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Emulsions of cellulose oxalate from Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark and dissolving pulp 挪威云杉(Picea abies)树皮草酸纤维素乳液和溶解浆
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0191
Isabella Kwan, B. Rietzler, M. Ek
Abstract Tree bark is normally a side-stream product but by an integrated bark biorefinery approach, valuable compounds may be recovered and used to replace fossil-based products. Norway spruce bark was extracted to obtain cellulose, which was chemically treated to produce cellulose oxalate (COX) which was homogenized to yield nanocellulose. The nanocellulose was used to produce Pickering emulsions with almond oil and hexadecane as organic phases. COX from dissolving pulp was used to study the effect of various raw materials on the emulsifying properties. The COX samples of bark and dissolving pulp contained a significant amount of hemicelluloses, which affected the viscosity results. The emulsion properties were affected by the organic phases and the aspect ratio. Emulsions using hexadecane were more stable than the emulsions using almond oil. Since the aspect ratio of bark was lower than that of the dissolving pulp, the emulsifying properties of the COX dissolving pulp was better. It has been shown that nanocellulose from cellulose oxalate of both spruce bark and dissolving pulp is a promising substitute for petroleum-based emulsifiers and surfactants. By utilizing bark, value-added products can be produced which may be economically beneficial for various industries in the future and their aim for climate-neutral products.
摘要树皮通常是一种支流产品,但通过综合树皮生物精炼方法,可以回收有价值的化合物并用于取代化石产品。提取挪威云杉树皮以获得纤维素,对其进行化学处理以产生草酸纤维素(COX),将其均质化以产生纳米纤维素。用纳米纤维素制备了以杏仁油和十六烷为有机相的Pickering乳液。利用溶解浆中的COX研究了不同原料对其乳化性能的影响。树皮和溶解浆的COX样品含有大量的半纤维素,这影响了粘度结果。乳液的性能受有机相和长径比的影响。使用十六烷的乳液比使用杏仁油的乳液更稳定。由于树皮的长径比低于溶解浆,COX溶解浆的乳化性能较好。研究表明,从云杉皮和溶解浆的草酸纤维素中提取的纳米纤维素是一种很有前途的石油乳化剂和表面活性剂的替代品。通过利用树皮,可以生产增值产品,这可能对未来的各个行业及其气候中性产品的目标具有经济效益。
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引用次数: 1
Vanillin/silica microencapsulation for wood preservation 香兰素/二氧化硅微胶囊用于木材防腐
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0187
Li Yan, Zeyao Yan, Jiang Chen, Zhang-jing Chen, Yafang Lei
Abstract Vanillin is an antifungal and environmentally friendly compound. In this study, vanillin and silica microcapsules (VSM) were microencapsulated using the sol-gel method and then impregnated into wood. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphological structure and distribution of VSM in wood. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the intermolecular interactions between VSM and wood. The antifungal performance of the VSM-treated wood was evaluated. The study revealed that VSM had good sustained-release performance and decay resistance. Mass losses of VSM-treated wood after leaching and exposure to Trametes versicolor (L.) Quel. and Gloephyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill decreased from mass losses of 20.8 % and 15.9 % of the control group to 9.2 % and 6.4 %, respectively. VSM treatment disrupted the mycelium of T. versicolor and G. trabeum, inhibited their respiratory metabolism, and the ligninase-laccase enzyme activity of T. versicolor. Meanwhile, MOR and MOE of VSM-treated wood were 96.7 MPa and 12.3 GPa which were 28.8 % and 11.5 % higher than the control group, respectively.
