper uses data collected from sets of interviews with college students in South Korea. The findings indicate that, among different views, there is one relatively ‘popular’ view about nuclear energy: useful and dangerous. The Fukushima accident increased people’s suspicions about the safety of nuclear energy and influenced people’s emotions and behaviours towards nuclear power plants. Furthermore, the findings suggest that nationalism and pragmatic culture, and regional context must be considered in order to understand people’s attitude and behaviours. Implications of the research findings and suggestions for further research are also discussed.
{"title":"Public perception and attitude of the young generation towards nuclear energy and its safety in South Korea","authors":"Xuelin Liu","doi":"10.1504/AFP.2013.058570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2013.058570","url":null,"abstract":"Safety of nuclear power plants became a primary concern after the Fukushima accident. Public perception and attitude towards nuclear power has been considered an important factor that can influence the future development of nuclear energy. However, there are few empirical researches studying those issues. To explore those issues, this paper uses data collected from sets of interviews with college students in South Korea. The findings indicate that, among different views, there is one relatively ‘popular’ view about nuclear energy: useful and dangerous. The Fukushima accident increased people’s suspicions about the safety of nuclear energy and influenced people’s emotions and behaviours towards nuclear power plants. Furthermore, the findings suggest that nationalism and pragmatic culture, and regional context must be considered in order to understand people’s attitude and behaviours. Implications of the research findings and suggestions for further research are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":130250,"journal":{"name":"Atoms for Peace: An International Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126948157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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