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Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-frontmatter7
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引用次数: 0
Hydromechanical behavior of wood during drying studied by NIR spectroscopy and image analysis 用近红外光谱和图像分析研究了木材干燥过程中的流体力学行为
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0030
Evelize Aparecida Amaral, Lívia Freire Baliza, Luana Maria dos Santos, André Tetsuo Shashiki, P. F. Trugilho, P. R. Hein
Abstract The physical properties of wood are important parameters to qualify the material. However, as it is a heterogeneous material, moisture content and wood contractions may vary within the sample. Thus, the objective was to monitor the hydromechanical behavior of wood during drying using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and image analysis. Equidistant points were marked on the radial surface of a wooden board and NIR spectra were recorded at each marking during drying of the piece. After spectral acquisition in each drying step, images were obtained and the markings were referenced to monitor contractions during drying. Moisture content (MC) estimates via NIR spectra showed strong correlation with reference values (R2cv = 0.92, RMSEcv = 9.82 %). From the estimates it was possible to generate graphic images to visualize and quantify the spatial variation of MC and shrinkage during wood drying. In the initial stages of drying, the ends of the material showed high moisture in relation to the center of the sample. However, MC loss was 11 % greater at the ends of the wood board when compared to its interior while the shrinkage in external zones was 3 times greater than the internal part. The use of NIR technique associated with image analysis can be a promising tool for estimating moisture contents and contractions in wood.
摘要木材的物理性能是评定材料质量的重要参数。然而,由于它是一种不均匀的材料,样品中的水分含量和木材收缩可能会有所不同。因此,目的是使用近红外光谱和图像分析来监测木材在干燥过程中的流体力学行为。在木板的径向表面上标记等距点,并在干燥过程中在每个标记处记录近红外光谱。在每个干燥步骤中进行光谱采集后,获得图像,并参考标记来监测干燥过程中的收缩。通过近红外光谱估算的水分含量(MC)与参考值具有很强的相关性(R2cv=0.92,RMSEcv=9.82 %). 根据这些估计,可以生成图形图像,以可视化和量化木材干燥过程中MC和收缩的空间变化。在干燥的初始阶段,材料的末端相对于样品的中心显示出高湿度。然而,MC损失为11 % 与内部相比,木板端部的收缩率更大,而外部区域的收缩率是内部的3倍。与图像分析相关的近红外技术的使用可以成为估计木材水分含量和收缩的一种很有前途的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Preventing fiber–fiber adhesion of lignin–cellulose precursors and carbon fibers with spin finish application 用纺丝整理剂防止木质素-纤维素前驱体和碳纤维的纤维粘连
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0023
J. Bengtsson, Andreas Bengtsson, Hanna Ulmefors, Maria Sedin, Kerstin Jedvert
Abstract Adhesion of fibers within a spun tow, including carbon fibers and precursors, is undesirable as it may interrupt the manufacturing process and entail inferior fiber properties. In this work, softwood kraft lignin was used together with a dissolving pulp to spin carbon fiber precursors. Lignin–cellulose precursors have previously been found to be prone to fiber fusion, both post-spinning and during carbon fiber conversion. In this study, the efficiency of applying different kinds of spin finishes, with respect to rendering separable precursors and carbon fibers, has been investigated. It was found that applying a cationic surfactant, and to a similar extent a nonionic surfactant, resulted in well separated lignin–cellulose precursor tows. Furthermore, the fiber separability after carbon fiber conversion was evaluated, and notably, precursors treated with a silicone-based spin finish generated the most well-separated carbon fibers. The underlying mechanism of fiber fusion post-spinning and converted carbon fibers is discussed.