摘要香兰素是一种抗真菌、环境友好的化合物。本研究采用溶胶-凝胶法将香兰素和二氧化硅微胶囊(VSM)微胶囊化,然后浸渍到木材中。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱X射线分析(EDXA)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对木材中VSM的形态结构和分布进行了表征。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了VSM与木材的分子间相互作用。对VSM处理木材的抗真菌性能进行了评价。研究表明,VSM具有良好的缓释性能和耐腐性。VSM处理的木材在浸出和暴露于云芝后的质量损失。和Gloephyllum trabeum(Pers.)Murrill从20.8的质量损失减少 % 和15.9 % 对照组的9.2 % 和6.4 %, 分别地VSM处理破坏了云芝和trabeum的菌丝体,抑制了它们的呼吸代谢,并抑制了云芝的木质素酶-漆酶活性。同时,VSM处理木材的MOR和MOE分别为96.7 MPa和12.3 GPa为28.8 % 和11.5 % 高于对照组。
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引用次数: 0
Water-vapour sorption of welded bond-line of European beech and Scots pine 欧洲山毛榉和苏格兰松焊接结合线的水蒸气吸附
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0012
M. Vaziri, Christopher H. Dreimol, Lars Abrahamsson, P. Niemz, D. Sandberg
Abstract The wood–water interactions of welded bond-lines of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were in this paper studied for the first time with dynamic vapour sorption equipment. The aim of this study was to characterize the water sorption in the welded bond-line and to define to which extent it deviates from water sorption of the unwelded wood. The objective was to provide deepened knowledge about water sorption of the welded bond-line, which could be used to improve the moisture resistance of welded wood in the future. The welded wood generally had lower equilibrium moisture contents than the unwelded wood. The welded bond-lines of beech and pine showed greater hysteresis than the unwelded wood from 0 to 55 % relative humidity. All specimens showed faster adsorption than desorption. However, the welded wood showed slower adsorption but faster desorption than unwelded wood. The time to complete half of the fractional change in moisture content (E(t) = 0.5) increased as the moisture content increased. The adsorption diffusion coefficients of beech and welded beech were higher than those of pine and welded pine up to 50 % and 40 % RH, respectively. In desorption, pine had a higher diffusion coefficient than beech in the whole range of 85–0 % RH. Analogously, welded pine had a higher diffusion coefficient than welded beech in the range of 85–5 % RH. In contrast to the desorption, the welded wood always had lower adsorption diffusion coefficients than the corresponding unwelded wood. The diffusion coefficients showed irregular patterns in some ranges of the RH. Therefore, it was hard to make a clear conclusion about the water-sorption behaviour of the specimens based on the defined diffusion coefficients.
摘要本文首次用动态蒸汽吸附设备研究了欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)和苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)焊接结合线的木-水相互作用。本研究的目的是表征焊接结合线中的吸水性,并确定其与未焊接木材的吸水性的偏离程度。目的是加深对焊接结合线吸水性的了解,这可用于提高未来焊接木材的防潮性。焊接木材通常具有比未焊接木材更低的平衡水分含量。从0到55,山毛榉和松木的焊接结合线比未焊接的木材表现出更大的滞后性 % 相对湿度。所有样品都表现出比解吸更快的吸附。然而,与未焊接木材相比,焊接木材表现出较慢的吸附但较快的解吸。完成水分含量分数变化的一半的时间(E(t)=0.5)随着水分含量的增加而增加。山毛榉和杉木的吸附扩散系数比松木和杉木高达50 % 和40 % RH。在解吸过程中,松树的扩散系数在85–0的整个范围内都高于山毛榉 % RH。类似地,在85–5的范围内,焊接松木的扩散系数高于焊接山毛榉 % RH。与解吸相反,焊接木材的吸附扩散系数总是低于相应的未焊接木材。扩散系数在相对湿度的某些范围内表现出不规则的模式。因此,很难根据定义的扩散系数对试样的吸水行为做出明确的结论。
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引用次数: 1
3D wood-based evaporator for highly efficient solar steam generation 用于高效太阳能蒸汽生成的3D木质蒸发器
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0185
Meihua Xie, Ping Zhang, Yangbing Jin, Zhe Wang, C. Jin
Abstract Interfacial solar-driven steam generation is one of the most promising techniques used to produce clean water. However, achieving rapid water evaporation using solar steam generation devices is challenging because of their two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and confined evaporation areas. The three-dimensional (3D) structural design of evaporation devices improves water evaporation rates, thereby enhancing solar-driven steam generation. This study developed a 3D wood-based evaporator through 3D structure shaping and the flexible treatment of wood that involved coating photothermal materials with tannic acid. Because of the ampliative evaporation area and outstanding absorption, the water evaporation rate of the prepared 3D wood-based evaporator was as high as 2.5 kg m−2 h−1, and the efficiency of energy transformation was up to 101 % under simulated 1-sun irradiation; the evaporation rate and efficiency of energy transformation were considerably higher than those of 2D planar wood evaporators. Furthermore, the effective seawater desalination performance and good durability of the 3D wood-based evaporator were demonstrated. This study provides different insights into the fabrication of high-efficiency wood-based solar steam generators with high prospects for application in seawater desalination.
