Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3462417
Min Shao;Yang Yu;Hong Gao;Yang Song;Xueguang Qiao
A reflective high-sensitive humidity sensor based on a brief no-core fiber (NCF) sandwiched between a single mode fiber (SMF) and a short section of seven-core fiber (SCF) is experimentally demonstrated. The NCF is employed as a coupler to excite and couple the core fundamental mode and the high-order modes in SCF. The reflection spectrum of the multimodal interference is strongly integrated with the surrounding ambient humidity. An enhanced humidity sensitivity of -0.639 dB/%RH over the humidity range of 25-76 %RH is achieved. The sensor is experimentally investigated for two applications: human breathing and soil moisture. The response/recovery time for human breathing is 0.82 s/0.86 s. And a high sensitivity of −0.439 dB/%RH is obtained in the soil moisture range of 36-74.9 %RH. Therefore, the proposed sensor is proved to be an excellent humidity sensor candidate for compact size, high sensitivity, ease of fabrication, low-cost intensity detection and all-fiber configuration.
{"title":"Reflective High-Sensitivity Humidity Sensor Based on Single Mode-No Core-Seven Core Fiber Structure","authors":"Min Shao;Yang Yu;Hong Gao;Yang Song;Xueguang Qiao","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3462417","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3462417","url":null,"abstract":"A reflective high-sensitive humidity sensor based on a brief no-core fiber (NCF) sandwiched between a single mode fiber (SMF) and a short section of seven-core fiber (SCF) is experimentally demonstrated. The NCF is employed as a coupler to excite and couple the core fundamental mode and the high-order modes in SCF. The reflection spectrum of the multimodal interference is strongly integrated with the surrounding ambient humidity. An enhanced humidity sensitivity of -0.639 dB/%RH over the humidity range of 25-76 %RH is achieved. The sensor is experimentally investigated for two applications: human breathing and soil moisture. The response/recovery time for human breathing is 0.82 s/0.86 s. And a high sensitivity of −0.439 dB/%RH is obtained in the soil moisture range of 36-74.9 %RH. Therefore, the proposed sensor is proved to be an excellent humidity sensor candidate for compact size, high sensitivity, ease of fabrication, low-cost intensity detection and all-fiber configuration.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 21","pages":"1273-1276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3461752
Xing Liu;Chengju Hu;Yi Cai;Jian Zhao
We propose a novel exponential memory polynomial decision-feedback equalizer (EMP-DFE) for nonlinear compensation in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) systems. Different structures of EMP are investigated and the proposed one achieves the best performance by including both self- and cross-beating terms of all nonlinear orders while balancing the complexity. Experiments of a 96-112Gbit/s PAM-4 system over 10-30km single-mode fiber show that the proposed EMP-DFE outperforms diagonally-pruned Volterra DFE, diagonally-pruned absolute-term Volterra DFE and trigonometric memory polynomial DFE in terms of both ultimate performance and the performance at the same complexity.
{"title":"Exponential-Memory-Polynomial-Based Nonlinear Equalizer for C-Band IM/DD Systems","authors":"Xing Liu;Chengju Hu;Yi Cai;Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3461752","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3461752","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel exponential memory polynomial decision-feedback equalizer (EMP-DFE) for nonlinear compensation in intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) systems. Different structures of EMP are investigated and the proposed one achieves the best performance by including both self- and cross-beating terms of all nonlinear orders while balancing the complexity. Experiments of a 96-112Gbit/s PAM-4 system over 10-30km single-mode fiber show that the proposed EMP-DFE outperforms diagonally-pruned Volterra DFE, diagonally-pruned absolute-term Volterra DFE and trigonometric memory polynomial DFE in terms of both ultimate performance and the performance at the same complexity.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 21","pages":"1261-1264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
External cavity enhancing nonlinearity provides a powerful architecture for new lasing spectrum generations. However, its realizations are traditionally sophisticated with locking circuits required, limiting its wide applications. In this letter, we break this limit by devising the first optical locking MOPA laser, with seed source of a MOPA fiber laser self-injection locking to a high-quality (Q) nonlinear fiber resonator (NFR). The self-injection locking MOPA laser reaches a spectral linewidth of 3.9kHz at its maximum output power of 4.78W, which is $sim 5.5times 10 ^{mathbf {2}}$ linewidth reduced from the free running state. An up to 50-nm bandwidth of four wave mixing (FWM) spectrum is generated from the NFR, at 4.78-W output power of the self-injection locking MOPA laser. Such locking regime is environmentally stable, owing to the frequency pulling effect of the locked seed source to the NFR. This work paves an all optical locking scheme for high power external cavity enhancing optical systems, which will benefits nonlinear spectrum generations in a more simple, high efficiency and high linewidth performance way.