纤维在纺丝束内的粘附,包括碳纤维和前体,是不希望的,因为它可能会中断制造过程并导致纤维性能下降。在这项工作中,将软木硫酸盐木质素与溶解纸浆一起用于纺丝碳纤维前体。以前发现木质素-纤维素前体在纺丝后和碳纤维转化过程中都容易发生纤维融合。在这项研究中,应用不同种类的纺丝整理剂的效率,相对于呈现可分离前驱体和碳纤维,已经进行了研究。结果表明,阳离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂均可使木质素-纤维素前体束分离良好。此外,对碳纤维转化后的纤维可分离性进行了评估,值得注意的是,用硅基自旋整理剂处理的前驱体产生了分离性最好的碳纤维。讨论了纺丝后纤维与转化碳纤维融合的基本机理。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanism elucidation for wood sandwich compression from the perspective of yield stress 从屈服应力角度阐释木材夹层压缩的机理
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0002
Rongfeng Huang, S. Feng, Zhiqiang Gao, H. Liu
Abstract To elucidate the mechanism of wood sandwich compression, the response of wood compressing yield stress to hygrothermal conditions was investigated in this study with respect to preheating temperature (30–210 °C) and moisture content (MC, 0–100 %). An associated functional model was developed to predict wood yield stress based on the measured MC and temperature in wood. A 1 % increase in wood MC or a 10 °C increase of temperature led to a decrease in wood yield stress exceeding 0.1 MPa. Significant variations in yield stress, exceeding 0.8 MPa, were observed between high MC layer(s) and the remaining layer(s) along the wood thickness when there was an MC variation over 5 %. Preheating the wood with by heating platens accelerated water/moisture migration in wood, resulting in relatively low yield stress in the wood interior areas where water/moisture had migrated. This study demonstrated that the comparatively low yield stress of some wood areas was responsible for sandwich compression. When mechanically compressed, only the wood layer(s) with lower yield stress was compressed, leading to sandwich compression, regardless of whether the mechanical force was applied tangentially or radially.
摘要为了阐明木材夹层压缩的机理,本研究研究了木材压缩屈服应力对湿热条件下预热温度的响应(30–210 °C)和含水量(MC,0-100 %). 基于测量的木材中的MC和温度,开发了一个相关的函数模型来预测木材的屈服应力。A 1 % 木材MC或10的增加 温度升高°C导致木材屈服应力降低超过0.1 MPa。屈服应力的显著变化,超过0.8 当MC变化超过5 %. 用加热板预热木材会加速木材中的水分迁移,导致水分迁移的木材内部区域的屈服应力相对较低。这项研究表明,一些木材区域相对较低的屈服应力是夹层压缩的原因。当机械压缩时,无论机械力是切向还是径向施加,只有屈服应力较低的木材层被压缩,导致夹层压缩。
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引用次数: 0
Parameter estimation and model selection for water vapour sorption of welded bond-line of European beech and Scots pine 欧洲山毛榉和苏格兰松焊接结合线水蒸气吸附的参数估计和模型选择
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0013
M. Vaziri, Christopher H. Dreimol, Lars Abrahamsson, P. Niemz, D. Sandberg
Abstract The single exponential kinetics (SEK) and parallel exponential kinetics (PEK) models were fitted to kinetic sorption data of welded and unwelded Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Furthermore, diffusion coefficients of water vapour in wood were determined using two different Fickian diffusion solutions. The objective was to identify how well these models could represent the moisture contents of the specimens and to characterize differences between the sorption behaviour of welded and unwelded wood. This knowledge can be used to enhance the moisture resistance of welded wood, develop drying schedules, and improve the quality of timbers. The PEK and SEK models provided the most precise and the second most precise fits to the sorption kinetic data, respectively. The two Fickian models are equivalent when both the infinite series are truncated at n = 10 $n=10$ . The Fickian models also exhibited the highest discrepancy with the experimental data. Nevertheless, the Fickian models fit relatively better to the sorption data of the welded wood than to that of the unwelded wood. This behaviour may be due to the rigid and less-swelling structure of the welded bond line.
摘要采用单指数动力学(SEK)和平行指数动力学(PEK)模型拟合焊接和未焊接的苏松和欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)的吸附动力学数据。此外,用两种不同的菲克扩散溶液测定了水蒸气在木材中的扩散系数。目的是确定这些模型如何很好地代表样品的水分含量,并表征焊接和未焊接木材的吸收行为之间的差异。这些知识可以用来提高焊接木材的抗湿性,制定干燥时间表,提高木材的质量。PEK和SEK模型分别提供了最精确和第二精确的吸附动力学数据拟合。当两个无穷级数都截断于n=10$ n=10$时,两个菲克模型是等价的。菲克模型与实验数据的差异也最大。然而,菲克模型相对于未焊接木材的吸收数据拟合得更好。这种行为可能是由于焊接结合线的刚性和较少膨胀的结构。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of moisture on salt treated and 2-step mineralized wood 水分对盐处理和二步矿化木材的影响
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-0003
Tom Franke, Christina Hinterleitner, A. Maillard, Elena Nedelkoska, T. Volkmer
Abstract A treatment to improve the reaction to fire of wood is the wood mineralization. Besides the reaction to fire of the mineralized wood, other mechanical and physical properties are less investigated. In this study, beech and oak were treated in a 2-step mineralization process to obtain calcium oxalate mineralized wood. The 2-step mineralization process is carried out by impregnating two salts diluted in water into the wood, consecutively. Two formulations were applied. For Formulation 1, potassium oxalate and calcium acetate and for Formulation 2 potassium oxalate and calcium chloride were used. Aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the treatments and in combination of the moisture on some selected properties of the mineralized wood. These properties are the swelling due to the mineralization treatment, the Brinell hardness and the volatile organic compounds emissions. The 2-step mineralization treatments increased the moisture adsorption of wood. However, the removal of unreacted precursors due to leaching provides a material with comparable moisture dynamics to untreated wood. Swelling, hardness and volatile organic compounds emissions are decreased by the mineralization. However, leaching of the reaction by-products leads to a material with comparable properties to those of untreated wood.