摘要界面太阳能蒸汽发电是生产清洁水最有前景的技术之一。然而,由于其二维(2D)平面结构和有限的蒸发面积,使用太阳能蒸汽产生装置实现快速水蒸发是具有挑战性的。蒸发装置的三维(3D)结构设计提高了水的蒸发率,从而增强了太阳能驱动的蒸汽生成。本研究通过3D结构成型和木材的柔性处理,包括用单宁酸涂覆光热材料,开发了一种3D木质蒸发器。由于蒸发面积大、吸收能力强,所制备的三维木质蒸发器的水分蒸发率高达2.5 公斤 m−2 h−1,能量转换效率高达101 % 在模拟1太阳照射下;蒸发速率和能量转换效率显著高于2D平面木材蒸发器。此外,还证明了三维木质蒸发器的有效海水淡化性能和良好的耐用性。这项研究为高效木质太阳能蒸汽发生器的制造提供了不同的见解,在海水淡化中具有很高的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Wood color modification with iron salts aqueous solutions: effect on wood grain contrast and surface roughness. 铁盐水溶液对木色的改性:对木纹对比度和表面粗糙度的影响。
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0189
Roberta Dagher, Tatjana Stevanovic, Véronic Landry

Wood is a biosourced material with unique aesthetic features due to its anatomy and chemical composition. White oak wood surface color can be modified with the use of iron salts, which react with wood phenolic extractives, present as free molecules in wood porous structure. The impact of modifying wood surface color with iron salts on the final appearance of wood, including its color, grain contrast and surface roughness, was evaluated in this study. Results showed that following the application of iron (III) sulphate aqueous solutions on white oak wood surface, its roughness increased, which is due to grain raising after wetting of wood surface. The color modification of wood surface with iron (III) sulphate aqueous solutions was compared with a non-reactive water based blue stain. The contrast associated to wood grain that was expressed by the standard deviation of luminance values in wood images, also increased after application of the iron (III) sulphate aqueous solution on white oak wood surface. The comparison of contrast changes showed that wood samples stained with iron (III) sulphate on their curved surface had the highest increase in grain contrast compared to iron-stained wood showing the straight grain and to wood surfaces colored by a non-reactive water-based stain for both curved and straight grains.

木材是一种生物材料,由于其解剖结构和化学成分而具有独特的美学特征。使用铁盐可以改变白橡木的表面颜色,铁盐与木材酚类提取物反应,在木材多孔结构中以自由分子的形式存在。本研究评估了用铁盐修饰木材表面颜色对木材最终外观的影响,包括其颜色,颗粒对比度和表面粗糙度。结果表明:在白栎木材表面施用硫酸铁溶液后,木材表面粗糙度增大,这是由于木材表面湿润后产生的颗粒升高所致。比较了硫酸铁(III)水溶液对木材表面的着色效果和非活性水基蓝色染色剂的效果。在白栎木表面使用硫酸铁水溶液后,木材图像中亮度值的标准差所表示的木纹对比度也有所增加。对比变化的比较表明,与显示直纹的铁染色木材和显示弯曲和直纹的非活性水基染色木材表面相比,在其弯曲表面上染色硫酸铁(III)的木材样品具有最高的纹理对比度增加。
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引用次数: 0
Radial distribution of vascular bundle morphology in Chinese bamboos: machine learning methodology for rapid sampling and classification 中国竹子维管束形态的径向分布:快速采样和分类的机器学习方法
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0165
Jing Li, Haocheng Xu, Ying Zhang, Tuhua Zhong, Katherine Semple, V. Nasir, Hankun Wang, C. Dai
Abstract Variation in anatomical features of the culm wall namely the shape and size distributions of vascular bundles between different genera and species of bamboo is not well understood due to the cumbersome task of manual measurements. Using machine learning methodology, this work presents a universal vascular bundle detection model for rapid, reliable, and automatic characterization of vascular bundles in culm cross sections of 213 species across 23 genera of Chinese bamboos. The number of vascular bundles and the fiber sheath area have positive linear correlations with the outer circumference and the wall thickness, respectively. The distribution density of vascular bundles has a decay exponential correlation with the outer circumference and the wall thickness. The average fiber volume fraction was 35.2 % ± 7 % with relatively small variation between species. Bamboo species could be grouped into three categories based the endodermis to epidermis distribution pattern of radial and tangential length of vascular bundles, two categories of radial-to-tangential ratio and four categories of fiber sheath area distribution pattern. Implications on bamboo classification, structural and pulp/paper applications were discussed. The findings from this study provide groundwork for the establishment of a unified, authoritative and objective bamboo classification system based on the vascular tissue morphology.