{"title":"A Self-Injection Locking MOPA Laser for High Power External Cavity Enhancing Optics","authors":"Liyun Hao;Shun Li;Yuanyuan Li;Jianguo Zhao;Zhenda Xie;Jianhua Chang","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3460378","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3460378","url":null,"abstract":"External cavity enhancing nonlinearity provides a powerful architecture for new lasing spectrum generations. However, its realizations are traditionally sophisticated with locking circuits required, limiting its wide applications. In this letter, we break this limit by devising the first optical locking MOPA laser, with seed source of a MOPA fiber laser self-injection locking to a high-quality (Q) nonlinear fiber resonator (NFR). The self-injection locking MOPA laser reaches a spectral linewidth of 3.9kHz at its maximum output power of 4.78W, which is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 5.5times 10 ^{mathbf {2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 linewidth reduced from the free running state. An up to 50-nm bandwidth of four wave mixing (FWM) spectrum is generated from the NFR, at 4.78-W output power of the self-injection locking MOPA laser. Such locking regime is environmentally stable, owing to the frequency pulling effect of the locked seed source to the NFR. This work paves an all optical locking scheme for high power external cavity enhancing optical systems, which will benefits nonlinear spectrum generations in a more simple, high efficiency and high linewidth performance way.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 21","pages":"1253-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detectors are able to open the low-frequency window from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz, which the ground-based GW detectors can not access. Arm locking is a technique, with which the laser frequency can be stabilized to the intersatellite arm length, to further reduce the risk of time delay interferometry (TDI). Clock noise is one of the main sources limiting the ultimate performance of arm locking. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate arm locking with a transfer oscillator, by using an electrical delay unit. We develop a low-noise transfer oscillator based on the laser frequency comb, which can coherently generate a clock signal traceable to the stabilized laser. The transfer noise can achieve $4.2times 10~^{{-8}}$ Hz/Hz $^{{1/2}}$ at 0.7 mHz, and $2.7times 10~^{ {-7}}$ Hz/Hz $^{ {1/2}}$ at 0.1 Hz. We examine the performances of single-arm locking and modification of dual-arm locking. The experimental results show that, with the help of the transfer oscillator, the noise performance of arm locking can be improved, since the clock noise has been removed. Moreover, we carry out TDI after the implementation of arm locking, and the noise performance can well meet the requirement of GW detection. Our work could provide a valuable method for the frequency-comb based arm locking and TDI in the future space-borne GW detections.
{"title":"Arm Locking Using a Transfer Oscillator","authors":"Mingyang Xu;Jun Ke;Jie Luo;Hanzhong Wu;Chenggang Shao","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457549","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457549","url":null,"abstract":"Space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detectors are able to open the low-frequency window from 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz, which the ground-based GW detectors can not access. Arm locking is a technique, with which the laser frequency can be stabilized to the intersatellite arm length, to further reduce the risk of time delay interferometry (TDI). Clock noise is one of the main sources limiting the ultimate performance of arm locking. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate arm locking with a transfer oscillator, by using an electrical delay unit. We develop a low-noise transfer oscillator based on the laser frequency comb, which can coherently generate a clock signal traceable to the stabilized laser. The transfer noise can achieve \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4.2times 10~^{{-8}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 Hz/Hz\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{{1/2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 0.7 mHz, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.7times 10~^{ {-7}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 Hz/Hz\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{ {1/2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 0.1 Hz. We examine the performances of single-arm locking and modification of dual-arm locking. The experimental results show that, with the help of the transfer oscillator, the noise performance of arm locking can be improved, since the clock noise has been removed. Moreover, we carry out TDI after the implementation of arm locking, and the noise performance can well meet the requirement of GW detection. Our work could provide a valuable method for the frequency-comb based arm locking and TDI in the future space-borne GW detections.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 20","pages":"1225-1228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) is a promising scheme for underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) due to its high power efficiency and flexibility. In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an intelligent index recognition scheme for OFDM-IM in UOWC systems. Considering the unique activation patterns of OFDM-IM with different numbers of activated subcarriers within each subblock, the signal histograms in the frequency domain are adopted as the features for recognition. Moreover, various machine learning or deep learning algorithms are further utilized as the tools to perform intelligent index recognition based on the distinctive frequency-domain histograms. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed intelligent index recognition scheme for OFDM-IM in UOWC systems. In addition, the impact of the number of bins and the number of symbols on the performance of index recognition is also studied.