摘要木材矿化是提高木材对火反应的一种处理方法。除了矿化木材对火的反应外,其他机械和物理性质的研究较少。在本研究中,山毛榉和橡树在两步矿化过程中得到草酸钙矿化木材。两步矿化过程是将两种经水稀释的盐类连续浸渍到木材中。采用了两种配方。配方1采用草酸钾和醋酸钙,配方2采用草酸钾和氯化钙。该研究的目的是调查处理和结合水分对矿化木材某些选定性能的影响。这些性能是由于矿化处理引起的膨胀,布氏硬度和挥发性有机化合物的排放。两步矿化处理提高了木材的吸湿性。然而,由于浸出而去除未反应的前体提供了与未经处理的木材具有相当水分动力学的材料。矿化降低了溶胀、硬度和挥发性有机物的排放。然而,反应副产物的浸出导致材料具有与未经处理的木材相当的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2023-frontmatter6
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引用次数: 0
Emulsions of cellulose oxalate from Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark and dissolving pulp 挪威云杉(Picea abies)树皮草酸纤维素乳液和溶解浆
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0191
Isabella Kwan, B. Rietzler, M. Ek
Abstract Tree bark is normally a side-stream product but by an integrated bark biorefinery approach, valuable compounds may be recovered and used to replace fossil-based products. Norway spruce bark was extracted to obtain cellulose, which was chemically treated to produce cellulose oxalate (COX) which was homogenized to yield nanocellulose. The nanocellulose was used to produce Pickering emulsions with almond oil and hexadecane as organic phases. COX from dissolving pulp was used to study the effect of various raw materials on the emulsifying properties. The COX samples of bark and dissolving pulp contained a significant amount of hemicelluloses, which affected the viscosity results. The emulsion properties were affected by the organic phases and the aspect ratio. Emulsions using hexadecane were more stable than the emulsions using almond oil. Since the aspect ratio of bark was lower than that of the dissolving pulp, the emulsifying properties of the COX dissolving pulp was better. It has been shown that nanocellulose from cellulose oxalate of both spruce bark and dissolving pulp is a promising substitute for petroleum-based emulsifiers and surfactants. By utilizing bark, value-added products can be produced which may be economically beneficial for various industries in the future and their aim for climate-neutral products.
摘要树皮通常是一种支流产品,但通过综合树皮生物精炼方法,可以回收有价值的化合物并用于取代化石产品。提取挪威云杉树皮以获得纤维素,对其进行化学处理以产生草酸纤维素(COX),将其均质化以产生纳米纤维素。用纳米纤维素制备了以杏仁油和十六烷为有机相的Pickering乳液。利用溶解浆中的COX研究了不同原料对其乳化性能的影响。树皮和溶解浆的COX样品含有大量的半纤维素,这影响了粘度结果。乳液的性能受有机相和长径比的影响。使用十六烷的乳液比使用杏仁油的乳液更稳定。由于树皮的长径比低于溶解浆,COX溶解浆的乳化性能较好。研究表明,从云杉皮和溶解浆的草酸纤维素中提取的纳米纤维素是一种很有前途的石油乳化剂和表面活性剂的替代品。通过利用树皮,可以生产增值产品,这可能对未来的各个行业及其气候中性产品的目标具有经济效益。
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引用次数: 1
Vanillin/silica microencapsulation for wood preservation 香兰素/二氧化硅微胶囊用于木材防腐
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0187
Li Yan, Zeyao Yan, Jiang Chen, Zhang-jing Chen, Yafang Lei
Abstract Vanillin is an antifungal and environmentally friendly compound. In this study, vanillin and silica microcapsules (VSM) were microencapsulated using the sol-gel method and then impregnated into wood. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphological structure and distribution of VSM in wood. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the intermolecular interactions between VSM and wood. The antifungal performance of the VSM-treated wood was evaluated. The study revealed that VSM had good sustained-release performance and decay resistance. Mass losses of VSM-treated wood after leaching and exposure to Trametes versicolor (L.) Quel. and Gloephyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill decreased from mass losses of 20.8 % and 15.9 % of the control group to 9.2 % and 6.4 %, respectively. VSM treatment disrupted the mycelium of T. versicolor and G. trabeum, inhibited their respiratory metabolism, and the ligninase-laccase enzyme activity of T. versicolor. Meanwhile, MOR and MOE of VSM-treated wood were 96.7 MPa and 12.3 GPa which were 28.8 % and 11.5 % higher than the control group, respectively.