摘要:由于人工测量的繁琐,不同属种竹子的茎壁解剖特征的变化,即维管束的形状和大小分布,尚未得到很好的了解。利用机器学习方法,提出了一种通用的维管束检测模型,用于快速、可靠和自动地表征中国23属213种竹子的茎横截面维管束。维管束数量和纤维鞘面积分别与外周长和壁厚呈线性正相关。维管束分布密度与外周长和管壁厚度呈衰减指数相关。平均纤维体积分数为35.2%±7%,种间差异较小。根据维管束径向长度和切向长度的内表皮分布模式可分为3类,径向与切向比例可分为2类,纤维鞘面积分布模式可分为4类。讨论了竹材分类、结构和制浆造纸应用的意义。本研究结果为建立统一、权威、客观的基于维管组织形态的竹分类体系奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 1
Role of monolignol glucosides in supramolecular assembly of cell wall components in ginkgo xylem formation 单素糖苷在银杏木质部形成过程中细胞壁组分超分子组装中的作用
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0163
N. Terashima, Y. Matsushita, Sachie Yagami, H. Nishimura, Masato Yoshida, K. Fukushima
Abstract The physical, chemical and biological properties of wood depend on the supramolecular assembly of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), hemicelluloses (HCs) and lignin in the growing cell walls. Based on the 13C-tracer studies of ginkgo xylem formation, a hypothetical scenario for the role of monolignol glucosides (MLGs) in the assembly is proposed as follows: (1) Both moieties, aglycone monolignols and glycone d-glucose (d-Glc), play essential roles in a cooperative manner in delivery of hydrophobic and highly reactive p-hydroxycinnamyl- (H), coniferyl- (G) alcohols to the hydrophilic site of lignin deposition. (2) The d-Glc liberated at lignification site is converted into essential HCs mainly via Golgi apparatus under the influence of diurnally changing turgor pressure, and partly converted in the apoplast. (3) At cell corner middle lamella, a pressure-resistant layer of HG-lignin-HCs-CMFs is formed, and allows expansion of new cells in cambium region by elevation of turgor pressure. The deformable G-lignin-HCs-CMFs layer at secondary wall shrinks by dehydration of the swollen gel of HCs-CMFs during differentiation, and contributes posture control of standing tree. On-demand quick supply of a large amount of monolignols and HCs can be achieved by the large storage and delivery of MLGs in the growing ginkgo xylem.
木材的物理、化学和生物学特性取决于生长细胞壁中纤维素微原纤维(CMFs)、半纤维素(hc)和木质素的超分子组装。基于银杏木质部形成的13c示踪研究,提出了单脂醇糖苷(MLGs)在木质素组装中的作用假设:(1)糖醛基单脂醇和糖醛基d-葡萄糖(d-Glc)这两个部分在将疏水和高活性的对羟基肉桂基- (H)、针叶树基- (G)醇传递到木质素沉积的亲水性位点中发挥重要作用。(2)木质化部位释放的d-Glc在日变化的膨胀压力影响下主要通过高尔基体转化为必需的hc,部分在外质体中转化。(3)在细胞角的中间片层,形成了一层hg -木质素- hc - cmfs耐压层,并通过膨胀压力的升高使形成层区域的新细胞膨胀。次级壁上可变形的g -木质素-HCs-CMFs层在分化过程中因HCs-CMFs肿胀凝胶脱水而收缩,对立木姿态控制起作用。在生长中的银杏木质部中,MLGs的大量储存和输送可以实现大量单素醇和hc的按需快速供应。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-frontmatter5
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引用次数: 0
Role of α-Fe2O3 nano-particles in protecting wood from ultraviolet light degradation α-Fe2O3纳米颗粒对木材抗紫外线降解的保护作用
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0001
Tengfei Yi, J. Morrell
Abstract The incorporation of nano-particles into coatings to protect wood against UV light has tremendous potential for improving coating performance. However, the understanding of the mechanisms by which these particles function on wood surfaces remains limited. The distribution and potential chemical interactions between alpha Fe2O3 and wood were studied. The ability of different sizes of Fe2O3 particles to intercept various wavelengths of light was assessed using ultraviolet/visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy using TiO2 and ZnO particles for comparison. All particles intercepted UV light, but α-Fe2O3 also intercepted a portion of the visible spectrum which might help explain its better performance. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis of α-Fe2O3 nano-particle distribution on different wood orientations of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens) showed that iron particles were uniformly distributed on both pine and shining gum, but provided better UV protection to the more permeable radiata pine surfaces. Characterization of chemical interactions between α-Fe2O3 and isolated lignin and cellulose by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested substantial interactions between these particles and lignin components, but little interaction with cellulose. The results suggest that the role of nano-particles in the UV protection of wood surface is to intercept and disperse the light energy while interacting with the wood.