{"title":"Intelligent Index Recognition for OFDM With Index Modulation in Underwater OWC Systems","authors":"Xinyue Zhang;Zhihong Zeng;Pengfei Du;Bangjiang Lin;Chen Chen","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3458444","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3458444","url":null,"abstract":"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) is a promising scheme for underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) due to its high power efficiency and flexibility. In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an intelligent index recognition scheme for OFDM-IM in UOWC systems. Considering the unique activation patterns of OFDM-IM with different numbers of activated subcarriers within each subblock, the signal histograms in the frequency domain are adopted as the features for recognition. Moreover, various machine learning or deep learning algorithms are further utilized as the tools to perform intelligent index recognition based on the distinctive frequency-domain histograms. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed intelligent index recognition scheme for OFDM-IM in UOWC systems. In addition, the impact of the number of bins and the number of symbols on the performance of index recognition is also studied.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 20","pages":"1249-1252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A passive optical network (PON) based on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) meets low latency and high capacity. In the NOMA-PON, the asynchronous clocks between the strong and weak optical network units (ONUs) cause the timing error and phase noise on the signal of the weak ONU. The theoretical derivation shows that the timing error and phase noise can be independently compensated. In this Letter, we propose a timing recovery (TR) algorithm based on an absolute timing error detector (Abs TED) and a pilot-based carrier phase recovery (CPR) to eliminate the timing error and phase noise separately. An experiment for 25G NOMA-PON is set up to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithms. The weak ONU can achieve the 20% soft-decision forward error correction limit after compensating for timing error and phase noise. In conclusion, the proposed TR and the pilot-based CPR show great potential for the NOMA-PON.
{"title":"Timing Recovery for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access With Asynchronous Clocks","authors":"Qingxin Lu;Haide Wang;Wenxuan Mo;Ji Zhou;Weiping Liu;Changyuan Yu","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457870","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457870","url":null,"abstract":"A passive optical network (PON) based on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) meets low latency and high capacity. In the NOMA-PON, the asynchronous clocks between the strong and weak optical network units (ONUs) cause the timing error and phase noise on the signal of the weak ONU. The theoretical derivation shows that the timing error and phase noise can be independently compensated. In this Letter, we propose a timing recovery (TR) algorithm based on an absolute timing error detector (Abs TED) and a pilot-based carrier phase recovery (CPR) to eliminate the timing error and phase noise separately. An experiment for 25G NOMA-PON is set up to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithms. The weak ONU can achieve the 20% soft-decision forward error correction limit after compensating for timing error and phase noise. In conclusion, the proposed TR and the pilot-based CPR show great potential for the NOMA-PON.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 20","pages":"1245-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Powerful and compact coherent mid-infrared radiation source is crucial for a vast number of applications. A widely tunable 3- $15~mu $ m optical parametric amplifier with BaGa2GeSe6 crystal pumped by a picosecond mode-locked 1064 nm laser was demonstrated for the first time. Type-I produced a maximum energy of $377~mu $ J at $5.2~mu $ m, while type-II achieved a maximum energy of $294~mu $ J at $6.7~mu $ m under the incident pump energy of 11.8 mJ, corresponding to the pump-to-idler energy efficiency of 3.2% and 2.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding phase-matching angles for 3– $15~mu $ m were measured experimentally. Moreover, the conversion efficiency, typical pulse temporal shapes and beam spatial profiles of idler were calculated based on a BaGa2GeSe6-OPA numerical model. The results indicate the potential of BaGa2GeSe6 pumped at 1064 nm for realizing high-efficiency and high-energy mid-infrared laser radiation.