摘要香兰素是一种抗真菌、环境友好的化合物。本研究采用溶胶-凝胶法将香兰素和二氧化硅微胶囊(VSM)微胶囊化,然后浸渍到木材中。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱X射线分析(EDXA)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对木材中VSM的形态结构和分布进行了表征。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了VSM与木材的分子间相互作用。对VSM处理木材的抗真菌性能进行了评价。研究表明,VSM具有良好的缓释性能和耐腐性。VSM处理的木材在浸出和暴露于云芝后的质量损失。和Gloephyllum trabeum(Pers.)Murrill从20.8的质量损失减少 % 和15.9 % 对照组的9.2 % 和6.4 %, 分别地VSM处理破坏了云芝和trabeum的菌丝体,抑制了它们的呼吸代谢,并抑制了云芝的木质素酶-漆酶活性。同时,VSM处理木材的MOR和MOE分别为96.7 MPa和12.3 GPa为28.8 % 和11.5 % 高于对照组。
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引用次数: 0
Water-vapour sorption of welded bond-line of European beech and Scots pine 欧洲山毛榉和苏格兰松焊接结合线的水蒸气吸附
IF 2.4 3区 农林科学 Q3 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1515/hf-2022-0012
M. Vaziri, Christopher H. Dreimol, Lars Abrahamsson, P. Niemz, D. Sandberg
Abstract The wood–water interactions of welded bond-lines of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were in this paper studied for the first time with dynamic vapour sorption equipment. The aim of this study was to characterize the water sorption in the welded bond-line and to define to which extent it deviates from water sorption of the unwelded wood. The objective was to provide deepened knowledge about water sorption of the welded bond-line, which could be used to improve the moisture resistance of welded wood in the future. The welded wood generally had lower equilibrium moisture contents than the unwelded wood. The welded bond-lines of beech and pine showed greater hysteresis than the unwelded wood from 0 to 55 % relative humidity. All specimens showed faster adsorption than desorption. However, the welded wood showed slower adsorption but faster desorption than unwelded wood. The time to complete half of the fractional change in moisture content (E(t) = 0.5) increased as the moisture content increased. The adsorption diffusion coefficients of beech and welded beech were higher than those of pine and welded pine up to 50 % and 40 % RH, respectively. In desorption, pine had a higher diffusion coefficient than beech in the whole range of 85–0 % RH. Analogously, welded pine had a higher diffusion coefficient than welded beech in the range of 85–5 % RH. In contrast to the desorption, the welded wood always had lower adsorption diffusion coefficients than the corresponding unwelded wood. The diffusion coefficients showed irregular patterns in some ranges of the RH. Therefore, it was hard to make a clear conclusion about the water-sorption behaviour of the specimens based on the defined diffusion coefficients.
摘要本文首次用动态蒸汽吸附设备研究了欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)和苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)焊接结合线的木-水相互作用。本研究的目的是表征焊接结合线中的吸水性,并确定其与未焊接木材的吸水性的偏离程度。目的是加深对焊接结合线吸水性的了解,这可用于提高未来焊接木材的防潮性。焊接木材通常具有比未焊接木材更低的平衡水分含量。从0到55,山毛榉和松木的焊接结合线比未焊接的木材表现出更大的滞后性 % 相对湿度。所有样品都表现出比解吸更快的吸附。然而,与未焊接木材相比,焊接木材表现出较慢的吸附但较快的解吸。完成水分含量分数变化的一半的时间(E(t)=0.5)随着水分含量的增加而增加。山毛榉和杉木的吸附扩散系数比松木和杉木高达50 % 和40 % RH。在解吸过程中,松树的扩散系数在85–0的整个范围内都高于山毛榉 % RH。类似地,在85–5的范围内,焊接松木的扩散系数高于焊接山毛榉 % RH。与解吸相反,焊接木材的吸附扩散系数总是低于相应的未焊接木材。扩散系数在相对湿度的某些范围内表现出不规则的模式。因此,很难根据定义的扩散系数对试样的吸水行为做出明确的结论。
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引用次数: 1
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