摘要将纳米粒子掺入涂层中以保护木材免受紫外线照射,对提高涂层性能具有巨大潜力。然而,对这些颗粒在木材表面发挥作用的机制的理解仍然有限。研究了α-Fe2O3与木材之间的分布和潜在的化学相互作用。使用紫外线/可见光(UV–vis)光谱评估不同尺寸的Fe2O3颗粒拦截不同波长光的能力,并使用TiO2和ZnO颗粒进行比较。所有粒子都拦截了紫外线,但α-Fe2O3也拦截了一部分可见光谱,这可能有助于解释其更好的性能。扫描电子显微镜/能量色散X射线光谱(SEM-EDS)分析了α-Fe2O3纳米粒子在辐射松(Pinus radiata D.Don)和闪胶(Eucalyptus nitens)不同木材取向上的分布,结果表明,铁粒子均匀分布在松和闪胶上,但对渗透性更强的辐射松表面提供了更好的紫外线防护。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征α-Fe2O3与分离的木质素和纤维素之间的化学相互作用,表明这些颗粒与木质素组分之间存在大量相互作用,但与纤维素的相互作用很少。结果表明,纳米粒子在木材表面紫外线防护中的作用是在与木材相互作用时拦截和分散光能。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic improvement to dimensional stability of Populus cathay ana via hemicellulose removal/alkali lignin impregnation 半纤维素去除/碱木质素浸渍协同提高杨的尺寸稳定性
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0147
Meng Yang, Runhua Zhang, E. Ma
Abstract Poor dimensional stability restricts the commercial utilization of fast-growing wood. In this study, fast-growing poplar (Populus cathayana) was treated by removing hemicellulose with hydrothermal treatment and impregnating alkali lignin via full-cell process, synergistically, for enhanced dimensional stability. After modification, hydroxyl groups were reduced in hemicellulose removed wood (DHC), alkali lignin was observed to fill in the cell lumens of vessels and wood fibers in the impregnated wood (AL) and in the wood modified by hemicellulose removal with alkali lignin impregnation (DHCAL). Compared with untreated wood, the volumetric swelling ratio of DHC and AL decreased by 11 % and 21 % under relative humidity (RH) of 89 %, respectively. The volumetric swelling ratio of DHCAL decreased by over 50 %, indicating a positive synergistic effect. The combination of hemicellulose removal and alkali lignin impregnation treatment improved the dimensional stability of wood significantly by reconstructing wood chemical components with various levels of hygroscopicity. This work could meaningfully contribute to the efficient utilization of fast-growing wood and promote the added value of industrial alkali lignin.
尺寸稳定性差限制了速生木材的商业利用。本研究以速生杨(Populus cathayana)为材料,采用水热处理去除半纤维素和全细胞浸渍碱木质素的方法进行处理,协同提高杨的尺寸稳定性。改性后,半纤维素去除木材(DHC)中的羟基减少,在浸渍木材(AL)和用碱木质素浸渍半纤维素去除改性的木材(DHCAL)中,观察到碱木质素填充在容器和木材纤维的细胞腔中。与未处理的木材相比,DHC和AL的体积膨胀比降低了11 % 和21 % 相对湿度(RH)为89 %, 分别地DHCAL的体积膨胀率降低了50以上 %, 表明了积极的协同作用。半纤维素去除和碱木质素浸渍处理相结合,通过重建具有不同吸湿性水平的木材化学成分,显著提高了木材的尺寸稳定性。这项工作有助于速生木材的有效利用,提高工业碱木质素的附加值。
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引用次数: 0
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