{"title":"Widely Tunable BaGa2GeSe6 Optical Parametric Amplifier Pumped by a Mode-Locked Nd: YAG Laser","authors":"Jingjing Zhang;Feng Yang;Wenlong Li;Hongwei Gao;Yong Bo;Qinjun Peng","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457910","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457910","url":null,"abstract":"Powerful and compact coherent mid-infrared radiation source is crucial for a vast number of applications. A widely tunable 3-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$15~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m optical parametric amplifier with BaGa2GeSe6 crystal pumped by a picosecond mode-locked 1064 nm laser was demonstrated for the first time. Type-I produced a maximum energy of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$377~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000J at \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.2~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, while type-II achieved a maximum energy of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$294~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000J at \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.7~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m under the incident pump energy of 11.8 mJ, corresponding to the pump-to-idler energy efficiency of 3.2% and 2.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding phase-matching angles for 3–\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$15~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m were measured experimentally. Moreover, the conversion efficiency, typical pulse temporal shapes and beam spatial profiles of idler were calculated based on a BaGa2GeSe6-OPA numerical model. The results indicate the potential of BaGa2GeSe6 pumped at 1064 nm for realizing high-efficiency and high-energy mid-infrared laser radiation.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 20","pages":"1229-1232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3457167
Xiaojun Zhang;Xinpeng Shen;Feng Wang;Yonggui Yuan
Based on the principle of white-light interference, the polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) coaxial alignment device can realize the continuous and controllable generation of the polarization extinction ratio (PER) value by establishing the quantitative traceability relationship between PER value and PMF coaxial rotating angle $theta $ . The single-point PMF coaxial alignment rotation can generate a PER value of 0 dB ~ 80 dB. The PER value generated by the two-point superposition method can be doubled in theory. Arbitrary PER value calibration in the range of 0 dB ~ 100 dB is implemented by basing on machine vision to assist in aligning PMF to reduce the influence of the coupling point position error. The experimental result shows that the PMF coaxial alignment device with two-point superposition can generate any PER value from 0 dB ~ 100 dB through the auxiliary alignment by the Extremal Variances Sum Method of linear detection.
基于白光干涉原理，偏振维持光纤（PMF）同轴对准装置通过建立偏振消光比（PER）值与PMF同轴旋转角度$theta $之间的定量溯源关系，可实现偏振消光比（PER）值的连续可控生成。 单点PMF同轴对准旋转可生成0 dB ~ 80 dB的PER值。两点叠加法产生的 PER 值理论上可以翻倍。基于机器视觉实现了 0 dB ~ 100 dB 范围内的任意 PER 值校准，以辅助对准 PMF，减少耦合点位置误差的影响。实验结果表明，采用两点叠加法的 PMF 同轴对准装置可通过线性检测的极差求和法辅助对准，生成 0 dB ~ 100 dB 范围内的任意 PER 值。
{"title":"Traceable Measurement of High Polarization Extinction Ratio Based on Machine Vision","authors":"Xiaojun Zhang;Xinpeng Shen;Feng Wang;Yonggui Yuan","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457167","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457167","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the principle of white-light interference, the polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) coaxial alignment device can realize the continuous and controllable generation of the polarization extinction ratio (PER) value by establishing the quantitative traceability relationship between PER value and PMF coaxial rotating angle \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The single-point PMF coaxial alignment rotation can generate a PER value of 0 dB ~ 80 dB. The PER value generated by the two-point superposition method can be doubled in theory. Arbitrary PER value calibration in the range of 0 dB ~ 100 dB is implemented by basing on machine vision to assist in aligning PMF to reduce the influence of the coupling point position error. The experimental result shows that the PMF coaxial alignment device with two-point superposition can generate any PER value from 0 dB ~ 100 dB through the auxiliary alignment by the Extremal Variances Sum Method of linear detection.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 22","pages":"1301-1304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel structure of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated in a commercial $boldsymbol {180}$ nm high-voltage (HV) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is presented. Device performance in terms of dark count rate (DCR) and photon detection probability (PDP) is compared to a previously published design fabricated as a reference on the same die. We find that the new structure exhibits a DCR of $boldsymbol {0.11}$ Hz/ $boldsymbol {mu }$ m $boldsymbol {^{2}}$ at an excess voltage of $boldsymbol {5}$ V, which is among the lowest ever reported in a foundry CMOS process, and more than $boldsymbol {3}$ times lower with respect to the reference device. Moreover, the new structure shows a PDP/DCR ratio higher by up to a factor of $boldsymbol {4.2}$ compared to the reference device. The reasons underlying the differences in DCR and PDP between the two structures are explained using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. The novel device is demonstrated as promising for the design of low-cost SPAD array imagers, particularly in low-noise applications.
{"title":"Ultra-Low Dark Count Rate SPAD Fully Integrated in a 180 nm High-Voltage CMOS Process","authors":"Borna Požar;Ivan Berdalović;Tihomir Knežević;Tomislav Suligoj","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457009","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457009","url":null,"abstract":"A novel structure of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated in a commercial \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {180}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 nm high-voltage (HV) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is presented. Device performance in terms of dark count rate (DCR) and photon detection probability (PDP) is compared to a previously published design fabricated as a reference on the same die. We find that the new structure exhibits a DCR of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {0.11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 Hz/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {^{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at an excess voltage of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 V, which is among the lowest ever reported in a foundry CMOS process, and more than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 times lower with respect to the reference device. Moreover, the new structure shows a PDP/DCR ratio higher by up to a factor of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$boldsymbol {4.2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 compared to the reference device. The reasons underlying the differences in DCR and PDP between the two structures are explained using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. The novel device is demonstrated as promising for the design of low-cost SPAD array imagers, particularly in low-noise applications.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 20","pages":"1241-1244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/LPT.2024.3457492
Ruoqi Wang;Wenrui Wang;Jun Hu;Biying Zhou;Xueqian Bai;Lingyun Ye;Kaichen Song
A highly sensitive method utilizing coarse frequency sampling and Vernier effect for optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. To generate the Vernier effect, the frequency sampling interval is set close to the free spectral range of the OEO. Cubic spline fitting and power normalization were applied to obtain smooth sampling curve. The peak frequency of the fitted curve was chosen to measure the spectral shift. In the temperature test experiment, a controllable sensitivity was achieved by changing the sampling interval. The sensitivity of 222.84kHz $/^{circ }$ C was obtained, which was 127.26 times higher than that of traditional single-loop OEO. Our method requires no modifications to the sensing circuit. Furthermore, it can be used in other OEO-based sensors, indicating promising application prospects.
{"title":"Highly Sensitive Optoelectronic Oscillator-Based FBG Sensor via Coarse Sampling and Vernier Effect","authors":"Ruoqi Wang;Wenrui Wang;Jun Hu;Biying Zhou;Xueqian Bai;Lingyun Ye;Kaichen Song","doi":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457492","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LPT.2024.3457492","url":null,"abstract":"A highly sensitive method utilizing coarse frequency sampling and Vernier effect for optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. To generate the Vernier effect, the frequency sampling interval is set close to the free spectral range of the OEO. Cubic spline fitting and power normalization were applied to obtain smooth sampling curve. The peak frequency of the fitted curve was chosen to measure the spectral shift. In the temperature test experiment, a controllable sensitivity was achieved by changing the sampling interval. The sensitivity of 222.84kHz\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$/^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C was obtained, which was 127.26 times higher than that of traditional single-loop OEO. Our method requires no modifications to the sensing circuit. Furthermore, it can be used in other OEO-based sensors, indicating promising application prospects.","PeriodicalId":13065,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Photonics Technology Letters","volume":"36 21","pages":"1265-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142200578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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